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FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPT. OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
PROGRAM: BACHELOR OF “CIVIL/PETROLEUM/ELECTRICAL/MOBILE &
SATELLITE” ENGINEERING
COURSE UNIT:
Lecture Eight
In this lecture we will cover:
Indefinite integrals
Integration of Logarithmic and Exponential functions
Integration of Trigonometric functions
Introduction
Indefinite Integrals
When the limits of the integral are not given, we can write
Example
1
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑐.
3
1 1
8𝑡 − 5 + 𝑑𝑡 = 2𝑡 − 5𝑡 − + 𝑐.
𝑡 𝑡
Note:
(1) 𝐷 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐷 [𝐹(𝑥) + 𝑐] + 𝑐.
(3) ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑟 ≠ −1.
Example
/
𝑥
𝐷 (𝑥 + 5) = + 𝑐.
√𝑥 + 5
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑥 + 5 + 𝑐
√
1
𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 +𝑐
𝑟+1
where 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥), 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑔 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 and 𝑟 ≠ −1.
Example
Find ∫(2𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 1
= 6𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑢 = 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
∫(2𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(2𝑥 + 1) 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 + 𝑐
/
Since 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 1 ==> 𝑥 =
∫(2𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (2𝑥 + 1) + 𝑘
= [(2𝑥 + 1) ] + 𝑘
= [(2𝑥 + 1) ] + 𝐶
OR
𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 1, 𝑑𝑢 = 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
1
∫(2𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
6
1
= 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
6
1 8
= 𝑢 +𝑐
48
1 8
= (2𝑥3 + 1) + 𝑐
48
Example 2:
Find ∫ 𝑥 √7 − 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution
Let 𝑢 = 7 − 6𝑥 ==> 𝑑𝑢 = −12𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−1
==> 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
12
Using change of variables,
−1
𝑥 7 − 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑢 𝑑𝑢
12
−1 /
= 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
12
−1 𝑢 /
= + 𝑐
12 4/3
−1 3 /
= (7 − 6𝑥 ) + 𝑐
12 4
−1 /
= (7 − 6𝑥 ) + 𝑐.
16
Theorem
( )
( )
Example
Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√
Solution
3 1
𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑑𝑥
√5𝑥 − 1 √5𝑥 − 1
For
𝑥 = 2, 𝑢=9
𝑥 = 10, 𝑢 = 49
1 3 1
3 𝑑𝑥 = 5𝑑𝑥
√5𝑥 − 1 5 √5𝑥 − 1
3 1
= 𝑑𝑢
5 √𝑢
3 /
= 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
5
3 /
= 2𝑢
5
24
= .
5
Personal Exercise
Evaluate
(a) ∫(3𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
(c) ∫ √𝑡 − 1𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Integration of Logarithmic
and Exponential Functions
In part 1 of this lecture, we looked at the definitions of logarithmic and
exponential functions. We will not repeat these definitions here, we are going
to just use them. In case one needs to know more about them, I refer you to
the notes on differentiation in part 1 of this course.
Example
Find
Solution
Then
𝑥 1/6
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
3𝑥 − 5 𝑢
1 1
= 𝑑𝑢
6 𝑢
EMT1123: Engineering Mathematics 1 Lecturer Notes Page 10
-
1
= ln|𝑢| + 𝑐
6
Example 2
Evaluate
Solution
Then
1 1
= 2 𝑢
𝑑𝑢
−1
= ln|𝑢| + 𝑐
2
−1
= ln|9 − 2𝑥 | + 𝑐
2
−1 4
ln 9 − 2𝑥 2
2
−1 4
ln 1 − ln 5 2
2
1
ln 5 .
2
OR
For
𝑥 = 2, 𝑢 = 5
𝑥 = 4, 𝑢 = 1
Then
1
= 2
1
= 2
−1
= [ln|𝑢|]
2
−1
= [ln(1) − ln(5)]
2
1
= ln(5).
2
Example 3
Find
√ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑥
Solution
Let 𝑢 = ln 𝑥, ==> 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
√ln 𝑥 1
𝑑𝑥 = √ln 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
= √𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2 /
= 𝑢 + 𝑐
3
2 /
= (ln 𝑥 ) + 𝑐
3
𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 + 𝑐.
In general form
𝑒 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 + 𝑐, 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥).
Example
Find
𝑒 /
𝑑𝑥
𝑥
Solution
−1 1
==> 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑥
Then
𝑒 / −1
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑑𝑢
𝑥 3
−1
= 𝑒 𝑑𝑢
3
−1
= (𝑒 ) + 𝑐
3
−1 /
= 𝑒 + 𝑐.
3
Example 2
𝑒 /
𝑑𝑥
𝑥
Solution
Using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, we have
𝑒 / −1 /
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒
𝑥 3
−1 /
= 𝑒 − 𝑒 .
3
We can also use substitution method plus change of limits of integration.
Assignment 2
Evaluate
(a) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(b) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(c) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑥
(d) ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 +1
(e) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(sin 𝑥) = cos 𝑥,
Thus,
In general form:
Example
Find ∫ 𝑥 cos(𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
Solution
1
𝑥 cos(𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢 cos(𝑢)
2
1
= cos(𝑢)𝑑𝑢
2
1
= sin(𝑢) + 𝑐
2
1
= sin(𝑥 ) + 𝑐 .
2
(cos 𝑥) = − sin 𝑥,
Thus,
In general form:
Example
Evaluate ∫ sin(5𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
Solution
1
sin(5𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = sin(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
5
1
= sin(𝑢)𝑑𝑢
5
−1
= cos(𝑢) + 𝑐
5
−1
= cos(5𝑥) + 𝑐 .
5
Example
Solution
(Personal exercise)
Tangent function:
In general form:
Additionally,
In general form:
Cotangent function:
In general form:
Cosecant function:
In general form:
1 1
cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 + 𝑐,
2 4
tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐,
cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −cot 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐,
𝑒
𝑒 sin 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (a sin 𝑏𝑥 − b cos 𝑏𝑥) + 𝑐,
a +b
𝑒
𝑒 cos 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (a cos 𝑏𝑥 + b sin 𝑏𝑥) + 𝑐,
a +b
Personal exercise:
Prove these integrals.
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