1.

2 TRANSFORMING THE INTEGRAND

Specific Objectives:

At the end of this session, the student is expected to:

1. transform the integrand to fit a formula.

Some integrands need to be transformed before they are recognized as exact differentials

a. Change from radical to exponential form.

1 1
b. Use of equivalent forms, like 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 .
c. Performing the indicated operations.
d. Multiplying both the numerator and denominator by the same factor (multiplication by 1).
e. Use of trigonometric identities.
f. Add zero.

Example 1:
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 sec 𝑥
Solution:
1 cos 𝑥 1
∫ sin 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 where: cos 𝑥 = sec 𝑥

= 𝐥𝐧|𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 | + 𝑪

Example 2:

∫(𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 + 5) 𝑑𝑥
Solution: ∫(𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 + 5) 𝑑𝑥 Use trigonometric identities to transform the
integrand.

=∫[(𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 − 1) + (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 − 1) + 5] 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
= − cot 𝑥 + tan + 3𝑥 + 𝐶
= 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 − 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝑪

Example 3:

1
∫ t+t3 dt
 1 1
Solution: ∫ t+t3 dt = ∫ t(1+t2 ) dt Add zero in the form of 𝑡 2 − 𝑡 2

1+𝑡 2 −𝑡 2 (1+𝑡 2 )−𝑡 2

=∫ t(1+t2 )
dt =∫ t(1+t2 )
dt

1+𝑡 2 𝑡2
=∫ dt −∫ dt
t(1+t2 ) t(1+t2 )

1 𝑡
= ∫ t dt − ∫ 1+t2 dt
𝟏
= 𝐥𝐧(𝒕) − 𝐥𝐧(𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐 ) + 𝑪
𝟐

Example 4:

𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

Solution:
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
∫ 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

(1+sin 𝑥)(1−sin 𝑥)
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
1+sin 𝑥

= ∫(1 − sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

= 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + 𝐶

Example 5:
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑥 +1
Solution:
1 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥
∫ 𝑥 ∙ −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − ln|1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 | + 𝐶
𝑒 +1 𝑒 1 + 𝑒 −𝑥

Practice Exercise:

tan 𝑥 1
1. ∫ 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Ans: − 4 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐶

1+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑣
2. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑣
𝑑𝑣 Ans: tan 𝑣 + 𝑣 + 𝐶

4𝑥 2 −6𝑥+6
3. ∫ 2𝑥−1
𝑑𝑥 Ans: 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2 ln|𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶

9𝑥 3𝑥
4. ∫ 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Ans: ln 3
+𝐶
 2 cot 𝑥−3 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
5. ∫ sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 Ans: −2 csc 𝑥 + 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐶