UTS c.
Brain:
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
• Personality
- The etymological derivative of
personality comes from the word
“persona” – a theatrical masks
worn by Romans in Greek and
Latin drama.
- Personality comes from the two
Latin words per and sonare,
which literally means “to sound
through”.
- Personality - it is a relatively
permanent traits and unique
characteristics that give both
consistency and individuality to a
person’s behavior (Roberts &
Mroczek, 2008).
DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY
• Environmental Factors of
Personality
- The surroundings of an individual
from their parents.
• Biological Factors of Personality
a. Hereditary factors or genetic
make-up:
❖ Describes the tendency of
the person to appear and
behave the way their
parents are
b. Physical features:
❖ Include the overall
physical structure of a
person: height, weight,
color, sex, beauty and
body language, etc.
❖ Results from the electrical
stimulation of the brain
(ESB) research gives
indication that better
understanding of human
personality and behavior
might come from the study
of the brain.
• Situational Factors of Personality
- Alter a person’s behavior and
response from time to time.
- Can be commonly observed
when a person behaves
contrastingly and exhibits
different traits and characteristics.
• Cultural Factors
- Culture is traditionally considered
as the major determinants of an
individual’s personality.
- Culture largely determinants what
a person is and what a person will
learn.
PERSONALITY TRAITS
Personality Traits – reflect a people’s
characteristic patterns of thoughts,
feelings, and behaviors.
Five-Factor Model – most widely used
system of traits
FIVE-FACTOR MODEL OF
PERSONALITY
 - Concerned with the problem of
the self.
It is also known as the acronym “OCEAN”
- Believe that the self is
DUALISTIC – every man is
composed of body and soul.
• O-Openness - “One thing only I know, and that
- The tendency to appreciate new is that I know nothing.”
art, ideas, values, feelings, and - There is a soul before the body,
behaviors. existing in the realm of ideas.
• C-Conscientiousness - This knowledge is brought out by
- The tendency to be careful, on- Socratic approach.
time for appointments, to follow 2. Plato
rules, and to be hard working. - Founded the Academy
• E-Extraversion - Dichotomy between ideal and
- The tendency to be talkative, material world.
sociable, and to enjoy others; the - There are three components of
tendency have a dominant style. the soul: rational, spirited, and
• A-Agreeableness appetitive soul.
- The tendency to agree and go 3. St. Augustine
along with others rather tha to - Man is of a bifurcated nature.
assert one owns opinions and - The self has two aspects:
choices. Imperfect (earthly), and capable
• N-Neurotism of reaching immortality.
- The tendency to be frequently 4. St. Thomas Aquinas
experience negative emotions - Man is composed of matter and
such as anger, worry, and form.
sadness, as well as being - Matter (hyle) – common stuff the
interpersonally sensitive. makes up everything.
- Form (morpe) – essence of the
living.
THE SELF ACCORDING TO 5. Rene Descartes
PHILOSOPHY - Father of the Modern Philosophy
- “I think, Therefore I Am.”
Philosophy
- Hyperbolical doubt
- The study of knowledge or 6. John Locke
wisdom comes from Latin words - Identify is not locked in the mind,
Philo (love) Sophia (wisdom). soul, or body only.
- “The Queen of All Sciences” - Included the concept of person’s
because every scientific memory.
discipline has philosophical - Identity is explained in terms of
foundation. psychological connection
between life stages.
1. Socrates
 - Gave rise to the concept of
tabula rasa (blank slate).
7. David Hume
- Influenced by empiricism
- “All knowledge is derived from
human senses.”
- Bundle theory – collection of
impressions
- Impressions – vivid; product of
direct experience.
- Ideas – copies of impressions;
imagination.
8. Sigmund Freud
- Father of Psychoanalysis
- “The ego is not master in its own
house.”
- Man is governed by 2 drives: Eros
and Thanatos
- He proposed the three provinces
of the mind: id, ego, superego.
- Illustrated that the human mind is
like an iceberg (Mental Iceberg)
that contains 3 parts: conscious,
subconscious, and unconscious
level.
9. Gilbert Ryle
- The self is best understood as a
pattern of behavior.
- He opposed the notable ideas of
the previous philosophers and
even claimed that those were
results of confused conceptual
thinking he termed, category
mistake.
10. Maurice Merleau-Ponty
- The division between the “mind”
and the “body” is a product of
confused thinking.
- He developed the concept of self-
subject and contended that
perceptions occur existentially.
11. Immanuel Kant
-
Individual self makes the
experience of the world
comprehensible.
- The self is the product of reason.
- He emphasized that people
should always see duty as a
divine command.
12. Paul and Patricia Churchland
- The self is a product of brain
activity.
- The behavior of the self can be
attributed to the neurophar-
macological states, the neural
activity in specialized anatomical
areas.
- Patricia Churchland claimed that
man’s brain is responsible for the
identity known as self.
SELF ACCORDING TO SOCIOLOGY
AND ANTHROPOLOGY
Kapwa – the core value of the Filipino
according to Filipino Psychology.
Two Types of Kapwa:
1. Ibang-tao
2. Hindi ibang-tao
Sociology posits that socially formed
norms, beliefs, and values come to exist
within the person, thus, developing the
person’s identity.
FILIPINO VALUES:
• Hiya
• Utang na loob
• Pakikiramdam
• Pakikisama
• Kagandahang-loob
• Kapwa o Pakikipag-kapwa
Key Characteristics of Modernity:
• Industrialism – extensive use of
material power and machinery.
• Capitalism – competitive product
markets and labor power.
• Institutions of surveillance –
massive increase in power and reach
by institution.
• Dynamism – having vigorous activity
and progress.
SOCIAL GROUPS AND SOCIAL
NETWORKS:
• Organic
- Naturally occurring and highly
influenced by one’s family.
- Gives feeling of rootedness.
- Implies less freedom and greater
conformity.
• Rational
- Made up of different people
coming from different places.
- Formed as a matter of shared
self-interest.
GEORGE HERBERT MEAD
• He’s an American philosopher,
sociologist, and psychologist.
• The self represents the sum total of
people’s conscious perception of their
identity as distinct from others.
• The self is something which
undergoes development because it is
not present instantly at birth.
MEAD AND THE SOCIAL SELF
• Looking Glass Self
- The self is a product of
internalizing the views of other
people.
DEVELOPING THE SELF
Three Stages of Self-Development
1. Language – allows us to express
ourselves and to comprehend what
other’s express.
2. Play – role-playing and assuming the
role of others.
3. Game – taking into account and
societal rules.
TWO SIDES OF THE SELF
Mead sees the person as an
active process, not just a reflection of the
society.
• “I” – How the person sees himself
• “Me” – How others sees us.
THE SELF ACCORDING TO
PSYCHOLOGY
Psychology
- A scientific study of mental
processes and human behavior.
- It aims to describe, analyze,
predict, control human behavior
in general.
THE SELF AS COGNITIVE
CONSTRUCTION
• The cognitive aspect of the self is
known as self-concept.
• Self-concept is defined as self-
knowledge, a cognitive structure that
includes beliefs about personality
traits, physical characteristics,
abilities, values, goals, and roles, as
well as the knowledge that an
individual exist as individuals.
Dr. Bruce A. Bracken
SIX DOMAINS OF SELF CONCEPT
1. The social domain - ability of the
person to interact with others
2. The competence domain - the ability
to meet the basic needs
3. The affect domain - the awareness
of the emotional states
4. The physical domain - the feelings
about looks, health, physical
condition, and overall appearance
5. Academic domain - or the success
or failure in the school
6. Family domain - how well one
function within the family unit
ME-SELF VS. I-SELF
William James
- founder of functionalism who
made a clear distinction between
ways of approaching the self:
- the knower (the pure/subject or
the I-Self)
- the known (the objective or the
Me-Self)
I-Self - the function of a knower must be
the agent of experience.
Me-Self - have 3 different but interrelated
aspects of empirical self:
• The Me viewed as material
• The Me viewed as social
• The Me viewed as spiritual in nature
REAL SELF VS. IDEAL SELF
Carl Rogers
- the founder of client-centered
therapy.
- one of the most prominent
humanistic or existential theorists
in personality.
- His therapy aimed to make the
person achieve balance between
their self- concept (real-self) and
ideal self.
Real Self
- includes all those aspects of
one's identity that are perceived
in awareness.
Ideal Self
- defined as one’s view of self as
one wishes to be.
MULTIPLE VS. UNIFIED SELF
Greg Henriques
- proposed the Tripartite Model of
Human Consciousness
- the self consists of 3 related but
separable domains:
 1. Experimental Self - the
theater of consciousness.
2. Private Self - the
narrator/interpreter.
3. Public Self - persona
• Unified being - essentially
connected to consciousness,
awareness, and agency.
• Well-adjusted person - able to
accept and understood the
success and failure that they
experienced.
TRUE SELF VS. FALSE SELF
Donald Winnicott
- a pediatrician in London
- studied Psychoanalysis with
Melanie Klein - a renowned
personality theorist and one of the
pioneers in object relations and
development of personality in
childhood.
False Self
- an alternative personality used to
protect an individual’s true
identity or one’s ability to “hide”
the real self.
- activated to maintain social
relationship as anticipation of the
demands of others.
True Self
- has a sense of integrity and
connected wholeness that is
rooted in early infancy.
- can be achieved by good
parenting that is not necessarily a
perfect parenting
PROACTIVE SELF VS.
AGENTIC SELF
Albert Bandura
- a psychologist and Professor
Emeritus of Social Science in
Psychology at Stanford
University.
- known for his theory of social
learning by means of modeling.
- famous for his proposed concept
of self- efficacy.
- The Social Cognitive Theory –
asserts that a person is both
proactive and agentic. This theory
emphasized that human beings
are proactive, self-regulating,
self-reflective, and self-
organizing.
Proactive Self
- an individual have control in any
situation by making things
happen.
Agentic Self
- ability of an individual to pursue
their goals.
- Agency - a defining feature of
modern selfhood.
- Agents - assume some degree of
ownership and control over
things, both internally.

THE SELF IN THE WESTERN AND
ORIENTAL EASTERN THOUGHT
• WESTERN- represents Europe and
Northern America.
• EASTERN- also called ORIENTAL,
represents ASIA.
COMPARISON OF WESTERN AND
EASTERN CONCEPTS OF SELF
• WESTERN
- Duality- you are distinct from
other persons.
- Talk about their personal
attributes.
- Highlights personal
achievements.
- Individualistic- focus on the
person.
- Values competition.
- Values equality
• EASTERN
- Other persons are part of
yourself.
- Talk about their social roles.
- Keeps a low profile and avoid
boastfulness.
- Collectivistic- group and social
relations are more important.
- Values cooperation.
- Values hierarchy.
The Self in Confucian Thought
WESTERN CONCEPT OF THE SELF
➢ Ancient Greek Philosophers see
humans as bearers if
irreplaceable values.
➢ St Thomas Aquinas believed that
the body constitutes individuality.
➢ Rene Descartes is famous for his
quote “I think, therefore, I am.”
➢ Kant believed that the self is
capable of actions that entitles it to
have rights as an Autonomous
agent.
FRANK JOHNSON’S 4
CATEGORIES OF THE SELF
Western self as:
• Analytical
- to see objects as divisible
combinations of yet smaller
objects.
• Monotheistic
- the rigid consequence of the
doctrine of normal human being.
• Individualistic
- the emphasis on individualism
has direct and indirect effects on
both the presentation of self (in
public ways) and the experience
of the self (in private awareness).
• Materialistic and rationalistic
- tended to define spiritual and
immaterial phenomena as
potentially superstitious and
dangerous.
EASTERN CONCEPT OF THE
SELF
• Confucius philosophy - known
as humanistic social philosophy
 which focusses on human beings • Collective Self - the idea that the
and the society in general. fundamental unit of the human
• Confucianism - a system of species that thinks, lives, and acts
ethics centered on ren which can toward goals is not the individual,
be manifested through the li but some group.
(propriety), xiao (filiality), and yi
(rightness).
INDEPENDENT VS
INTERDEPENDENT
THE FOUR BEGINNINGS OF THE
SELF
• Li the Propriety
- Rules of propriety should be
THE PHYSICAL SELF
followed to guide human actions.
THE CONCEPT OF PHYSICAL SELF
FIVE IMPORTANT RELATIONSHIPS
➢ Father and Son (Parent to Child) • Santrock (2014) - Self-understanding
➢ Ruler and Subject is the individual’s cognitive
➢ Older and Younger Brother representation of the self which
➢ Husband and Wife consists of the substance and the
➢ Friend and Friend content of self-conceptions.
• Maturation - is known as the
• Xiao the Filiality completion of growth of a genetic
- This is the virtue of reverence and character within an organism or the
respect for the family. Parents unfolding of an individual’s inherent
should be revered for the life they traits or potential.
and given. • Physical characteristics - are the
Independent Interdependent
• Yi the Rightness
Identity is Personal, Social, defined
- The right way of behaving which
defined by by connections
is unconditional and absolute.
individual traits with others.
and goals
• Jen the Compassion What matters Me-personal We-group goals
- It is a supreme virtue achievement, and solidarity;
representing human qualities at and fulfillment; our social
their best. my rights and responsibilities
liberties. and
INDIVIDUALISTIC VERSUS relationships.
COLLECTIVE SELF Disapproves Conformity Egotism
• Individualistic Self - the idea that of
the fundamental unit of the human defining traits or features of a
species that thinks, lives, and acts person’s body.
toward goals is the individual.
• Heredity - is defined as the bodies in distorted ways
transmission of traits from parents to (especially, women).
offspring. - Women’s dissatisfaction with
• Puberty - is a brain neuroendocrine their bodies as a systematic
process occurring primarily in early social phenomenon rather than a
adolescence that triggers the rapid result of individual pathology.
physical changes

PERSONAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT

PERSPECTIVES IN UNDERSTANDING
PERCEPTION OF THE PHYSICAL
PHYSICAL SELF
SELF
1. Psychodynamic Perspective
1. Introspection - the process by
- Freud’s theory of the ego was
which one observes and
primarily known as body ego that
examines one’s internal state
solidifies the importance of body
(mental and emotional) after
in understanding the self. The
behaving in a certain way.
body and its evolving mental
2. Self - Perception Theory
representations form the basis
- explains that since one’s internal
of a sense of self. Theory
state is difficult to interpret, people
suggests that physical body both
can infer their inner states by
has objective and subjective
observing their own behavior –as
components
if they are an outside observer.
-
3. Self-Concept - a cognitive
representation of self-knowledge
which includes the sum total of all
beliefs that people have about
themselves.
2. Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective
4. Personal Identity - the concept a
- This perspective recognizes
person has about himself that
multiple determinants of body
develops over the years.
image with a distinction between
those determinants that are
historical versus those
SOCIAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT
determinants that are proximal
PERCEPTION OF THE PHYSICAL
or concurrent that pre dispose or
SELF
influence how people come to
think, feel, and act in relation to 1. Attachment Process and Social
their body. Appraisal - people learn about
their value and lovability when they
3. Feminist Perspective experience how their mothers or
- Relies on the social construction caregivers care for them and
in which there is a possibility of respond to their needs.
individuals to experience their
 2. Maintaining, Regulating and of genes one inherited from one’s
expanding the self in parents. Instead, these bodily
interpersonal relationships features only take on the meaning
3. The Looking-glass Self Theory - that they have.
the view of oneself comes from a • Essentialist View - essentialism
compilation of personal qualities means that bodies are defined
and impressions of how others entirely by their biological make-up –
perceive the individual. bones, muscles, hormones, and the
4. Social Comparison - a process of like.
comparing oneself with others in • Body image can be described as a
order to evaluate one’s own representation of how individuals
abilities and opinions. think and feel about their own
• Upward social physical attributes. Body image is
comparison happens both internal (personal) and external
when an individual (society).
compares themselves to
others who are better than
them. WHAT PHILOSOPHERS THINK
• Downward social ABOUT BEAUTY?
comparison happens
when an individual Beauty - traditionally, was among the
compares themselves to ultimate values along goodness, truth
someone who is in a worse and justice.
situation than they are in • St Augustine - asked whether things
especially when they are were beautiful because it gave
feeling low. delight, whether it gave delight
5. Social Identity Theory because it was beautiful.
(Collective Identity) - how people • Plato - connected beauty to love and
achieve understanding about desire.
themselves by being a member of • David Hume - beauty is no quality in
their group. things themselves; it exists merely in
the mind which contemplates them.
• Francis Hutcheson - the perception
The Impact of Culture on the Physical of beauty depend on the external
Self sense of sight.
• Culture - defined as a social system
that is characterized by the shared
meanings that are attributed to WAYS TO IMPROVE YOUR BODY
people and events by its members. IMAGE
• Social constructionist approach - 1. Say something nice about
beauty, weight, sexuality, or race do yourself.
not simply result from the collection 2. Retrain your brain
 3. Stop criticizing yourself and start
criticizing the ads
4. Exercise because it makes you
feel good
5. Be patient with yourself
SO HOW CAN YOU LEARN TO
TRULY, DEEPLY ACCEPT
YOURSELF?
1. Befriend yourself
2. Connect with yourself
3. Believe that you are more than the
sum of your mistakes
4. Forgive yourself
5. Stop using the approval of others
as the measure of your self-worth
6. Trust yourself
7. Think positive
THE SEXUAL SELF
Sexual selfhood-is defined as how one
thinks about herself or himself as a
sexual individual.
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
• The Ancient Greek
- Men assume the dominant role.
- The male symbol is viewed as
the symbol of fertility.
- Women were forbidden to own
property and had no legal rights.
• The Middle Ages
- The church decreed that all
sexual acts that do not lead to
procreation were considered
EVIL.
- Women are labeled either a
temptress or a woman of virtue.
- women with mental disorders
were regarded as witch were
punished.
• 16th century: Protestant
Reformation
- Movements were initiated against
the Catholic church.
- Protestantism believed that
sexuality is a natural part of life
and that priest should be able to
marry.
- sexual intimacy strengthens the
bond between the couple.
• 17th and 18th century: The
Puritans
- a group of people who were
discontented with the Church of
England rallied for religious,
moral and societal reformation.
- They had positive view on marital
sex and did not tolerate sex
outside marriage.
- Premarital sex was considered
immoral.
• The Victorian Era (1837-1901)
- Homosexuality and
prostitution were considered
threats to social order.
- Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
became famous
- It was believed that women
SHOULD NOT enjoy sexual
intercourse.
- Ejaculating for more than once a
month weakens the man.
• The 20th Century
- interest in sexuality became more
evident and accepted in society.
- separation of church and state.
- the rise of feminism.
- varied views on what is sexually
normal.
BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
Primary Sex Characteristics - sexual
organs present at birth and DIRECTLY
involved in human reproduction.
Secondary Sex Characteristics -
sexual organs or traits that develop at
puberty and are INDIRECTLY involved in
human reproduction
Testosterone – body hair grows, voice
breaks, muscle growth increases.
Oestrogen – breasts grow, pubic hair
grows, wide hips develop.
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
PARTS
• Penis- a male sexual organ
consisting of the internal root and
external shaft and glans
• Root- the portion of the penis that
extends internally into the pelvis
cavity
• Shaft-the length of the penis
between the glans and the body
• Gland- the head of the penis;richly
endowed with nerve endings
• Cavernous bodies- the structures in
shaft of the penis that engorge with
blood during sexual arousal
• Foreskin-a covering of skin over the
penile glans
• Corona- the rim of the penile glans
• Frenulum- a highly sensitive,thin
strip of skin that connects the glans
to the shaft on the underside of the
penis.
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
PARTS
• Vulva-encompasses all female
external genital structures
• Mons vegeneris- a triangular mound
over the pubic bone above the vulva
• Labia majora-the outer lips of the
vulva
• Labia minura-the inner lips of the
vulva
• Prepuce- the foreskin or fold skin
over the clitoris
• Clitoris-a highly sensitive structure
of the female external genetals
• Shaft-the length of the clitoris
between the glans and body
• Glans-the head of the clitoris
• Cruca-the innermost tips of the
cavernous bodies that connect to the
pubic bones
• Vestibule- the area of the vulva
inside the labia minors
• Urethra- the tube through which
urine passes from the bladder to
outside the body
Internal Structure
• Vagina- a stretchable canal in he
female thar opens at the vulva and
extends about four inches into the
pelvis
• Rugae- the folds of tissue in the
vagina
• Cervix- the small end of the uterus,
located at the back of the vagina
• Uterus- a pear shaped organ inside
the female pelvis
• Fallopian tubes- two tubes in which
the egg and sperm travel,extending
from the side of uterus
• Ovaries- female gonads that
produce ova and sex hormones
EVOLUTIONARY/ SOCIOBIOLOGICAL
PERSPECTIVE
• Natural selection
• Beauty is more than just a cultural
standard
• Preference for females with large
breast and males with broad
shoulders
• survival is the goal
PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
• Sexuality is not a mere physical
response
• Sigmund Freud: sex instinct and
libido
• Sex instinct does not only pertain to
the sexual act rather it could also
mean anything that could give
pleasure to the person.
5 STAGE OF FREUD
PSYCHOSEXUAL
1. oral stage-the child erogenous
zone is the mouth which recieve
gratification through eating and
sucking
2. Anal stage-the erogenous zone is
anus in which sexual gratification
is derived from derification
3. Phalic stage- the erogenous zone
is the genitals
4. Latency stage- sexual impulse lie
dormant as the child is occupied
by social activities
5. Genitals stage- where the
erogenous zone is again the
genitals
EROGENOUS ZONE - is different from
sexual fetishes
According to Freud, a Fetish is an
inappropriate object ( a shoe for
example) that is substituted for woman
and used sexual gratification.
RELIGIOUS PERSPECTIVE
• Judaism - hold positive and natural
outlook
• Islam - family is considered ot utmost
importance
• Taoism - Sex is not only natural and
healthy, but a sacred union necessary
to people’s physical, mental, and
spiritual being
• Hinduism - sexuality is seen as
spiritual force
• Roman Catholic- marriage is purely
for intercourse
According to anthropologist Helen
Fisher (2016) there are three stage to
falling inlove
1. Lust
- is driven by the desire for sexual
gratification.
- When people are in the stage of
lust, they feel physically attracted
and drawn to their object of
affection.
2. Attraction
- it is the period of time during
which couples are infatuated and
pursue a relationship.
- the energy and attention is
focused on one particular person.
- high in dopamine and
norepinephrine; low serotonin
3. ATTACHMENT
- It is along term bond between
partners.
 - It is a feeling of security, comfort
and emotional union
- oxytocin and vasopressin
- sexual desire for another person
JOHN LEE'S LOVE STYLE
1. Eros (EH-ros)
- Love is based on a strong
sexual and emotional
component.
- This type of love creates initial
excitement of a new
relationship.
2. Agape (AH-gah-pay)
- This is altruistic and selfless
love.
- The person shows his love
without expecting to receive the
same in return.
3. Storge (Store-gay)
- This is love-related friendship and
based on nonsexual affection.
4. Ludus
- For ludic lovers, love is just a
game, something for fun
or entertainment.
- They do not experience
jealousy. They do not value
commitment or intimacy.
5. Mania
- This is characterized by an
intense feeling which may lead to
obsessive and possessive love
towards the loved one
6. Pragma
- This is a practical and business-
like love.
THE TRIANGULAR THEORY OF LOVE
BY ROBERT STERNBERG
1. Intimacy. This includes the desire
to give and receive emotional
closeness, support, caring and
sharing.
2. Passion. This is the hot
component of love which can be
described as intensely romantic or
usually accompanied by physical
attraction and physiological
arousal.
3. Commitment. This is the cold
component of love. It is the
decision to maintain the
relationship through good times
and bad times.
Sternberg also described several
types of love based on the above
components.
• Liking (Intimacy). This only involves
emotional intimacy and has no
passionate intention for long-term
commitment.
• Infatuation (Passion). This is
associated with a high degree of
physiological arousal.
• Infatuation (Passion). This is
associated with a high degree of
physiological arousal.
• Romantic love (Passion and
Intimacy). It is a combination of both
passion and intimacy which may be
present during the first phase of a
relationship.
• Companionate love (Intimacy and
Commitment). The components are
both intimacy and commitment which
is experienced in long deeply
committed friendship or marriage
where passion has faded.
• Fatuous love (Passion and
Commitment). A combination of
passion and commitment
experienced by a couple who spent a
short time in courtship and suddenly
decided to get married.
• Consummate love (Passion,
Intimacy, and Commitment). There
exists a healthy balance of passion,
intimacy, and commitment shared by
couples considered to be ideal for
each other.
Psychological Theories of Love
• Behavioral Reinforcement Theory
- The better the feeling associated
with the behavior of a person, the
more likely it is for the behavior to
be repeated.
• Physiological Arousal Theory
- This explains the most acceptable
theories about emotions: the
bodies experience a physiological
change first, then people assign an
emotion to that physical sensation.
• Evolutionary Theories
- This explains that love arose due to
some sociobiological need.
Solitary behavior – A behavior with the
intention of stimulating self that caused
arousal usually done in private.
Heterosexuality – it is the attraction to
members of opposite sex.
Homosexuality – refers to a person
whose sexual orientation is toward
another of the same sex. It is the
attraction to members of the same sex.
Bisexual – is a person who may be
sexually oriented to both men and
women.
Transsexual – these are people
experience a gender identity that is
inconsistent with, or not culturally
associated with, their assigned sex, and
desire to permanently transition to the
gender with which they identify, usually
seeking medical assistance.
Pansexual – is a new sexual orientation
of persons who are sexually attracted to
people regardless of their sex or gender
identity.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases(STD)
• Also known as Sexually Transmitted
Infections (STI)
• These are infections that are passed
from one person to another through
sexual contact, blood transfusion,
breastfeeding, and a certain amount
of saliva.
• Genital Herpes
- This is a sexually transmitted
infection caused by a large family
of viruses of different strains.
These strains produce other non-
sexually transmitted diseases such
as chicken pox and
mononucleosis.
• Genital Warts
- Genital warts (also called venereal
warts or Condylomata Acuminata)
are caused by the human
papillomavirus, a virus related to
the one that causes common skin
warts. Certain high-risk types of
HPV can cause cervical cancer
and other genital cancers, but
these are different from the types
that cause genital warts.
• Gonorrhea
- This a sexually transmitted
infection caused by bacterium
Neisseria gonorrheoeae which
thrives in the moist mucous
membranes linings of the mouth,
 throuat, vagina, cervix, urethra,
and the anal tract.
• Syphilis
- This is a sexually transmitted
infection caused by bacterium
Treponema palligum, a spirochete.
If left untreated, syphilis may
progress through four phases:
Primay (chancre sores appear),
Secondary (general skin rashes
occur), latent (a period that can last
for several years with no overt
symptoms), and tertiary
(cardiovascular disease,
blindness, paralysis, skin ulcers,
liver damage, mental problem and
even death may occur).
• Chlamydia
- This is one of the most common
sexually transmitted infections,
named for Chlamydia trachomatis,
an organism that spreads through
sexual contact and infects the
genital organs of both sexes.
METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION
(ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL)
• Hormonal method of contraception
- prevents the release of an egg or
ovulation
• Oral Contraceptives (Pills)
- These are daily oral
contraceptives. Some contain
estrogen and progesterone; others
are progestin only and are over
99% effective if used according to
instruction.
• The Patch
- It is a small patch you stick on the
skin that releases estrogen and
progestogen. It stops ovulation.
• The ring
- The contraceptive vaginal ring is a
small plastic ring a woman inserts
into her vagina every month and
releases hormones to stop
ovulation.
• Implants
- A small, flexible rod put under the
skin of the upper arm releases
progestogen. Works for 3 years but
can be taken out sooner. It requires
a small procedure to fit and remove
it.
• Injectable
- An injection of progestogen. Works
for 8 or 13 weeks – you don’t have
to think about contraception during
this time.
• Barrier methods
- Methods that physically or
chemically block the sperm from
reaching an egg and provide a
barrier between direct skin to skin
contacts.
EXAMPLES OF BARRIER METHODS
• Diaphragm
- A flexible latex (rubber) or silicone
device, used with spermicide, is
put into the vagina to cover the
cervix. Can be put in any time
before sex.
• Cervical Caps
- These are similar to the
diaphragm, though they are
generally always made of silicone.
They are put into the vagina to
cover the cervix and are 92 to 96
percent effective when used
correctly.
• Male and Female Condoms or
spermicides
- For Males: A very thin latex
(rubber) polyurethane (plastic) or
synthetic sheath, put over the erect
penis. For Females: Soft, thin
polyurethane sheath that loosely
lines the vagina and covers the
area just outside.
 - Condoms are the best way to help
protect yourself from sexually
transmitted infections.
BEHAVIORAL METHODS
Emergency Contraception - It is a
measure that protects against pregnancy
after unprotected sex has already
occurred. It could be through IUD or
higher dosage of pills.

• Rhythm or Calendar Method – It is

a way to determine a woman’s most
fertile and interfile times by charting
the menstrual cycle. It is also known
as natural family planning or fertility
awareness.
• Abstinence or celibacy – It refers to
the avoidance of sexual intercourse.
• Outercourse – It is a sexual activity
that does not include the insertion of
the penis into the vagina.
• Withdrawal – it happens when a man
removes his penis from vagina and
ejaculate outside of the woman’s
body.

STERILIZATION

- Procedures that make an

individual permanently incapable
of conceiving or fertilizing a
partner.
a. Tubal Ligation /Sterilization – It
is a surgery for women in which
fallopian tubes are tied to prevent
eggs from travelling to the uterus
so a woman cannot get pregnant.

b. Vasectomy – It is an operation in
which the surgeon makes a small
cut in the upper part of the scrotum
then ties or blocks the vas
deferens. Men can still have
orgasm or ejaculation after the
operation.

Intrauterine Device (IUD) – It is a small

device that is placed in the uterus by a
doctor to prevent pregnancy.