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Integrals Yielding Inverse

Trigonometric Functions
Dolfus G. Miciano

Differentiation vs Integration Processes:

Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Differentiation: Reversing Integration:
1 1 process
D x (sin u )   D x (u ) •∫ 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑢
1  u2
1
D x (tan 1 u )   D x (u )
1  u2 •∫ 𝑑𝑢 = tan 𝑢
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Formulas: Integrals Yielding Inverse

Trigonometric Functions
•∫ = sin +C •∫ = cos +C

•∫ = tan +C •∫ = cot +C

•∫ = s𝑒𝑐 +C •∫ = csc +C

Example 1: Solve
Solution: =∫
( )
Recall: ∫ = sin +C
𝑢 = 9𝑥 =∫ = ∫
𝑎 =4
𝑢 = 3𝑥 𝑎=2
𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝑥 = sin +C
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
= sin +C
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Example 2: Solve
Solution: Completing the square:
Factoring, ∫ = 2
𝑥 − 𝑥+
5
Add and
3 3 subtract 1/9

=𝑥 − 𝑥+ + −
Recall:
= Factor the
trinomial

∫ = tan +C = 𝑥− + and
combine
fractions

𝑢 = (𝑥 − ) =  tan +C
𝑎 =
𝑢=𝑥− 𝑎=
=  tan +C = tan + C
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥

Example 3: Solve
Completing the square

•∫ =∫ +∫ 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5
= 𝑥 +2𝑥 + 1 + 4
Rewrite 5

Factor
=(𝑥 + 1) + 4 trinomial

Rewrite: 2x+7 = 2x+2 +5 =∫ + 5∫ 𝑢 = (𝑥 + 1) 𝑎 =4

𝑢=𝑥+1 𝑎=2
𝑣 =𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5
1 𝑢
𝑑𝑣 = (2x+2) 𝑑𝑥 =ln |𝑣| + 5 tan
𝑎 𝑎
+C du = dx

=ln 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5 + tan + C
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Example 4: Solve
( )
Recall:
•6∫ =6∫
( ) ( ) ( ) ∫ = s𝑒𝑐 +C

Completing the square:

= - 6∫
𝑥 − 4𝑥 +3
= 𝑥 −4𝑥 + 𝟒 − 𝟏
1 𝑢
= (𝑥 − 2) − 1 = −6 sec +C
𝑎 𝑎
→ 𝑢 = (𝑥 − 2) 𝑎 =1
=−6sec (𝑥 − 2) + C
𝑢=𝑥−2 𝑎=1

Exercises: Solve the following integrals