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THE
P
•LACENplacenta
The TA is an organ
where the nutrient and
gas exchange between the
fetus and mother.
• Parts
• Maternal part – derived
from the Decidua basalis.
• Fetal part – develops
from the Trophoblast
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 Decidua

 Decidua the term

the isuterine for
(endometrium)
lining a pregnancy
during
 Three layers:
Decidua where the
implantation
basalis, takes place and the basal
plate is formed.
Decidua capsularis, lies like a capsule
around the chorion
Decidua parietalis or vera, on
the opposite uterus wall

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 Trophoblast Zona pellucida

• Outermost cell of
blastocyst form the
Trophoblast, which play
an important role in
embryo implantation
and formation of
Placenta
• Provide nutrients to
embryo
• First cells to differentiate
from the fertilized egg
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 Trophoblast Cont…..
•Implantation
•Initiated when the trophoblast
adheres to decidua(Uterine wall)
•The syncitiotrophoblast is invasive,
secreting proteolytic enzymes that
allow the embryo to penetrate into
the endometrium.
•Digestion of the endometrial tissue
creates spaces known as lacunae.
•The developing embryo pulls away
from the wall of the proliferating disc
to create a new space called amniotic
cavity
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 Trophoblast Cont…..

•Proliferation of the trophoblast cells, which

will into two parts: a Syncytiotrophoblast
divide
a and
Cytotrophoblast
•The
Cytotrophoblast:
cytotrophoblast is the inner layer
of the trophoblast.
There are two lineages that cytotrophoblastic
cells may differentiate through:
a. Fusion lineage yields Syncytiotrophoblast
b. Invasive lineage yields interstitial cytotrophoblast
cells.
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 Trophoblast Cont…..
Fusion lineage –Syncytiotrophoblast
 It is the outer layer of trophoblasts
 Invades the uterine wall, rupturing maternal capillaries
Secretes progesterone and leptin in addition to human
chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and human placental lactogen
(HPL)

Invasive lineage- Interstitial cytotrophoblast

 Anchor the growing fetus to the maternal uterine tissue
 Transform into endovascular cytotrophoblasts
Penetrate maternal spiral arteries and route the
blood flow through the placenta for the growing embryo to
use
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 Formation of
TheVilli
trophoblast will give rise
to chorion (extra-embryonic
structure) and chorionic villi
 Syncytiotrophoblast which
gives rise to primary villi and
to secondary chorionic villi.
 Some mesenchymal cells in
the secondary villi
differentiate into capillaries
and blood cells forming the
Tertiary Chorionic Villi.
 The capillaries in the villi
fuse to form arteriocapillary
networks
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1.Arteriocapillary networks become connected with the
embryonic heart through vessels which are formed in
the mesenchyme of the chorion and connecting stalk.
2.By the end of the 3rd week, embryonic blood begins to flow
through the capillaries in the chorionic villi.

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 Fully formed
placenta

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 Anatomy and Physiology Fetal
Circulation
• Umbilical cord
– 2 umbilical arteries: return non-oxygenated blood, fecal waste,
CO2 to placenta
Blood transport in fetus

umbilical vein Inferior vena cava Right atrium

Ductus Venosus Foramen ovale

Live
Placenta Pulmonary artery Left atrium
r

Ductus arteriosus

umbilical arteries Fetal Circulation

Aorta

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 Anatomy and Physiology Fetal Circulation
Cont…

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 Function of placenta

•Glucose transport-Facilitated diffusion

•Amino acid transport- Carrier
mediated
•Fatty acid transport- By proteins
•Gas exchange-Simple diffusion
•Transportation of antibody
•Hormone production

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 Levels of hormone secretion during pregnancy

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 THANK
YOU

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