FEMALE

STERILISATION
PRESENTED BY GROUP 4

DEFINITION
Female sterilization is a family planning method which involves the
permanent occlusion of the fallopian tubes of the female client who do
not want to have anymore children

Presentation objectives
define the method
Describe the method
Explain when to start using the method
Describe the effectiveness of the method
Explain the eligibility criteria
State the contraindications and contraindications
Explain the instruction o usage of the method
Side effects and management of the side effects
Misunderstandings about the method of planning

description
The method is also called tubal ligation
It is a voluntary surgical contraceptive method
It is usually carried out postpartum
tubal ligation involves the use of one of the following too surgical
procedures
laparotomy
Laparoscopy

LAPARATOMY
Surgical procedure which involves making a 2-5cm incision on the
abdomen
Fallopian tubes are brought near the incision site where they are cut,
blocked or tied
This procedure can be done from up to 7days of child birth or six
weeks or more after child birth.

laparoscopy
Involves the insertion of a long thin tube with lenses in it into the
abdomen through a small incision
Laparoscopy enables the clinician to see and block the oviducts in the
abdomen without making a large incision on the skin
The clinician then insert a special needle into the woman's abdomen
and through the needle inflate the abdomen with air or gas, this raises
the wall of the abdomen away from the abdominal organ
The clinician makes a small hole about 2 cm under the woman narvel
and insert the laparoscopy

Laparoscopy contd
Through the laparoscopy the clinician insert an instrument or makes
another incision on the abdomen to close off the oviducts
The fallopian tubes are closed off by a clip of ring, cutting or by
electrocoagulation
The incision is then closed with stitches and the woman is instructed
on care of the wound and what to do afterwards.

MODE OF ACTION OF FEMALE

STERILISATION
The blocking of the fallopian tubes prevent fertilization.
The ovum which is produced from the ovaries is prevented from
fussing with a sperm cell by the blockage made on the fallopian tubes.
The woman however continues to have menstruation period/menses

WHO AND WHEN TO START USING THE METHOD

All women can have sterilization at any time
Female sterilization can also be done in any circumstances by women
who
Are old or young
Who have no child but are provided with adequate and proper information

Women who have Gave birth between 1 and 6

weeks ago
Women who are breast feeding

Effectiveness of female sterilization

Tubal ligation is 99.5% effective
The method caries a very minimal risk of failure
Failure rates are 1in every 200 women during the first year following
the procedure
Effectiveness partly depends on how the tubes are blocked

MERITS OF FEMALE LIGATION

Very effective
Single procedure but life long i.e. nothing to remember
Does not affect sexual life
Very permanent
Increased sexual enjoyment because there is no worry that u might
become pregnant
Does not affect breast milk production and composition
No long term side effects and health risk

DEMERITS OF FEMALE STERILIZATION

Complications following surgical procedure
Bleeding or infection internally
Injury to internal organs

Risk for side effects of anesthesia

Allergic reaction
Death or complications due to overdose but are rare

Likely hood of ectopic pregnancy if pregnancy occur

No protection against STDs
Requires surgical operation
Reversal is difficult
Not available in most remote areas

Misconceptions about tubal ligation

Removes the uterus
Causes hormonal imbalances
Causes changes in menstruation and heavy bleeding
Changes sexual behavior, sexual drive and libido
Makes women weak
Eggs build up in the abdomen
Some women think with tubal ligation they will stop mensturating

INDICATIONS FOR TUBAL LIGATION

Women who do not want to have children anymore
women with complicated pregnancies
Women whom pregnancy present a significant clinical and medical
risk
Diabetes
Pre-eclampsia
Benign ovarian tumors.

Contraindications
Women with the following conditions are contraindicated for tubal
ligation
Infections in the female reproductive organ
Obese women
Pregnant women
Diabetic
Severe malnutrition
Kidney diseases
Moderate iron deficiency

Post-surgical instruction
Rest for 2-3 days while avoiding heavy lifting
Keep incision area clean and dry to avoid infection
Do not rub or irritate the incision area for one week
Take analgesics such us ibuprofen or Paracetamol for pain relief
Don not have sex for at least one week
If pain persist for more than one week do not have sex until pain
subsides
Return for follow up seven days after the procedure

Post surgical instruction contd

Return to the hospital if u have any of the following problems
Bleeding or fluids coming from the incision area
Persistent or increasing abdominal pain
Fever greater than 38 c
Fainting or persistent light headedness
Signs and symptoms of pregnancy

Side effects and their management

The method has no side effects, however the surgical procedure can
bring about infection and bleeding on incision
MANAGEMENT
Infection
Clean site with antiseptics such as mentholated spirit
Give oral antibiotics for 7-days
Abscess
clean site with antiseptics
drain the pus
Give oral antibiotics for 5-7 days

References
WHO. 2006. HIV and Infant Feeding: Report of a Technical
Consultation. 25-27 October 2006. WHO: Geneva
Hatcher Rinehart, Blackburn Geller Shelton: the essentials of
contraceptive technology; John Hopkins population program
LAM workshop for maternal, newborn and child health(MNCH)
service 2009
Paul FA Van look(2007) Family planning a global handbook for
providers: department of reproductive health and research(WHO)
A Learning Resource Package for Family Planning Service Providers
and Trainers. Georgetown University: Washington, D.C. www.irh.org
Images from healthwiseincoporated.com

Names of group members

Vestina vesta olive Olivia oliva Ofrinca Mlotha
Siyilen Chiliyapa
Bizwick Betha
Lucy Kassim
Elizerbeth Kanyemba
Marry Simwaka
Caroline Kabwatika
Thokozile Nkhoma
Getrude njewa
Gabriel Mjuma
Ibrahim Chiposyo

Any comments, suggestions and questions