THE SELF IN SOCIOLOGICAL - Interpret how others judge an

PERSPECTIVE appearance and respond to it

through behavior.
- Experience feelings of pride or
Sociology – study of development, shame.
structure, and functioning of human - Response
society.
- Study of social problems
- Study of human behavior.
- It refers to social behavior,
society, patterns of social
relationships.

The Theory of Social Self (George

Herber Mead 1863 – 1931) – Self form
experience as we learn to interpret
situations by taking on the role the
other people.
Stages in Mead’s: Theory on the
Development of the Self
• Imitations (gestures and words)
• Play (specific role)
• Games (multiple roles)
• Generalized other (role of the
group)
Mead: Two sides of Self: Me & I
• The ‘me' is the individual's
socialized behavior, attitudes,
and expectations.
• The 'I' is the individual's identity
based on their response to ‘the
me'.
Construction Situations & Drama
The Looking Glass Self (Charles (Erving Goffman)
Cooley 1864 – 1921)
- American Sociologist Erving
- People's self-understanding is Goffman's dramaturgy theory
shaped by their perception of explains the three interaction
how others view them, known classes: front stage, backstage,
as "THE LOOKING GLASS and off stage. The front stage is
SELF". when a person is conscious of
- How we appear to others the act, while backstage is
when they are not.
 - Interaction Order
- Dramaturgy
- Impression management
Front stage – People engage in "front
stage" behaviour when they know
others are watching, reflecting
internalized norms and expectations
for behaviour shaped by the setting,
role, and physical appearance.
Backstage - People are more relaxed
and comfortable when backstage, as
they are free of the expectations and
norms that dictate front-stage
behaviour. This allows them to reflect
on their true selves and behave in
ways that reflect their true selves.
ANTHROPOLOGY
- Anthropology comes from
Greek Anthropos (human0 and
Logia (study).
- Study of people, past and
present
- Study of what makes us human
- Understanding the many
different aspects of the human
experience. “HOLISM”
ANTHROPOLOGY’S FOUR
BRANCHES:
• Archaeology – Archaia (Ancient
Things) Logos (Theory or
Science)
- Study of human past using
material remains.
- Portable remains are called
ARTIFACTS. Including tools,
clothing, and decorations.
- Non-portable things like
pyramids called “FEATURES”
• Biological Anthropology
- Biology (Bios) meaning life
Logos (Study) defined as the
science of life and living
organisms.
- Includes evolutions of humans
and primates, our closest
relatives.
Key areas of research within
biological includes:
• Paleoanthropology – study of
human evolutions through fossil
record
• Primatology – study of non-
human primates and their
behavior, ecology, and
evolution.
• Human Biology – study of
anatomy, physiology, genetics
of modern humans.
• Forensic anthropology –
identifying human remains and
determining cause of death.
• Cultural Anthropology –
includes the diversity of human
behavior, beliefs, customs,
practices, and values across
different cultures. (also, pinag
aaralan din nila observation,
interviews and archival
research.)
• Linguistic Anthropology – study
of relationships between
language and culture.
- Studies how people use
language to create and maintain
social relationships
PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
OF THE SELF
Psychology – study of mind and
behavior, examining biological, social,
and environmental influences.
- Psyche means soul (life)
- Logos means knowledge
(explanation) study of soul
Sigmund Freud (Importance of
unconscious)
- Father of Psychoanalysis
- 3 structures of personality
ID (makahayop) - the pleasure
principle
EGO (makatao) – part of us function in
reality
SUPER-EGO (maka diyos) – strives
for perfection
William James (Concept of Self)
I-Self – refers to the self that knows
who he or she is
- Pure ego is the soul of a
person, reflected in their mind.
Me-Self - Personal experiences are
divided into sub-categories to describe
them.
- Material Self, Social Self, and
Spiritual Self
Donald Winnicott (True versus False
Self)
True Self - The true self is a sense of
self based on authentic experience
and the feeling of being present.
False Self - The false self is a
defensive façade, characterized by
learned and controlled behaviours
rather than spontaneous and genuine
ones. To hide and protect true self.
Carl Rogers (Self Theory)
- Self-image
- Self-esteem
- Ideal Self
Why is important to know yourself:
• Better decision making
• Happiness
• Less inner conflict
• Self-control
• Tolerance and understanding to
others
THE SELF IN WESTERN AND
EASTERN THOUGHT
• Western ideologies define "the
self" as an individual entity,
while Eastern ideologies view it
as an illusion and that we are all
interconnected.
Saint benedict – Father of Western
Civilization
• Eastern Philosophies: Religion
and philosophy was founded by
Siddhartha Gautama in 525
B.C. in India.
Contemporary Neuroscientific and
neuropsychological research attempts
to locate and identify the human self in
the brain.
• Western philosophy recognizes
the existence of the human self.
(With some exceptions)
 • Eastern philosophy denies the
existence of a human self, with
exceptions.
• -
Eastern Philosophies
Confucianism
- Founded by CONFUCIUS
- Focus on HARMONIUS
SOCIAL
- SELF-CULTIVATION ultimate
purpose of life
Taoism
- Ancient Chinese philo and
religion was started by LAO-
TZU
- Living in the way of the Tao or
universe
- IDEAL SELF – balance with
society and nature
Buddhism
- Self-illusion born out of
ignorance; source of all these
sufferings
- Attains the state of Nirvana
Western Philosophies
- Does not include the role of
environment and society
- Focus is always looking toward
the self (individualistic)
- Look at the word in dualities
(you’re distinct from other
person)
- Emphasize more on the value
of equality (promotes ideals of
‘fair’ competition)
WESTER PHILOSOPHY
(Individualism)
- School of thought from Greek
philosophy
Main principle: self dedication
- Focus on ethics
EASTERN PHILOSOPHY
(Collectivism)
- Based on ASIA specially the
CHINESE PHILOSOPHY
- Main principle: unity
- Thrives on virtue
UNPACKING THE SELF (PHYSICAL
SELF)
Physical Self
- Body, tangible aspect, made up
of organs.
- Performs its functions least well
during infancy and also in old
age
Life span
- Development of conception to
death
Elizabeth B. Hurlock (Developmental
Psychology A life span approach)
- There are 10 stages of life
Stages of Life Span:
• Prenatal – fertilization – birth
• Infacy – birth – 2weeks
 • Babyhood – 2 weeks – 2 years
• Early Childhood – 2 – 6 years
• Late Childhood – 6 – 10/12
years
• Puberty – 10/12 - 14 years
• Adolescence – 14 – 18 years
• Early Adulthood – 18 – 40 years
• Middle Adulthood – 40 – 60
years
• Late Adulthood – 60 years –
death
Factors affecting physical growth and
development
Nature
• Behavior traits can be explained
by genetics
• Heredity – biological process of
transmission of traits from
parents to offspring
• Sex – biological differences
between male and female
Nurture
• Human behavior is learned and
shaped through interaction
• Environment – factors which
individual is exposed
• Nutrition – process of providing
or obtaining the food
THE PHYSICAL SELF (BODY IMAGE
AND CONCEPT OF BEAUTY)
Body Image – Refers to Individuals'
perception of their body and physical
appearance is important.
Appearance - A person's physical
attributes are visible to others, such as
height, weight, skin color, etc.
Self-Esteem - A person's assessment
of their own worth is subjective.
Causes of poor body image
• Emphasis on thin ideal body
• Bullying and peer pressure
• Media
Effects of Poor body image
• Body Dissatisfaction
• Depression
• Low-self esteem
• Eating disorder (Bulimia and
Anorexia Nervosa)
Body Modification
- Tattooing
- Permanent make up
- Body piercing
- Cosmetic surgery
Concept of Beauty
• In Egypitian art, beauty is
women with slim, high waist,
narrow hips, long black hair.
• In renaissance period, full figure
and rounded hips were
considered beautiful
• During medieval age, chubby,
fat, or plum women are beautiful
• In Philippines, Malaysia, and
Indonesia flat noses are
attractive.
Standards of beauty – it was changed
overtime based on cultural values. All
cultures have, more or less same
concept.
4 Standards of beauty
• Clean and unblemished skin
 • Thick shinny hair
• Well-proportioned bodies
• Symmetrical faces
UNPACKING THE SELF: SEXUAL
SELF
Heterosexual behavior – two
individuals of the opposite sex engage
in sexual behavior
Bisexual Behavior – two individuals of
the same sex engage in sexual
behavior
Transsexual Behavior – two people,
with one or any of them whose gender
identity is different from their assigned
sex, engage in sexual behavior.
Methods of Contraception
Natural Methods:
Abstinence – not engaging in any
sexual activity at all.
Calendar Method – “rhythm method”
means not engaging in any sexual
activity during the days in a month that
female is fertile
Withdrawal Method – entails the man
withdrawing from the sexual activity
just before he releases.
Artificial Methods:
Subdermal Implants – rod like implants
inserted under female’s skin made in
etonogestrel, disogestrel, desogestrel,
and progestin. Hormones to make sure
female doesn’t produces eggs.
Oral contraceptive – pill that contains
synthetic estrogen and progesterone
that prevent ovulation.
Male Condoms – latex/synthetic
rubber sheath placed on male organ.
Also prevent STIs (Sexually
transmitted infections)
Sexually Transmitted Infections
Common STI’s Symptoms
• Vagina discharge
• Urethral discharge
• Genital ulcer
• Abdominal Pain
Sexual Contact – vaginal, anal and
oral sex
Non-sexual contact – via blood or
blood products from mother to child
pregnancy
HIV – Human Immunodeficiency Virus
causes damage in the immune system
and interferes with the body.
Syphilis - Bacteria treponema pallidum
is a great imitator due to its similar
symptoms to other diseases.
HPV - Human papilomavirus infections
cause anogenital and oropharyngeal
disease.
UNPACKING THE SELF: THE SEXIA;
SELF
Secondary Sex Characteristics
• Humans are born as either male
or female, with the gonads
developing into ovaries if
fertilized with an X-chromosome
sperm, or testes if fertilized with
an Y-chromosome sperm.
• Puberty – reproductive organs
fully mature and become
 functional and perform their
reproductive capabilities
• Secondary sex characteristics
are features that develop during
puberty.
Male
- More pronounced body hair
- Muscular pectorals
- Narrow hips
- Deeper voice
- Less fat tissue overall
Female
- Less pronounced body hair
characteristics
- Rounded features
- More pronounced breasts
- Wider hips
- More fat tissue overall
Erogenous Zones
• Bodies that have increased
sensitivity especially when
stimulated. When you touch it
may create sexual arousal that
leads to sexual response. EX:
mouth, breast, neck, thigh,
genitals.
Sexual Response
• Excited Phase - The most
important idea is that
hypertension is characterized
by increased pulse, blood
pressure, skin temperature,
muscle tensions, rapid
breathing, and genital fluid
secretion.
• Plateau Phase – Characterized
by consistent stimulation until
orgasm occurs
• Sexual Climax – intense
pleasure with a rapid increase
in pulse rate and blood
pressure, and a possibility of
spasms and muscular
contractions.
• Resolution Phase –
characterized by a slow return
to the normal state.
Human Self Behavior – An activity
done in solitude between two adults.
• Inherited sexual response
patterns – physiological factors
ensuring reproduction
• Other sexual influences –
external factors from society
• Solitary behavior – self-
stimulation, can be more
common among the unmarried
• Sociosexual behavior – two
individuals sexually engaged
with each other
THE MATERIAL/ECONOMIC SELF
Body – The core of the material self
Clothes – Important to the material self
Family and Money – Critical parts of
the material self
William James
- A man’s self is the sum total of
all that he CAN call his. 1890.
- “material self” pushed people to
acquire homes and fill them with
possessions
- The embrace of a “material self”
in the west was not all that
ground breaking.
- Refers to tangible objects,
people, or places that carry the
designation my or mine.
 • The material self refers to includes their psychological
tangible objects, people or ownership of them
places with the designation
Ways an individual can tell whether an
"my".
entity is a part of themselves
• Our emotions are evoked by
things, persons, and • Assessing ones emotional
experiences in our lives, which investment in the object or
are part of our self. entity.
• Assess how you act towards it.
Examples of material self
The self and one’s possession
• Clothes you wear
• House you prefer or own • People gather possessions.
• Phone you use • Individuals regard their
possessions as part of their
selves.
The material/economic self - The most • Defining the self by ones
important idea is to determine if items possession
and services fall under a category: • Overreliance on possessions for
self-definition
• Wants – they buy luxuries.
People buy them for a reasons Diderot Effect: why we want things we
that do not warrant necessity. don’t need
• Needs – Importants. Like for
• Consumption is an important
survival, food, clothing and
part of everyday life.
shelter.
• One must go back to the mall to
- In the process of acquiring
purchase additional items to
material goods, people
compliment the newly
generally consider 2 things:
purchased item.
• Utility – concerned with how
things serve a practical purpose Materialism
• Significance – The most
- Importance a consumer
important idea is that objects
attaches to worldly possessions
can become powerful symbols
- Our level of satisfaction is
of habit and ritual that are
higher the less materialistic we
unrelated to their primary
are.
function.
SPIRITUAL SELF
Two sub-classes of material self:
- It is you and your most beautiful
• The Bodily Self – speaks of
and powerful form
entities that are clearly an
- Connection with the universal
intimate part of who a person is.
source and oneness of all life
• The extracorporeal (beyond the
- We discover meaning and
body) self – individual’s sense
purpose in our life
of self is not only limited to the
physical entities but also
Spirituality
- Does not require membership
- Unites people regardless of
their beliefs
- Part of human being that seeks
meaning less through intra,
inter, and transpersonal
connection
Meaning – having purpose, making
sense of life
Value – having cherished believes and
standards
Transcendence – appreciating a
dimension that is beyond the self
Connecting – relating to others
Becoming – involves reflection,
allowing to unfold and knowing who
one is.
Religion
- Believes in God, or group of
Gods and consciously adheres
to the beliefs of his/her religion
Practice of Religion
• Faith and worship are essential
for human rights.
• Religion is more restricted than
belief due to its potential to
affect others.
• Religious activities include
worship, rituals, sacrifices, and
fiestas.
• May sayaw, celebrations,
mediation.
Elements of Religion
• Emotion
• Ritual
• Organization
• Sacred objects
• Belief
• Symbolism
• Sect
Belief – may DEATH, naniniwala sa life
after death and sa heaven and hell.
Belief in God.
Symbolism – use of symbols para
irepresent ang ideas at qualities ng
religion.
Sect - Religions have sects of
followers that differ from the main
religion.
Functions of Religion – nakakatanggal
ng takot at anxiety ang religion.
Nakakagawa din ng purity at kalinisan.
Major Religions of the world
• Christianity - The Early
Hebrews, who developed the
Jewish religion, were the
foundation of Christianity.
• Islam - Islam is a religion that
emphasizes the power of Allah
over all other powers.
• Hinduism – one of the oldest
religions
• Buddhism – Guatama, Buddha
is the founding person
• Judaism – believing in one god.
No Religion/ Not to Religion
• Atheist
• Secular
Viktor Frankl (Jewish-Austrian
Psychiatrist)
- Imprisoned for 3 years sa
concentration camp during
world war.
- Made the “The Man’s Search for
Meaning.
 - The Man’s Search for Meaning Ethmology
means reminder of life and
- Old English of Souls was
resembles love, hope,
SAWOL which meant the
responsibility, and inner
spiritual and emotional part of a
freedom.
person’s animate existence.
- Made LOGOTHERAPHY
Western Culture
Logotherapy - therapeutic approach
that helps people find personal - Soul can be taken to mean
meaning in life. someone’s moral
consciousness.
Logotherapy Techniques
- Spirit can be refer to ghosts or
• Dereflection – used to ignore supernatural things.
symptoms to stop reflectin on
Eastern Culture
himself & orient attention to the
world around him. - Soul is part of the person that
• Paradoxial Intention – has dharma. Hinduism is one’s
undermine the client’s vicious obligation concerning caste,
circle by trying to replace his social custom, civil law, and
fear/shame/depression with a sacred law.
more positive attitude.
• Socratic Dialogue – walks a
client through a process of self-
discovery in their own words.
Pre-Colonial Philippines
- Our ancestors looked up to a
"babaylan." Described as
priestess or shaman, it's acting
as a healer, spiritual leader, and
medium.
Difference between soul and the spirit
of main
- The Soul and the spirit are two
primary immaterial aspects
ascribed to humanity.
Biblical Beliefs
- Soul is the conscious, moral,
and thinking part of a person,
which is immortal and will go to
hell, purgatory, or heaven.
- Spirit is the Holy Spirit, the force
of God that bestows blessings
on His people.