Integration - GATE Study Material in PDF

In previous articles we have seen about Differentiation of the given function and in
this article we will see about Integration of the given function. It is the inverse
process of differentiation. Instead of differentiating a function, we are given the
derivative of a function and asked to find its original function.

These free GATE 2019 Notes are useful for GATE EC, GATE EE, GATE ME, GATE
CS, GATE CE as well as other exams like BSNL, BARC, IES, DRDO etc. You can
have these free study material downloaded as PDF so that your exam preparation is
made easy. Before you go ahead with these articles, please make sure to read up on
the basics covered in previous Engineering Mathematics notes.

Recommended Reading –

Laplace Transforms

Limits, Continuity & Differentiability

Mean Value Theorems

Differentiation

Maxima and Minima

function of sin x or we can say that sin x is an anti-derivative (or an integral) of cos
x.

Some
1 | P a gImportant
e Integrals
 S Integrals Derivatives
.
N
o.
1 𝐝 𝐱 𝐧+𝟏
( ) = 𝐱𝐧
𝐝𝐱 𝐧 + 𝟏
𝐧 𝐱 𝐧+𝟏
∫ 𝐱 𝐝𝐱 = + 𝐜 : 𝐧 ≠ −𝟏
𝐧+𝟏

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8. ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐱 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐱 𝐝𝐱 = − 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐱 + 𝐜

9. 𝐝𝐱 𝐝 𝟏
∫ = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝐱 + 𝐜 (𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝐱) =
√𝟏 − 𝐱 𝟐 𝐝𝐱 √𝟏 − 𝐱 𝟐

10 𝐝𝐱 𝐝 𝟏
. ∫ = − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 𝐱 + 𝐜 (− 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 𝐱) =
√𝟏 − 𝐱 𝟐 𝐝𝐱 √𝟏 −

11. 𝐝𝐱 𝐝 𝟏
∫ = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝐱 + 𝐜 (𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝐱) =
𝟏 + 𝐱𝟐 𝐝𝐱 𝟏 + 𝐱𝟐

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 12 𝐝 𝟏 𝐝𝐱
. (− 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 𝐱) = ∫ = − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 𝐱 +
𝐝𝐱 𝟏 + 𝐱𝟐 𝟏 + 𝐱𝟐

13 𝐝𝐱 𝐝 𝟏
. ∫ = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 𝐱 + 𝐜 (𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 𝐱) =
𝐱√𝐱 𝟐 − 𝟏 𝐝𝐱 𝐱 √𝐱 𝟐 −

14 𝐝𝐱 𝐝
. ∫ = − 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 𝐱 + 𝐜 (− 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 𝐱) =
𝐱 √𝐱 𝟐 − 𝟏 𝐝𝐱 𝐱√

15 ∫ 𝐞𝐱𝐝𝐱 = 𝐞𝐱 + 𝐜
.

16
.

17 𝐚𝐱 𝐝 𝐚𝐱
. ∫ 𝐚𝐱 𝐝𝐱 = +𝐜 ( ) = 𝐚𝐱
𝐝𝐱 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐚
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐚

Some Properties of Indefinite Integrals

4. ∫sinh x dx = cosh x + c

5. ∫cosh x dx = sinh x + c
6. ∫tanh x dx = log |cosh x| + c
7. ∫coth x dx = log |sinh x| + c
8. ∫sech x dx = tan-1 |sinh x | + c

8. ∫sec2h x dx = tanh x + c
3|Page
9.∫cosec2h x dx = –coth x + c
10. ∫cosech x coth x = –cosech x + c
11. ∫sech x tanh x dx = –sech x + c

Methods of Integration
1. Integration by substitution
2. Integration using Trigonometric Identities
3. Integration using partial fractions
4. Integration by parts

1. Integration by Substitution

The given integral ∫f(x)dx can be transformed into another form by changing

the independent variable x to t by substituting x = g(t) Consider, I =∫f(x)dx

dx = g'(t)dt

I = ∫f(x)dx = ∫f(g(t)) g'(t)dt

Example 1:

Solution:

4|Page
=2∫tan4 t sec2 t dt

Again we make another substitution tan t = u

sec2 t dt = dx

2u 5
= 2∫ x 4 dx = 5
+c

[since u = tan t]

Note:

2. Integration using Trigonometric Identities

The following example can be solved by using trigonometric Identities

Example 2:

∫cos2x dx

Solution:
5|Page
We know, cos 2x = 2 cos2 x – 1

x 1
= 2 + 4 sin 2x + c

Integrals of Some Particular Functions

1.

2.

5.

real numbers A, B such that

To determine A and B we equate from both sides the coefficients of x and the
constant terms.

3. Integration by Partial Fractions

The following example can be solved by using partial fraction method

Example
6 | P a g e 3:
Solution:
x2 1 4
(x 2 +1)(x 2 +4)
= − 3(x 2 +1) + 3(x 2 +4)

x 2 dx −1 dx 4 dx
∫ (x 2 +1)(x 2 +4) = 3
∫ x 2 +1 + 3 ∫ x 2 +4

4. Integration by Parts

This can be done by using the given formula

f(x)g(x)dx = f(x)∫g(x)dx –∫[∫g(x)dx] f'(x)dx

In integration by parts method proper choice of first and second function: -

The first function is the word ILATE

I → Inverse Trigonometric

L → Logarithmic

A → Algebraic

T → Trigonometric

E → Exponential

Example 4:

Find the value of ∫x cos x dx

7|Page
Solution:

Put f(x) = x (first function) and g(x) = cos x (second function)

= x sin x – ∫sin x dx

= x sin x + cos x + c

Integrals of Some Particular Functions

8|Page
Definite Integrals

Geometrically it gives area of finite regions.

Properties of Definite Integrals

a b
1. ∫b f(x)dx = − ∫a f(x)dx

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Example 5:

Solution:
9|Page
 π
π π
I + I = ∫02 1 ⋅ dx = 2
⇒I= 4

Solving Indefinite Integrals Using Functions

There are two functions which can be used to solve improper indefinite integrals.
They are given as

A. Gamma Function

Properties

1. Γ(1) = 1

2. Γ(2) = 1

3. Γ(3) = 2
4. Γ(n+1) = nΓ(n) = n!

5.

6.

7.

B. β – Function (Beta Function)

10 | P a g e
Properties

1. β(m, n) = β(n, m)
π
2. β(m, n) = 2 ∫02 sin2m −1 θ ⋅ cos 2n −1 θ dθ
Γ (m )Γ (n )
3. β(m, n) = Γ (m +n )
π
1 Γ (m )Γ (n )
4. ∫02 sin2m −1 θ cos2n −1 θ dθ = 2 [ Γ (m +n ) ]

Example 6:

Solution:

In the next article we will discuss Applications of Integrals.

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