ENG 206 - INTEGRAL CALCULUS

MODULE 1: ANTIDIFFERENTIATION CONCEPT AND FORMULAS

Specific Objectives:

At the end of this session, the student is expected to:

1. define antidifferentiation,
2. evaluate indefinite integral of simple functions.

Ani-Differentiation
The process of finding a function whose derivative is known is called antidifferentiation. The required function is
called an antiderivative of the given function which is called the integrand. Because antidifferentiation is the
inverse operation of differentiation, antidifferentiation theorems are obtained from those on
differentiation. Many important applications of the calculus involve inverse problems.

If F(x) is a function whose derivative is f(x), the relation can be expressed as

∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭(𝒙) + 𝑪
where:
∫ = integral sign
𝐟 (𝐱)𝐝𝐱 = 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑
F (x) + C = indefinite integral of f(x)
C = constant of integration

Example:

𝑦 = 𝐹(𝑥) dy 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
= 𝑓(𝑥)
dx
a) 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 2 dy 𝑑𝑦 = (3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 8)𝑑𝑥
= 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 8
dx
b) 𝑦 = ln(𝑥 − 3) dy 1 1
= 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥−3 (𝑑𝑥)
dx 𝑥 − 3
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 dy dy = (sin 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
c) 𝑦 = = sin 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
2
dx

d
F(x) is the antiderivative of f(x) if dx 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)

F(x) is the antidifferential of f(x)dx if d(F(x)) = f(x)dx

Indefinite Integrals have the following properties which are easily verified by differentiation.

1
1.1 Anti-Differentiation Formulas
1. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶
2. ∫ 𝑎𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ax + C
3. ∫(𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥))𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑛+1
4. ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 where n ≠ -1
𝑛+1
1
5. ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑥| + 𝐶 , n = -1
6. ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
7. ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
8. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝐶
9. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −cot 𝑥 + 𝐶
10. ∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝐶
11. ∫ csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −csc 𝑥 + 𝐶

Example 1
Evaluate the integral
∫(4𝑥 + 7)𝑑𝑥
Solution: ∫(4𝑥 + 7)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 7 𝑑𝑥
= 4 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 7 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
= 4 ( 2 + 𝐶1 ) + 7 (𝑥 + 𝐶2 )
= 2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + (𝐶1 + 𝐶2 ) , 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 is an arbitrary constant, it may be denoted by C
= 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕𝒙 + 𝑪
Note: The answer can be checked by finding its derivative

Example 2

∫(5𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 9) 𝑑𝑥

Solution: ∫(5𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 9) 𝑑𝑥
= 5 ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 − 8 ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + 9 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 9 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥5 𝑥4 𝑥3 𝑥2
=55 −8 4
+9 3
−2 2
+ 9𝑥 + 𝐶
𝟓 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐
= 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝒙 + 𝟗𝒙 + 𝑪

2
Example 3
𝟓𝒗𝟐 +𝟔
∫ 𝟒 dv
𝒗𝟑

𝟓𝒗𝟐 +𝟔 𝑣2 1
Solution: ∫ 𝟒 dv = 5 ∫ 4 𝑑𝑣 + 6 ∫ 𝟒 dv
𝒗𝟑 𝑣3 𝒗𝟑
2 −4
= 5 ∫ 𝑣 3 dv + 6 ∫ 𝑣 3 dv
𝑣 5/3 𝑣 −1/3
=5( 5 )+6 ( −1 )+C
3 3
3
= 5(5) 𝑣 5/3 + 6(−3𝑣 −1/3 ) + 𝐶
𝟏𝟖
= 𝟑 𝒗𝟓/𝟑 − 𝒗𝟏/𝟑 + C

Practice Set
Perform the Antidifferentiation Answer

1 2
1. ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑥) √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1. 5 𝑥 5/2 + 2𝑥1/2 + 𝐶

4
2. ∫ 3 dx 2. 6x 2/3 + C
x√

𝟏 𝟏 1 1
3. ∫ (𝟔 + 𝒙𝟒
− 𝒙𝟐) 𝒅𝒙 3. 6𝑥 − 3𝑥 3
+ 𝑥
+𝐶

16 3
4. ∫(4x + 3)2 dx 4. 3
𝑥 + 12𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 𝐶

2
(x2 −x) 1
5. ∫ dx 5. 2 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + ln|𝑥| + 𝐶
x3

2 8 1
6. ∫(6√𝑥 − 𝑥 −3 ) 𝑑𝑥 6. 18𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3/2
− 5𝑥 5
+𝐶