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LESSON NO.

INTEGRATION CONCEPTS & FORMULAS

WHAT IS THIS LESSON ABOUT?


This lesson will discuss how to solve definite and indefinite integrals using basic integration rules.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?


At the end of this topic you will:

▪ Learn how solve indefinite integrals using basic integration rules.


▪ Learn how evaluate a definite integral using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.

LESSON 1.a: ANTI-DIFFERENTIATION


In mathematics, we are familiar with many pairs of inverse operations: addition and
subtraction, multiplication and division, raising to powers and extracting roots, taking logarithms
and finding antilogarithms, and so on. In this lesson, we will discuss the inverse operation of
differentiation, which we call antidifferentiation. Many of the most important applications of the
calculus lead to the inverse problem: Given the derivative of a function, to find the function 𝐹(𝑥).
If 𝑓(𝑥) is a given function and 𝐹(𝑥) is a function whose derivative is 𝑓(𝑥), the relation between
them is expressed by writing

𝑭(𝒙) = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙

where the “integral sign” ∫ indicates that we are to perform the operation of integration upon
𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙. Instead of saying that 𝑭(𝒙) is an antiderivative of 𝑓(𝑥), we will say that 𝐹(𝑥) is an
integral of 𝑓(𝑥). The symbol ∫, which is after all an elongated S, merely means “the sum of”, or
“the sum of all such quantities”. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz introduced the symbol from the
Latin word summa. It resembles that other symbol Σ (the Greek letter Sigma), which is also a
sign of summation. The difference, however, in the practice Σ is generally used to indicate the
sum of number of finite quantities while the integral sign ∫ is generally used to indicate the
summing up of a vast number of small quantities of indefinitely minute magnitude. The process
of “integrating” is to enable us to calculate totals that otherwise we should be unable to estimate
directly. The term integration is frequently used to stand for the process of antidifferentiation,
and the term an integral (or an indefinite integral) is generally used to mean an antiderivative of
a function.

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LESSON 1.b: INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
If 𝐹(𝑥) is a function whose derivative 𝐹′(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) on certain interval of the x-axis, then 𝐹(𝑥)
is called the anti-derivative of indefinite integral 𝑓(𝑥). When we integrate the differential of a
function, we get that function plus an arbitrary constant of integration 𝑪. In symbols we write

∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭(𝒙) + 𝑪

where the symbol ∫, called the integral sign, specifies the operation of integration upon
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥; that is, we are to find a function 𝐹(𝑥) (particular integral) whose derivative is 𝑓(𝑥)
(integrand) or whose differential is 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥. The 𝑑𝑥 tells us that the variable of integration is x.

LESSON 1.c: SIMPLE POWER FORMULA

INTEGRATION FORMULAS

In these formulas, 𝑢 and 𝑣 denote differentiable functions of some independent variable (say
𝑥) and 𝑎, 𝑛, and 𝐶 are constants.

1. The integral of the differential of a function u is u plus an arbitrary constant C (the definition
of an integral).

∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 + 𝐶

2. The integral of a constant times the differential of the function. (A constant may be written
before the integral sign but not a variable factor).

∫ 𝑎𝑑𝑢 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑑𝑢

3. The integral of the sum of a finite number of differentials is the sum of their integrals.

∫(𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑣+. . . +𝑑𝑧) = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ 𝑑𝑣 +. . . + ∫ 𝑑𝑧

4. If n is not equal to minus one, the integral of un du is obtained by adding one to the
exponent and divided by the new exponent. This is called the General Power Formula.

𝑛
𝑢𝑛+1
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = + 𝐶; 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1

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ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

(1+√3𝑥)2
1. Evaluate∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥

Solution:

Expand the binomial

(1 + 2√3𝑥 + 3𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥

Rewrite radical to rational exponent

1
[1 + 2(3𝑥)2 + 3𝑥]
∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
x2

Perform division of fraction

1 1
∫ [(𝑥)−2 + 2√3 + 3(𝑥)2 ]𝑑𝑥

Distribute

1 1
∫ (𝑥)−2 𝑑𝑥 + 2√3 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫(𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥

Perform Integration

1 3
𝑥2 𝑥2
= 1 + 2√3𝑥 + 3 3 +𝐶
2 2

1 3
=2𝑥 2 + 2√3𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝐶 𝐴𝑛𝑠.

sin 𝑥
2. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝑥

Solution:

Rewrite as a product

𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
∫( 𝟐
)( ) 𝒅𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙

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Rewrite using trigonometric identities

∫ sec 2 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Perform integration

tan2 𝑥
= 2
+𝐶

1
= tan2 𝑥 + 𝐶 Ans.
2

PROBLEM SOLVING ASSIGNMENT


Solve the following problem in a short bond paper using black ballpen. Write your name &
section. Write legibly, take a picture using the Camscanner App and submit it in pdf format on
the date specified by your professor.

3𝑥 2 −2𝑥+1
1. ∫
√𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ 𝑥 2𝑥

2
3. ∫(𝑥√𝑥 − 5) 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 3 −1)𝑑𝑥
4. ∫
𝑥−1
5. ∫ √𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
6. ∫ sin2 𝑦 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
7. ∫(4 − 3 sin 2𝑥)4 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
8. ∫ 3
(4+cos 𝑦)2
2
9. ∫ cot 𝑥 csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
10. ∫ 𝑥𝐼𝑛4 𝑥
𝑥 2 𝐼𝑛3 (1+𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥
11. ∫ (1+𝑥 3 )
𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
12. ∫
√1+5𝑒 𝑥

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REFERENCES

Larson R, E. B. (2013). Calculus 9th Edition. Singapore: Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd.
Rohde, U. L., Jain, G. C., Poddar, A. K., & Ghosh, A. K. (2012). Introduction to Integral
Calculus. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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