PRESENTED BY,

P.JEYANTHI,
M.SC (N) I YEAR
Apollo CON
 The female reproductive system is designed to
carry out several functions.
 4 is the normal pH of the vagina.
 40 weeks is the normal gestation period.
 400 oocytes released between menarche and
menopause.
 400,000 oocytes present at puberty.
 28 days in a normal menstrual cycle.
 280 days (from last normal menstrual period) in a
normal gestation period.
 OOGENESIS- The development of the
egg ovum in the ovary.
 OOGONIA: during fetal growth the oogonia
(2n) divide to form primary oocytes (2n), at
puberty these will form secondary oocytes
(n) and later eggs (n) each month.
 GRANULOSA CELLS: nourish the
developing egg cells
 Diploid (2n)-human cell contains 46
chromosomes and is called diploid
(2n).
 Haploid (n). sex cells, called gametes,
contain only 23 chromosomes, haploid (n).
 VAGINA: canal that connects the uterus to the
environment
 CERVIX: muscular ring of tissue at mouth of
uterus separating it from the vagina, holds
the fetus in place
 Formation of ova
 Reception of spermatozoa
 Provision of suitable environment
for
fertilization and fetal development
 Parturition
 Lactation, the production of breast
milk, which provides complete
nourishment for the baby in its
early life.
 Accessory
External Internal reproductiv
e organs
genitalia genitalia
To enable sperm to enter the body

Protectthe internal genital organs

from infectious organisms.
The internal genital organs form a pathway (the
genital tract). This pathway consists of the
following functions:
 Vagina (part of the birth canal), where sperm are
deposited and from which a baby can emerge
 Uterus, where an embryo can develop into a
fetus
 Fallopian tubes (oviducts), where a sperm can
fertilize an egg
 Ovaries, which produce and release eggs
 Mons pubis
 Vagin
 Labia majora
 Labia minora a
 Clitoris  Fallopian
Uterus
 Vestibule tubes
 Urethral opening  Ovaries

 Vaginal orifice and

Hymen
 Bartholin's glands
 Skene’s gland
 Vestibular bulbs
MONS PUBIS
 A region of adipose tissue above the
vagina that is covered with hair.
LABIA
– Rich in nerve endings and blood vessels
– Protects internal organs against pathogens
– Functions in sexual arousal
 Has two folds of adipose tissue that border
each side of the vagina.
 The labia majora enclose and protect the
other external reproductive organs.
 Literally translated as "large lips," the labia
majora are relatively large and fleshy,
 It contain sebaceous glands . After puberty, the
labia majora are covered with hair.
 The labia minora are smaller folds (forchette)
of skin that lie inside the labia majora.
 Contains no hair follicles or sweat glands.
 The folds contain connective
tissues,numerous sebaceous gland, erectile
muscle fibers and numerous vessels and
nerve endings
 surround the openings to the vagina (the canal
that joins the lower part of the uterus to the
outside of the body) and urethra (the tube that
 Itis small cylindrical erectile body
 Measuring about 1.5 to 2cm
 Situated in the most anterior part of the vulva
 The two labia minora meet at the clitoris,
 A small, sensitive protrusion.
 The clitoris is covered by a fold of skin, called
the prepuce, richly supplied with nerves.
 The clitoris is very sensitive to stimulation
and can become erect.
 The vestibule is formed by the labia
minora.
 It encloses
 Urethral opening,
 Vaginal orifice and hymen,
 Ducts from the greater vestibular
 Situatedin midline just infront of the
vaginal orifice
 About 1-1.5 cm below the pubic arch
 Lies in the posterior end of the vestibule
 It completely enclosed by a septum
of mucous membrane called hymen
 Hymen Located just inside the
vaginal Opening
 No known function; not always
present
 It is usually ruptured at the consummation
of marriage
Bartholin's glands:
 There are two bartholin’s glands
 One on each side
 Each gland has a duct which measures about
2 cm and open into vestibular outside
 Close to the posterior end of the
vestibular bulb
 During sexual excitement it secretes
abundant alkaline mucus which helps in
lubrication.
Skene’s gland

 The largest paraurethral gland.

 Arteries – Branch of internal pudendal
artery
– Branch of femoral artery
 Veins – Internal pudendal vein
– Vesicle or vaginal venous plexus
– Long saphenous vein
 Bilateral somatic nerve
Anterosuperior part Posteroinferior part
 Cutaneous branch  Pudental branch
from ilioinguinal from posterior
 Genital branch from cutaneoys nerve
genitofemoral
nerve
Between 2 groups the vulva – Pudental nerve
 Superficialinguinal nodes
 Intermediate groups of inguinal lymph
nodes
 External and internal iliac lymph
nodes
• Vagina = “birth canal”
• A tube like, muscular but elastic organ
• About 4 to 5 inches long in an adult woman.
• PH- 4 acidic
• It is the passageway for sperm to the egg and
for menstrual bleeding
• Organ of copulation and forms the birth canal
of parturition
 Posterior wall of vagina is 10 c m long
 Anterior wall is only 7.5 cm length
 The upper end of the vagina is known as
the vault
 Pink in appearance
 It connects the external genital organs to
the uterus. the organ of sexual
intercourse in women.
Formed at the top of vagina due to projection
of the uterine cervix
Four fornics are there
One anterior – front of cervix
One posterior – behind
 Two lateral – either side of cervix
 Anterior to the vagina – lie the bladder and the
urethra which are closely connected to the
anterior vaginal wall
 Posterior to the vagina – lie the pouch of
douglas, the rectum and the perineal body; each
occupying one third of the posterior vaginal
wall
 Laterally – on the upper two third are the pelvic
fascia and the ureters, which pass beside the
cervix
 Superior to the vagina – lies the utreus
 Inferior to the vagina – lies the external
genitalia
 Arteries – cervico vaginal branch of
uterine artery
– vaginal artery-anterior
division of internal iliac
- Internal pudendal
 Veins – Internal iliac
vein
– Internal pudendal
vein
 Internal iliac group
 Superficial inguinal group
 Sympathetic and parasympathetic from
the pelvic plexus
 Lower part is supplied by the pudendal
nerve
 Girlsare born with
over a million egg
cells, but
only about 400 are
released during a
lifetime of
menstrual cycles.
No new eggs develop
after birth.
 The uterus is a thick-walled, muscular,
pear-shaped organ
 Located in the middle of the pelvis,
behind the bladder, and in front of the
rectum. The uterus is anchored in
position by several ligaments.
 The uterus consists of the cervix and the
main body (corpus).
 The cervix is the lower part of the uterus,
which protrudes into the upper part of the
vagina. It can be seen during a pelvic
examination. Like the vagina, the cervix is
lined with a mucous membrane, but the
mucous membrane of the cervix is smooth.
 Sperm can enter and menstrual blood can
exit the uterus through a channel in the
cervix (cervical canal).
 The cervical canal is usually narrow, but
during labor, the canal widens to let the
baby through.
 The cervix is usually a good barrier
against bacteria, except around the time
an egg is released by the ovaries
(ovulation), during the menstrual period,
or during labor..
 The main function of the uterus is to
sustain a developing fetus.
 It prepare for this possibility for each month
 At termination of pregnancy it expels
the uterine contents
 Anterior – the uterovesical pouch and
the bladder
 Posterior – the rectouterine pouch of
the douglas
 Laterally – the broad ligament, the
uterine tubes
 Superior – the intestine
 Inferior – the vagina
 Measures 8 cm long, 5 cm wide ,1.25 cm thick
 Weight 50 gms
 Parts
 The body of corpus
 The fundus
 The cornua
 The isthumus
 The cervis
 Internal and external os
 Cervical canal
 Endometrum
 Myometrium
 Perimetrium
 ENDOMETRIUM: inner lining of
uterus, nourishes developing embryo,
built up each month for pregnancy, if not,
shed during menstruation
 MYOMETRIUM: muscular, supports
fetus, contracts at birth and to shed
the endometrium during
menstruation.
PERIMETRIUM
The perimetrium is a serous membrane
that lines the outside of the uterus.
 Arteries –uterine artery- branch of
internal iliac artery
 Veins – Internal iliac vein
Deepand Superficial
lymph vessels
NERVE SUPPLY
Parasympathetic and
sympathetic
 connect to each ovary, egg will enter
through an opening called a FIMBRIA,
cilia sweep the egg down towards the
uterus
 fertilization will occur here, or it will
die within 48 hours
 The two fallopian tubes, which are about 4 to 5
inches (about 10 to 13 centimeters) long,
extend from the upper edges of the uterus
toward the ovaries.
 The fallopian tubes are lined with tiny hairlike
projections (cilia). The cilia and the muscles in
the tube's wall propel an egg downward through
the tube to the uterus. The egg may be fertilized
by a sperm in the fallopian tube
 Anterior, Posteriorand Superior – the
peritoneal cavity and intestine
 Laterally – the sidewall of pelvis
 Inferior – the broad ligament and the
ovaries
 Medial – the uterus lies between th
euterine tubes
 The intestinal portion
 The isthumus
 The ampulla
 The infundibulum
 The intra mural part
 Artery – uterine and ovary
 Venous – ovarian vein

LYMPHATIC
Along with the ovarian vessels to para-
aortic nodes

NERVE SUPPLY
Uterine and ovarian nerves
 The ovaries are usually pearl-colored, oblong,
and about the size of a walnut.
 They are attached to the uterus by ligaments.
In addition to producing female sex hormones
( estrogen and progesterone ) and male sex
hormones, the ovaries produce and release
eggs.
 The developing egg cells (oocytes) are contained
in fluid-filled cavities (follicles) in the wall of the
ovaries. Each follicle contains one oocyte.
 Anterior to the ovaries are the
broad ligaments
 Posterior to the ovaries are the
intestine
 Laterally to the ovaries are the
infundibulopelvic ligaments and side walls
of the pelvis
 Superior to the ovaries lie the uterine tube
 Inferior to the ovaries lies the
ovarian ligaments
 Medulla
 Cortex

MEDULLA
-supporting frame
work Made of fibrous
tissue
- Has ovarian blood
vessels
- Lymphatics and nerve
CORTEX
 Functioning part of the ovum
 Contains ovarian follicals in different
stage
 Artery –ovarian and abdominal aorta
 Venous – ovarian vein

LYMPHATIC
Along the ovarian vessels to para-aortic
nodes

NERVE SUPPLY
ovarian nerves from T10 segment
 Process of releasing one mature ovum
each month into that ovary’s fallopian
tube
 2-300,000 immature ova in ovaries at birth
 Hormones from pituitary cause ovaries
to begin producing female sex hormones
 Ova begin to mature
 Ovum can live about 2 days in fallopian
tube
 One sperm will enter ovum
= fertilization/conception
 If the ovum is not fertilized
– it doesn’t attach to the
uterine
lining/endometrium
 Muscles of the uterus
contract  lining
breaks down
(“cramps”)
 Lining passes through the
cervix into the vagina
and out of the vaginal
Each month, uterus prepares for
possible pregnancy
 Hormones cause thickening
of endometrium
 If ovum is fertilized, it moves into
the uterus and may burrow into
this lining
 Will divide millions of times over
9-10 months
• Process of shedding the lining of
the uterus
• Usually lasts 4-7 days (may be
shorter or longer depending on the
female’s individual cycle)
• Regulated by hormones
• 2-3 tablespoons of blood
• Rest of flow is other tissue that makes up
the endometrium
– Blood and tissue are not needed,
person should not be weak or ill from
loss
– After period (“menses”), cycle
begins again.
The mammary glands are sweat glands
specialized for the production of milk.
The milk-producing secretory cells form
walls of bulb-shaped chambers called
alveoli that join together with ducts, in
grapelike fashion, to form clusters called
lobules.
Numerous lobules assemble to form a
lobe. Each breast contains a single
mammary gland consisting of 15 to 20 of
these lobes. Lactiferous ducts leading
away from the lobes widen into
lactiferous sinuses that serve as
temporary reservoirs for milk.
The breasts begin to enlarge in females at the
onset of puberty. Proliferating adipose (fat)
tissue expands the breast, while suspensory
ligaments attached to the underlying fascia
provide support. In nonpregnant females (and
in males), the glands and ducts are not fully
developed.
THANK
YOU