The document discusses different philosophical perspectives on the self. It presents views from various philosophers throughout history. Socrates believed that knowing oneself and questioning everything were important. Plato viewed the self as consisting of reason, appetite, and spirit. Hume argued that there is no permanent self, only ever-changing perceptions. Freud analyzed the conscious and unconscious aspects of the self. Overall, the document outlines a wide range of philosophical theories on the nature and components of the human self.
The document discusses different philosophical perspectives on the self. It presents views from various philosophers throughout history. Socrates believed that knowing oneself and questioning everything were important. Plato viewed the self as consisting of reason, appetite, and spirit. Hume argued that there is no permanent self, only ever-changing perceptions. Freud analyzed the conscious and unconscious aspects of the self. Overall, the document outlines a wide range of philosophical theories on the nature and components of the human self.
The document discusses different philosophical perspectives on the self. It presents views from various philosophers throughout history. Socrates believed that knowing oneself and questioning everything were important. Plato viewed the self as consisting of reason, appetite, and spirit. Hume argued that there is no permanent self, only ever-changing perceptions. Freud analyzed the conscious and unconscious aspects of the self. Overall, the document outlines a wide range of philosophical theories on the nature and components of the human self.
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF - Reason or Divine Essence enables human
to think deeply and make wise choices.
PHILISOHICAL SELF Physical Appetite is the basic biological Philosophy is defined as the study of knowledge needs of human such as hunger, thirst and or wisdom from its Latin roots, philo (love) and sexual desire. Spirit or Passion is the basic sophia (wisdom). This field is also considered as emotions of human such as love, anger, the “The Queen of all Sciences” because every ambition, aggressiveness and empathy. scientific discipline has philosophical foundations. - Be kind, because all the people we met may have battle to surpass GREEK PHILOSOPHY - Never discourage anyone who continually SOCRATES (470 BC- 399 BC) makes progress, no matter how slow. ST. AUGUSTIN OF HIPPO - Know thyself! - Question everything The last of the Great Ancient Philosophers - Only the pursuit of goodness brings happiness Christianity’s first Theologian - An unexamined life is not worth living - Pray where supposedly everything depends - I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only on God. Work which seems all depends on make them think. you - To know is to know that you know nothing. - You must lose whatever you have filled and That is the meaning of true knowledge. you will be filled with things that you do not SOCRATES METHOD have. - Admission of wrongdoing is the first step to - Question and answer, leads to students a good cause. thinking for themselves - A habit that, if not prevented, is becoming a The self is dichotomous consisting of two necessity. things: RENE DESCARTES PHYSICAL REALM (changeable, temporal and - I think therefore I am. (ito ang iniisip ko, imperfect) anything we sense – see, smell, feel, kaya ito ako) hear and taste – it is always changing. - The mind exists. In order to gain true IDEAL REALM (imperfect and unchanging, eternal knowledge, one must doubt everything, and immortal – includes concept on beauty, truth even own existence. Doubting makes one and goodness – always limited, relative and aware that he/she is thinking being, thus, subjective. he/she exists. The self is a dynamic entity that engages in mental operations – PLATO thinking, reasoning, and perceiving processes. - Greek philosopher who founded the academy in Athens. JOHN LOCKE - The academy is the first institution of learning in the West. - No mans knowledge here can go beyond - Reason, appetite, and spirit. These 3 his experience. - He is famed in his concept of TABULA elements of the self work in every individual RASA or black state that assumes the inconsistently. - He elaborates the concept of PSYCHE, a nurture side of human development Greek term for the soul (self) which has - Personal identity and soul in which the personal identity is situated are two very three-part soul/ self. different things. - Self is not tied to any particular body; it only IMMANUEL KANT exists in other times and places because of - Morality is not properly the doctrine of how the memory of those experiences. we may make ourselves happy, but how we - Even if a man has the ability to think, it does may make ourselves worthy of happiness. not mean that he is using it. Others have (ang moralidad ay hindi ang doktrina kung chosen to live in ignorance, others think paano natin pasasayahin ang ating sarili; ito very weak, or others are slaves to their ay kung paano natin magagawa an gating emotions which they use their brains to sarili na karapat dapat na lumigaya) understand the laws of nature. Others - He is regarded as the greatest philosopher chose to simply be bad because they are of the modern period. accustomed to it. - To Kant, there is necessarily a mind that DAVID HUME organizes the impressions that men get from the external world. - A wise man therefore, proportions his belief - To Kant, self is not the object of to the evidence. (ang paniniwalaan ng isang consciousness but it makes the matalinong tao ay nakabase sa mga consciousness understandable and unique. ebidensya) - The self is not just what gives one his - He assumed that there is NO SELF! He personality, it is also the seat of knowledge said that, if we carefully examine the acquisition for all human persons. contents of experience, we find that there are only two distinct entities: Impression and SIGMUND FREUD Ideas. - Impression are the basic sensations of our - The child is the Father of a man - He is considered as the Father and Founder experience: pain, pleasure, heat, cold, grief, of Psychoanalysis. happiness, fear and so on. - Ideas are copies of impressions that are - His dualistic view of self involves the conscious self and unconscious self. built up from our primary impressions. - CONSCIOUS SELF – is governed by reality Hume’s Theory of Bundle principle – rational, practical and appropriate to the social environment. - The man is a collection of different - UNCONSCIOUS SELF- is governed by successive perception is always changing pleasure principle – aggressive, destructive, and moving. unrealistic and instinctual. - The qualities that we feel the is only part of something. GILBERT RYLE - The EMPIRICISM school of thought that - In searching for the self, one cannot espouses the idea that knowledge can only simultaneously be the hunter and hunted. be possible if it is sensed and experienced. (Sa paghahanap sa sarili, hindi maaaring - The self does not exist because all of the ang naghahanap ay sya ring hinahanap.) experiences that a person may have are - He is an important figure in the field of just perception of self. Linguistic Analysis, which focused on the - The self that is being experienced by an solving of philosophical puzzles through an individual is nothing but a kind of fictional analysis of language self. - Fictional self is created to unify the mental - The SELF is best understood as a pattern of behavior, the tendency or disposition for a events and introduce order into an individual person to behave in certain circumstances. lives, but this self has no real existence. - The SELF is not an entity one can locate THE SELF ACCORDING TO SOCIOLOGY AND and analyze but simply the convenient ANTHROPOLOGY name that people use to refer to all the THE SELF ACCORDING TO SOCIOLOGY behaviors that people make. - SELF and with OTHERS PAUL AND PATRICIA CHURCHLAND THE SELF ACCORDING TO ANTHROPOLOGY - Churchland holds to materialism, the belief that nothing but matter exists. This means - SELF and what makes us HUMAN that the PHYSICAL BRAIN, and not the - SOCIETY mind, exists. - CULTURE - The self is a product of brain activity. The behavior of the self can be attributed to the SELF separate, self-contained, independent, neuro-pharmacological states, the neural consistent, unitary, and private (Stevens 1996) activity in specialized anatomical areas. - SEPARATE (SELF IS DISTINCT FROM - That the physiological processes of the OTHER SELVES) body directly affect the mental state of the - SELF CONTAINED AND INDEPENDENT person. (IN ITSELF IT CAN EXIST FOR IT - To understand the mind, we must DOESNT REQUIRE ANY OTHER SELF understand the brain. (Upang maunawaan FOR IT TO EXIST) ang isipan, kaailangang una wain natin ang - CONSISTENT (IT HAS A PERSONALITY utak.) THAT IS ENDURING AND THEREFORE - Brain are not magical; they are causal CAN BE EXPECTED TO PERSIST FOR machines. (Ang utak/isip/talino ay hindi QUITE SOME TIME) mahiwaga or mahika; ito lang ang dahilan - UNITARY (THE CENTER OF ALL ng mga bagay-bagay) EXPERIENCES AND THOUGHTS – CHIEF MAURICE MERLAU-PONTY (1908-1961) COMMAND POST - PRIVATE (NEVER ACCESSIBLE TO - We know not through our intellect but ANYONE BUT THE SELF) through our experience. - Merleau-Ponty is a phenomenologist who KEY FACTORS OF SOCIAL CHANGE asserts that the mind-body are so - PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT intertwined that they cannot be separated - POPULATION from one another. - ISOLATION / CONTACT - The consciousness is a dynamic form that - TECHNOLOGY actively structures our experience. - One cannot find any experience that is not KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF MODERNITY embodied experience. - INDUSTRIALISM – the social relations - Because we are in the world, we are implied in the extensive use of materials condemned to meaning, and we cannot do power and machinery in all process of or say anything without its acquiring a name production in history. (Dahil tayo ay nasa mundo, - CAPITALISM – a production system kailangan nating magkaroon ng kahulugan, involving both competitive product markets at hindi tayo maaaring gumawa o magsalita and commodification (putting a price tag) of ng kahit na ano na hindi tayo nagkakaroon labor power. ng pangalan sa kasaysayan.) - POLITICAL GOVERNMENT – the massive - It is the individual’s response to the increase of power and reach by institutions, community’s attitude toward the person especially in government - It represents impulses and drives that - DYNAMISM – having vigorous activity and enables him/her to express individualism progress, everything is subject to change and creativity - Constructs a person based on what has SELF IS DYNAMIC AND CHANGING been learned by the “me” HUMANS ARE CHANGING BEINGS IN THIS ME CHANGING WORLD - The product of what the person has learned - Culture is central to identity. Culture defines while interacting with others and with the who we are, how we think, how we environment communicate, what we value and what is - It comprises the learned behaviors, important to us… Every area of human attitudes, and even expectations development, which defines the child’s best - It exercises social control over the self interest, has a cultural component. Your - It sees to it that rules are not broken culture helps define HOW you attach, HOW you express emotion, HOW you learn and SELF AS REPRESENTATION HOW you stay healthy. - ERWING (1989) ASSERTED THAT A SELF THE SELF AND CULTURE IS ILLUSORY. - PEOPLE CONSTRUCT A SERIES OF - According to Mauss there are two kinds of SELF-REPRESENTATIONS THAT ARE self. The personne and the moi. BASED ON SELECTED CULTURE - Personne has much to do with what it CONCEPTS OF PERSON AND means to live in a particular institution, a SELECTED CHAINS OF PERSONAL particular family, a particular religion, a MEMORIES. particular nationality, and how to behave - PEOPLE FROM ALL CULTURES HAVE given expectations and influences from BEEN OBSERVED TO BE ABLE TO others. RAPIDLY PROJECT DIFFERENT SELF- - Moi refers to a persons sense of who he is, REPRESENTATION, DEPENDING ON his body and his basic identity, his biological THE CONTEXT OF THE SITUATION. givenness. Moi is a person’s basic identity. SELF AND THE FAMILY MEAD AND VYGOTSKY - More than his givenness, (personality, - The way that human persons develop is tendencies, and propensities, among with the use of language acquisition and others), one is believed to be in active interaction with others. The way that we participation in the shaping of the self. process information is normally a form of an internal dialogue in our head. THE SELF AND EDUCATION MEAD’S SIDE OF THE SELF - Language as both a publicly shared in privately utilize symbol system is the site I where the individual and the social make - The part of the self that is unsocialized and and remake each other (Schwarts, White, spontaneous. and Lutz 1993) LANGUAGE - EXPRESSING EMOTIONS – culture influences what will affect you emotionally, - Language opens the door for learners to as well as how you express yourself, such acquire knowledge that others already have. as showing your feelings in public or - Language serves as social function at the keeping it private. same time has important individual function, like “talking to oneself” (private speech ) is a The Self according to Psychology form of self talk that guides the child’s - Psychology is a scientific study of mental thinking and action. processes and human behavior. It aims to THE SELF AND THE SOCIETY describe, analyze, predict and control human behavior in general SOCIAL INTERACTION What is Self? - Vygotsky emphasized that effective learning happens through participation in social - “I am who I am” “If you are who you are, activities, making the social context of then who are you that makes you who you learning crucial. are.” - Parents, teachers and other adults explain, - the sense of personal identity and of who model, assist, give directions and provide we are as individuals (Jhangani and Tarry, feedbacks to the learner 2014) - Peers / friends cooperate and collaborate William James and enrich the learning experience CULTURAL FACTORS - Founder of Functionalism - Brought prominence to U.S Psychology - Vygotsky looked into the wide range of through the publication of The Principles of experiences that a culture would give to a Psychology child. - Ways of approaching the self – the knower - Example, one culture’s view about (the pure or I-Self) and the known (the education, how children are trained early in objective or the Me-Self) life all can contribute to the cognitive - The self having two aspects – the “I” and development of the child the “me” (William James 1890) GENDER AND THE SELF Knower or I-Self - SOCIETY FORCES A PARTICULAR - the thinking, acting, and feeling self as the IDENTITY DEPENDING ON OUR GENDER one who acts and decides. (Gleitman,et. Al - RELATIONSHPS – may be seen as 2011) voluntary or as duty-based FEATURES OF THE I-SELF - PERSONALITY TRAITS - culture influences whether (and how) you value - A sense of being the agent or initiator of traits, like humility, self-esteem, politeness, behavior (I believe my actions have an assertiveness, etc. , as well as how you impact; that I cause an effect in my perceive hardship or how you feel about environment) relying on others. - A sense of being unique. (This is how I - ACHIEVEMENT – culture influences how am different from everything in my you define success and whether you value environment; I perceive there is only one certain types of individual and group me.) achievements - A sense of continuity. (I am the same person from day to day) - A sense of awareness about being aware. (I understand what is going on in me and around me; and I know I understand it.) Real and Ideal Self Concepts Carl Rogers - One of the prominent humanistic or existential theorists in personality. - Founder of Client-centered therapy – aimed to make the person achieve balance between their self-concept (real self) and ideal self. Real Self - Includes all those aspects of one identity that are perceived in awareness. - These are the things that are known to oneself like the attributes that an individual posses. Ideal Self - Ones view of self as one wishes to be - Contains aspirations or wishes of an individual for themselves The SELF - as IDENTITY is composed of personal characteristics, social roles and responsibilities, as well as affiliations that define who one is (Oyserman, Elmore and ROY BAUMEISTER Smith 2012) - Self-concept should be understood as a - as SELF CONCEPT is what basically knowledge structure. People pay attention comes to your mind when you are asked to themselves, noticing both their internal about who you are. states and responses and their external behavior. Through such self-awareness, people collect information about themselves. Self-concept is built from this information and continues to develop as people expand their ideas about who they are. Gregg HEnriques Tripartite Model of Human Self-Efficacy Consciousness - The agent-self expresses what Albert Self and identity are social products Bandura (1989) termed self-efficacy. - Self-efficacy is a person’s belief that he or Multiple versus Unified Self she can execute goal-directed behavior in a - Experiential Self is a domain of self that successful manner, especially under defined as felt experience of being – challenging or stressful circumstances. memory - Private Self is a portion of self that verbally narrates what is happening and tries to make sense of what is going on - Public Self/Persona is a domain of self that an individual show to the public DONALD WINNICOT (1896-1971): TRUE SELF, FALSE SELF - Winnicott used the term "True Self" to describe a sense of self based on spontaneous, authentic experience, a sense of "all-out personal aliveness," or "feeling real." SIGMUND FREUD - The "False Self" was, for Winnicott, a defense designed to protect the True Self - saw the “self”, its mental processes, and by hiding it. Winnicott thought that In health, one’s behavior as the results of the a False Self was what allowed one to interaction between the “Id”, the “Ego”, and present a "polite and mannered attitude" the “Superego” as it is influenced by the level of consciousness. Albert Bandura - Psychologist and Professor Emeritus of Social Science in Psychology at Stanford University. - He is known for his theory of social learning by means of modelling. Self as Proactive and as Agent - Self as proactive means an individual have control in any situation by making things happen. - They act as agent in doing or making themselves as they are. - Agents assume some degree of ownership and control over things , both internally and externally. ID Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino Psychology) - Pleasure principle - Seat of passion, desires and other - Virgilio Enriquez Father of Sikolohiyang instinctual drives Pilipino. - Body needs, wants and impulses - The Self in the Filipino is the unity of “self” and “others” or “kapwa”. EGO - The word “kapwa” is the concept of how - Function by the Reality Principle every Filipino thinks, behaves and relates - Seeks to pleasure the Id drives in realistic with others. way - Filipino concept of self can be identified with - Regulates our action the unity of his inner self (oneself) and outer self (others) expressed in the word “kapwa”. SUPEREGO - SOCIAL INTERACTION always has a part - Works on morality principle to play in who we think we are. - The seat of what is right or wrong - It is not Nature vs. Nurture but instead - Reflect the internalization of cultural rules, “Nature and Nurture” perspective. set by the guidance and influence of our THEORY OF SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM parents. (G.H. Mead 1934) - The self is created and developed through human interaction.(Hogg, Vaughan, 2010) 3 Reasons why “SELF” and “IDENTITY” are Social Products. - We do not create ourselves out of nothing. Society helped in creating the foundations of who we are. - We actually need others to affirm and reinforce who we think we are. We need them as reference points about our identity. - What we think is important to us may also have been influenced by what is important in our social or historical context. “Social interaction” and “Group affiliation” - are vital factors in creating our self-concept especially in the aspect of providing us with our social identity. - It is inevitable that we can have several social identities, that those identities can overlap, and that we automatically play the roles as we interact with our groups “SELF-AWARENESS” SELF-EVALUATION MAINTENANCE THEORY - can keep you from doing something - states that we can feel threatened when dangerous. someone out-performs us, especially when - can be too much that we are concerned that person is close to us (a friend or about being observed and criticized by family). others also known as “SELF- - First, we distance ourselves from that CONSCIOUSNESS”. person or redefine our relationship with them. 2 types of self that we can be aware of: - Second, we may also reconsider the importance of the aspect or skill in which (Carver and Scheier 1981) you were outperformed. - The private self or your internal standards - Lastly, we may also strengthen our resolve and private thoughts and feelings. to improve that certain aspect of ourselves. - The public self or your public image THE SELF IN WESTERN AND EASTERN commonly geared toward having a good THOUGHTS presentation of yourself to others. - Different cultures and varying environment “Deindividuation” tend to create different perceptions of the - the loss of individual self-awareness and SELF and one of the most common individual accountability in groups. distinctions between cultures and people is the: SOCIAL COMPARISON THEORY - We learn about ourselves, the EASTERN – vs – WESTERN appropriateness of our behaviors, as well as (Asia as Eastern) our social status by comparing aspects of EUROPE vs NORTHERN AMERICA ourselves with other people. Jhangiani and - While countries who are geographically Tarry 2014 closer to each other may share commonalities, there are also a lot of factors 2 types of Social Comparison: that create differences - In the Philippines, each region may have a - The downward social comparison – we similar or varying perception regarding the create a positive self-concept by comparing SELF ourselves with those who are “worse” of than us. - The upward social comparison – we create a positive self-concept by comparing ourselves with those who are “better” of than us. SELF-ESTEEM - Defined as our own positive or negative perception or evaluation of ourselves. Jhangiani and Tarry, 2014 Gleitman, et al, 2011 - This self-cultivated self is called SUBDUED SELF, wherein personal needs are repressed for the good of many, making Confucian society also hierarchal for the purpose of maintaining balance in society TAOISM - The SELF is not just an extension of the family or the community; It is part of the universe - The SELF is selflessness but this is not forgetting about the self, it is living a balanced-life with society and nature, being open and accepting to change, forgetting about prejudices and egocentric ideas and thinking about equality as well as complementarity among human as well as other beings. - Harmony with everything BUDDHISM - The SELF is seen as an illusion, born out of ignorance, of trying to hold and control things, or human-centered needs - The SELF is the source of all these sufferings, it is therefore, one’s quest to forget about the self, forget the cravings of CONFUCIANISM the self, break the attachments you have - It can be seen as a code of ethical conduct with the world, and to renounce the self of how one should properly act according to which is the cause of all suffering and in their relationship with other people doing so, attain the state of NIRVANA - Its main focus is on having a harmonious life - The identity and self concept of the individual is woven with the identity and status of his/her community or culture, sharing its pride as well as its failure. Ho, 1995 - SELF CULTIVATION is seen as the ultimate purpose of life but the characteristics of a chun-tzu (a man of virtue or noble character), is still embedded in his social relationship. - Both thoughts / perspectives do not discount the role of environment and society in the formation of the SELF Differences - Confucianism based on the human conduct. women are socially inferior to men. - Taoism emphasizes on belief in nature and dealing with life in a natural manner. women and men are generally equal. - Buddhism Emphasizes the suffering of life and how to alleviate it in oneself. Similarities - Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism They are all attempting to find harmony in life and in nature