CHAPTER 5

INTEGRATION

Integration is the process of finding the antiderivative of a given function.

𝑑
(𝐹(𝑥)) = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

Then integrating 𝑓(𝑥) produces the anti derivatives of 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝑐.

∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝑐

𝑑
where, (𝐹(𝑥) + 𝑐) = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

Integral Formulae

f(x) ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙

𝒂 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑥 𝑛+1
𝒙𝒏 + 𝑐
𝑛+1

𝒆𝒙 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑐

𝟏
ln 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝒙

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − cos 𝑥 + 𝑐

𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 sin 𝑥 + 𝑐

𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 tan 𝑥 + 𝑐

𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 − cot 𝑥 + 𝑐

𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 sec 𝑥 + 𝑐

𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑐

 ∫ 𝒂 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒄

Example 1: Integrate the following function

a. ∫ 10 𝑑𝑥 = 10𝑥 + 𝑐

b. ∫ 10 𝑑𝑦 = 10𝑦 + 𝑐

c. ∫ 10 𝑑𝑠 = 10𝑠 + 𝑐

1 1
d. ∫ 4 𝑑𝑚 = 𝑚+𝑐
4

𝒙𝒏+𝟏
∫ 𝒙𝒏 𝒅𝒙 = + 𝒄
𝒏+𝟏

Example 2: using the above theorem to integrate the following function.

𝑥 7+1 𝑥8
a. ∫ 𝑥 7 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝑐= +𝑐
7+1 8

1 𝑥 −12+1 𝑥 −11
b. ∫ 𝑥 12 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 −12 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝑐= +𝑐
−12+1 −11

 x4  x4
c.  2 x dx  2  x dx  2    c   c
3 3

4 2

x3 1 3 1  x4  x4
d. 2 dx 
2
x dx   
2 4 
 c 
8
c

7 7
3⁄ 𝑥 3⁄4+1 𝑥 ⁄4 4𝑥 ⁄4
e. ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 = + c= 7⁄ +𝑐 = +𝑐
3⁄4+1 4 7

EXERCISE

Integrate the following integral

a) ∫ 5 𝑑𝑥 = b) ∫ −4 𝑑𝑥 =

1
c) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = d) ∫ 𝑥 7 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑥
 ∫ 𝒌𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒌 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 ,

where k is constant

Example 3: Integrate the following integral using above theorem

a. ∫ 3𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 b. ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5

= 3 ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 1
= 5 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥5
=3 [ ] + 𝑐
5 = 5 ln 𝑥 + 𝑐

3 5
= 𝑥 + 𝑐
5

c. ∫ 2𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 1
d. ∫ 3𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥 =
 2  x3dx 1 1 1
 x4  x4
 
3 x 5
dx   x 5dx
3
 2   c   c
4 2 1  x 4  x 4
    c   c
3  4  12

1 1⁄
e. ∫ 3 𝑥 6 𝑑𝑥 = f. ∫ (−6𝑥 2) 𝑑𝑥

1 6  6 x1/2 dx
3
 x dx
 x3/2 
1  x7   6  c
  c  3/ 2
3 7 
2 
x7  6  x3/2   c
 c 3 
21
 4 x3/2  c
Exercise

Integrate the following integral

1
a. ∫ 2𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = b. ∫ −5 𝑑𝑥 =
3𝑥

1 1⁄
c. ∫ 3 𝑥 −5 𝑑𝑥 = d. ∫ −6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 =

5⁄
a) ∫ 𝑥 8 𝑑𝑥 = b) ∫ 𝑥 −14 𝑑𝑥 =

∫[𝒇(𝒙) ± 𝒈(𝒙)] 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 ± ∫ 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙

Example 4: Integrate the following indefinite integral

a. ∫ 𝑥 5 + 2𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥

= [∫ 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥] + [∫ 2𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥] − [∫ 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥] + [∫ 1 𝑑𝑥]

𝑥 6 2𝑥 5 3𝑥 2
= [ + − + 𝑥]+ 𝑐
6 5 2

𝑥 6 2𝑥 5 3𝑥 2
= + − + 𝑥+𝑐
6 5 2

b. ∫ 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥

  3x 2 dx   4 x dx
 x3   x 2 
 3    4    c  x3  2 x 2  c
 3  2

c. ∫(sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

x2
  cos x  sin x  c
2
Exercise

Integrate the following integral

1 𝑥
𝑎. ∫(4𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 3) 𝑑𝑥 𝑏. ∫ (2 sin 𝑥 + 3 cos 𝑥 − 𝑒 ) 𝑑𝑥
4

TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

In the previous section, we have learned how to integrate elementary functions using integral

formulae. In common, field of sciences and engineering problems are not expressed in such

standard forms. Hence, we need to use some technique to convert such integrals to elementary

form before carrying out the integration.

The techniques that we will learn are

a. Integration by substitution

b. Integration by parts

A) INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION

The process of integration by substitution can be done through the following steps:

1. Choose appropriate of u, let u  g  x  .

du
2. Find  g ' x .
dx

3. Substitute u  g  x  and du  g '  x  dx into integral. Then, the whole integral should

be in terms of u. If there is variable x in the integral, then you need to make another

choice of u.

4. Evaluate the integral in terms of u.

5. Substitute back u with g  x  , so the final answer will be in terms of x.

Example 5: Integrate the following function

a) ∫ cos(3𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
Let, 𝑢 = 3𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥
= 3 → 𝑑𝑥 = 3

∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
= ∫ cos 𝑢 ( )
3
1
= ∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
3
1
= (sin 𝑢) + 𝑐
3
1
= sin(3𝑥 − 1) + 𝑐
3

b) ∫ 𝑒 −5𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = −5𝑥 + 1 = −5 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 −5

∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
= ∫ 𝑒𝑢 ( )
−5

1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
−5

𝑒𝑢 𝑒 (−5𝑥+1)
= + 𝑐 = + 𝑐
−5 −5

c) ∫ 𝑥 2 (𝑥 3 − 2) 𝑑𝑥
du du
let u  x 3  2   3 x 2  dx  2
dx 3x
 x u dx
2

 du 
  x 2u  2 
 3x 
u 1  u2  u2
  du     c   c
3 3 2  6

x  2
3 2

 c
6
Exercise

Integrate the following indefinite integral

a. ∫ sin(3𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
b. ∫ 𝑒 (4𝑥−2) 𝑑𝑥
1
c. ∫ (6𝑥−5) 𝑑𝑥

B) INTEGRATION BY PART

Integration by part is important method to evaluate integral, especially when the integrand
involve product of algebraic and transcendental functions, example

 x ln xdx  xe dx  e
x x
cos x

Integration by part formula as follow:

∫ 𝒖 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒖𝒗 − ∫ 𝒗 𝒅𝒖

To make it easier, we make a trick in choosing u

L – Logarithmic
I – Inverse trigonometric
A – Algebraic
T – Trigonometric function
E – Exponent

Example 6: Integrate the following integral

a) ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let
ux dv  e x
 diff .  integrate
du
1 v  ex
dx
∫ 𝒖 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒖𝒗 − ∫ 𝒗 𝒅𝒖

∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − (𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝑐
= 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐
 b) ∫ 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
let
𝑢 = ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑥2
= 𝑣=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
∫ 𝒖 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒖𝒗 − ∫ 𝒗 𝒅𝒖
𝑥2 𝑥2 1
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = ln 𝑥 ( ) − ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥
2 2 𝑥

𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 1
= − ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2

𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 1 𝑥2 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 1 2
= − [ ]+ 𝑐 = − 𝑥 + 𝑐
2 2 2 2 4

Exercise
Integrate the following integral
a) ∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

b) ∫ 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

EVALUATION OF THE INTERGRAL

Used the fundamental theorem to evaluate definite integrals. Made substitutions in definite integrals by

solving an indefinite integral first and by changing the limits then used the fundamental theorem to evaluate

integrals which come from applications.

Example 7 : Evaluate
4
a. ∫3 3𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 − 5 𝑑𝑥

4
∫ 3𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 − 5 𝑑𝑥 = [3 + 8𝑥]43
3

= [3 + 8(4)] − [3 + 8(3)]

= [35] − [27]

= 8 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 2
 2 3𝑡
b. ∫1 𝑡 2 +4
𝑑𝑡
2 3𝑡
∫1 𝑡 2 +4
𝑑𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑡2 + 4
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2
1 𝑑𝑢
∫ (3𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑢 𝑑𝑡 =
1 2𝑡
2
1 𝑑𝑢
=∫ (3𝑡) ( )
1 𝑢 2𝑡

3 21
= ∫ 𝑑𝑢
2 1 𝑢

ln u 1  ln  t 2  4 1

3 2 3 2

2 2
 ln  22  4   ln 12  4  
3
2
3 3 8
  ln 8  ln 5  ln  
2 2 5

Integration in Trigonometric Function

i) Odd Powers of sin x and cos x

Example 8: Evaluate each of the following integral


a) cos 3 x dx

solution:

  cos 2 x cos x dx
  1  sin 2 x  cos x dx
du
Let u  sin x   cos x
dx

  1  u 2  cos x
du
cos x
  1  u 2  du
u3
u c
3
sin 3 x
 sin x  c
3
 
b) sin 5 x dx

 sin 4 x sin x dx
  sin 2 x  sin x dx
2

 1  cos 2 x  sin x dx
2

du
Let u  cos x    sin x
dx
 du 
  1  u 2  sin x 
2

  sin x 
   1  u 2  du
2

   1  2u 2  u 4 du
 2 u5 
  u  u 3   c 
 3 5 
2 cos5 x
  cos x  cos3 x   C.
3 5

2


c) cos5 x dx
0

ans: 8/15
The method we showed above can be used to evaluate integrals of the form

 sin
m
x cos n x dx

Example 9: Evaluate each of the following integral


a) cos3 x sin x dx

du
Let u  cos x    sin x
dx
 du 
u
3
sin x  
  sin x 
   u 3du
u4
 c
4
cos 4 x
 c
4


b) sin 3 x cos 2 x dx

Solution:

  sin 2 x sin x cos 2 x dx

  1  cos 2 x  sin x cos 2 x dx

du
Let u  cos x    sin x
dx

 du 
  1  u 2  u 2 sin x  
  sin x 
   1  u 2  u 2 du
   u 2  u 4 du
 u3 u5 
=-    c 
3 5 
3
cos x cos5 x
  C
3 5
Product of trigonometric

1
sin ax cos bx  sin  a  b  x  sin  a  b  x 
2
1
sin ax sin bx   cos  a  b  x  cos  a  b  x 
2
1
cos ax cos bx  cos  a  b  x  cos  a  b  x 
2

Example 10: Evaluate each of the following integral


a) sin 6 x cos 2 x dx

 sin 6 x cos 2 x dx
1
 sin(6  2) x  sin(6  2) x
2
1
sin 8 x  sin 4 x  dx
2


1   cos8 x cos 4 x 
   c
2 8 4 
cos8 x cos 4 x
  c
16 8


b) sin 4 x sin 6 x dx

1
cos 10 x   cos  2 x  dx
2


1
  cos 10 x   cos  2 x  dx
2


1
    cos 10 x   cos  2 x  dx
2
1  sin10 x sin 2 x 
   c
2 10 2 


c) cos3 x cos5 x dx

1
ans:  sin8x  4sin 2 x   c
16
VOLUME OF REVOLUTION

Let 𝑅 be a region bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and the line 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏.

If 𝑅 is rotated through one complete revolution about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, a solid of revolution is formed.

𝑏
Volume of a solid of revolution 𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫𝑎 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥

If a region is completely rotated about the y-axis, then the volume is given by volume of a solid revolution
𝑏
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫𝑎 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦

Example 11:

Find the volume of the solid when the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1 is rotated about the x-axis. The region is
bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1, the x-axis and the lines x = 1 and x = 3

𝑏
𝑣 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
3
𝑣 = 𝜋 ∫ (𝑥 2 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥
1
3
= 𝜋 ∫ (𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
1
3
𝑥 5 2𝑥 3
= 𝜋[ + + 𝑥]
5 3 1

35 2(3)3 15 2(1)3
= 𝜋 [( + + 3) − ( + + 1)]
5 3 5 3
348 28
= 𝜋[ − ]
5 15
11
= 𝜋 (67 ) 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 3
15
Example 12

Find the volume of the solid when the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 is rotated about the y-axis. The region is bounded by

the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3, the y-axis and the lines y = 8.

1
Solution: y  x  x  y
3 3

𝑏
𝑣 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑎
8
1⁄ 2
𝑣 = 𝜋 ∫ (𝑦 3) 𝑑𝑦
0
8
2⁄
= 𝜋 ∫ (𝑦 3) 𝑑𝑦
0
5 8
𝑦 ⁄3
= 𝜋[ ]
5⁄
3 0
5 5
8 ⁄3 0 ⁄3
= 𝜋[ − ]
5⁄ 5⁄
3 3
= 19 1⁄5 𝜋 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 3

REVOLVING A REGION BOUNDED BY TWO CURVES

Revolution about the x-axis

Let R be a region bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) and the line x = a and x = b 𝑓(𝑥) > 𝑔(𝑥).

If R is rotated through one complete revolution about the x-axis, a solid of revolution is formed.
𝑏
𝑣 = 𝜋 ∫ [𝑓(𝑥)]2 − [𝑔(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

Revolution about the y-axis

Let R be a region bounded by the curve 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦), 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦) and the line y = a and y = b 𝑓(𝑦) > 𝑔(𝑦).

If R is rotated through one complete revolution about the y-axis, a solid of revolution is formed.
𝑏
𝑣 = 𝜋 ∫ [𝑓(𝑦)]2 − [𝑔(𝑦)]2 𝑑𝑦
𝑎
Example 13

Calculate the volume generated when the region and close by the curve 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 , and the line y = x

and x = 2 is rotated about the x-axis.

Let x=1, 𝑦 = 4(1) − (1)2 = 3

y=1

f  x   4x  x2 , g  x   x

2
𝑣 = 𝜋 ∫ [𝑓(𝑥)]2 − [𝑔(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥
0

2
= 𝜋 ∫ (4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )2 − (𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
0

2
= 𝜋 ∫ (16𝑥 2 + 𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 3 ) − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0

2
= 𝜋 ∫ (15𝑥 2 + 𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
0

2
15𝑥 3 𝑥 5 8𝑥 4
= 𝜋[ + − ]
3 5 4 0

25
= 𝜋 [5(2)3 + − 2(2)4 ] − 0
5

2
= 14 𝜋 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 3
5
Example 14

Find the volume of the solid of revolution from when the region founded by the curve 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 and the

line 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2 is rotated about the y-axis

𝑑
𝑣 = 𝜋 ∫ [𝑓(𝑦)]2 − [𝑔(𝑦)]2 𝑑𝑦
𝑐

y 2  x  x  y 2      (1)
y  x  2  x  y  2    (2)

Find the intersection,

y2  y  2
y2  y  2  0

y  2 or y  1

Let y=0

y 2  x  x  02  0      (1)
y  x  2  x  0  2  2    (2)

2
v     y  2    y 2  dy
2 2

1
2
    y 2  4 y  4  y 4  dy
1
2
 y3  y2  y5 
    4   4 y  
3  2  5  1
  23 25    1
3
  12   1  
5

    2  2   4  2     
2
 4   4  1  
 3 5  3  2  5 
    
184  32   72
     
 15  15   5
Example 15

Find the volume of solid of revolution when the region bounded by the curve y 2  8 x and

y  x 2 revolves at 3600 about the x-axis.

Solution:
The intersection between the curves y  8x and y  x 2 can be obtained by the solving
the following equation
x2  8x

x 
2 2
 8x
x4  8x  0
x  x3  8  0
x  0 or x3  8  0  x  2
The next step we want to which function having bigger value, so substitute any value
between x=0 to x=2, let choose x=1

y  8 x  8 1  8
hence,
y  x 2  1  1
2

  x 
2
2
v  8x 2 2
dx
0
2
   8 x  x 4 dx
0
2
 x5 
  4 x2  
 5 0
 25   48
   4  22     0    unit 3
 5  5