The self-according to philosophy

Spiritual/Passion
Philosophy - Basic emotions of human
- Located at the chest
- Study of knowledge or wisdom
- From Latin roots, Philo (Love) and Sophia (Wisdom) Appetitive/ Physical Appetite
- Queen of All Sciences
- Basic biological needs of human
Socrates - Located at the abdomen
- Compensating our pleasure
- Foundation of western philosophy and thoughts.
- Was not able to write any of his teaching
- Known from the writings of his student Plato
St. Augustine
- Self is dichotomous which means composed of two
things: Physical and Ideal Realm - Considered as the last of the great ancient philosopher
- Human is composed of body and soul whose idea were greatly platonic.
- His motto is “Time is Gold”
Body- Self
- Christianity’s first theologian
Soul- Ruler of the body - He described body as “Snare or Cage” of the soul.
- Body is a slave of the soul.
- Activates the body
Past- Memory
Physical Realm
Present- Direct Experience
- physical world
- Changeable, temporal and imperfect Future- Expectation
Ideal Realm God as the source of all reality and truth
- Soul - Man is capable of knowing eternal truths
- Imperfect, unchanging, eternal and immortal - If you believe in God, you can also know the eternal
truth.
Self- The immortal and unified entity that is consistent over
time. The Sinfulness of a man
Socratic Method- unique style of asking questions - Sin is an act of man’s free will
- search for the correct/proper definition of a thing. Rene Descartes
Plato - Father of Cartesian Plane
- Founder of modern philosophy
- Basis of western thoughts
- “Cogito, ergo sum- “I think, therefore I exist”
- “Self as the Knower”
- Body and soul are autonomous
Empirical Reality - The self is a dynamic entity that engages in metal
- Cannot distinguish right away or what it is operations.

Ultimate Reality
John Locke
- Can distinguish something because of its
notable/known action. - Self is all about consciousness
- Soul can be passed without changing
- Famous for the concept “Tabula Rasa”
Tabula Rasa
- Mind of an individual was born blank
3 parts of soul - Emphasized the freedom of individuals to author their
own soul
Rational/Reason
David Hume
- Enables human to think deeply
- Located at the head - Self is nothing, it is only a product of imagination and
- Intellectual capacity and cognitive ability of individual perception
- Also called Divine Essence - Our experiences are product of our thinking
- The self that Is being experienced by an individual is Ego
nothing but a kind of Fictional Self
- Conscious Level
Fictional Self- created to unify the mental events and - Based on reality principle
introduce order into an individual lives, but this self has no - Maintain the equilibrium between id & superego
real existence. - Decision-making branch of our mind
- Not autonomous
Immanuel Kant
- Neutral
- Made great contributions to the fields of metaphysics,
Superego
epistemology and ethics.
- Emphasized that it is only through experience that - Pre-conscious level
human can acquire knowledge - Based on Morality principle
- It is the self that makes consciousness for the person to - Ensures the compliance of norms, values and standards
make sense of everything. prescribed by the society.
For John Locke- self is found on consciousness Ego ideal- things that we should do
For Immanuel Kant- consciousness is being unified Conscience- things that we shouldn’t do
- This is the central feature of the mind Aeros- Life Instinct
Inner Sense- psychological state and their intellect Libido- Compensating our physiological needs
Outer Sense- consist of one’s senses - Pleasure principle
Empirical self-consciousness Thanatos- Death Instinct
- Consciousness of oneself Guilbert Ryle
Transcendental Apperception - An important figure in Linguistic Analysis
- Opposed Rene Descartes
- Combination of consciousness and one state value axe
- Self is a combination of the mind and soul
of a perception.
- “I act, therefore I am”
Sigmund Freud
- Notable in terms of psychology
- Father and founder of Object Relation Theory,
Modern Psychology and Psychoanalysis. Linguistic Analysis- focused on the solving of philosophical
- Proposed how mind works puzzles through an analysis of language
Psychoanalysis – study of unconscious self Paul and Patricia Churchland
- Modernization, innovation, neuro-philosophy and
mental states and structures of the brain
Conscious Self
- Self is product of brain activity
- Governed by reality principle - Introduced Eliminative Materialism
Unconscious Self - Self is nothing else but the brain

- Compensating your pleasure without knowing what is Patricia

proper and just - Man’s brain is responsible for the identity known as
- Self that is aggressive, destructive, unrealistic and self
instinctual. - “My brain and I are inseparable and I am who I am
Conscious- Immediate Awareness because my brain is what it is”

Pre-Conscious- Accessible Memories Maurice Merleau-Ponty

Subconscious- Instincts, repressed trauma, painful emotions - Central feature of self is the body
- The division between the mind and the body is a
Id product of confused thinking
- Unconscious level - “I am my body”
- Based on pleasure principle Perception
- Demands immediate satisfaction
- Destructive and Aggressive
- Not purely the result of sensations nor it is purely
interpretations. Rather consciousness is a process that
includes sensing as well as interpreting/reasoning.
Subjective Body
- Body we live our experiences
- About our intellect
Objective Body
- Body being observed & scientifically investigated