LESSON 1: THE SELF FROM
VARIOUS PHILOSOPHICAL
PERSPECTIVES
PHILOSOPHY
-the study of the fundamental nature of
knowledge, reality, and existence.
- concerns with nature of self
PRE-SOCRATICS
- a Greek philosopher who came before
Socrates because they believed what
the world is made up, what are the
changes that they observed, and so on.
THALES OF MILETUS
-water is all origin
-introduced geometry from Egypt to
greece
-calculated the height of phyramids and
distance of ships using geometry
ANAXIMANDER OF MILETUS
-student of thales
-First draw the map of the known world
- “arche” the beginning
- “apeiron” the infinite, that gave birth
everything was the place where all
things returned.
ANAXIMENES OF MILETUS
-student of anaximander
-Air was the arche of all things
HERALICTUS OF EPHESUS
-the world is made of fire and always
moving
-world “becoming’ universe constant
change and moving
PARMENIDES OF ELEA
-Doubted the possibility of obtaining the
truth about the world using senses
-The world is timeless, unchanging,
immovable and indestructible.
PYTHAGORAS OF SAMOS
-Metempsychosis means reincarnation
of the soul after death
-Pythagorean theorem of triangles
- Spherical shape of earth
PHILOSOPHER ABOUT SELF
SOCRATES- concerned with the
problem of self
First martyr of education
- “to live but die inside”
DUALISTIC VIEW OF SELF
1.BODY- imperfect and impermanent
2. SOUL- perfect,eternal, and immortal
Self is immortal and unified entity that is
consistent over time
SOCRATES DICHOTOMOUS REALM
1. PHYSICAL REALM- Changeable,
transient and imperfect
2. IDEAL REALM- unchanging,
eternal, and immortal
 SOCRATIC DIALECTIC
METHOD
- knowledge is asking questions
-accepting ignorance is the
beginning of knowledge
PLATO- socrates student
-father of academy a place where
sharing a knowledge (founded
academy)
-supported the ideas of socrates the
dualistic nature of man
DICHOTOMY
ideal (world of forms)
Material ( replica of the ideal world)
ALLEGORY OF THE CAVE
-the prisoners watch the shadows and
believe this the reality as they’ve know
nothing else
3 COMPONENTS OF A SOUL
1. Appetetive soul- desire like hunger,
thirst, sexual desire
2. Spirited soul- passion,basic,
emotions, like love, anger, ambition and
empathy
3. Rational soul- reason and intellect or
the one control behaviour
ST. AUGUSTINE- doctrine of
christianity
- man is birfurcated (body and soul)
- body is bound todie on earth
- the soul is anticipate living eternally in
the realm of divine like hell, heaven or
polmogutory
2 REALMS OF HUMAN NATURE
1. God as the source of all reality and
truth
2. The sinfulness of man
-human is created in the image of god
- self knowlegde is a consequnce of
knowledge of god
- the goal is attend to the communion
and bliss divine in the eternal realm by
living his life on earth in virtue
ST. THOMAS AQUINAS
MAN IS COMPOSED 2 PARTS
1. Matter or hyle
-common stuff that makes up everything
-body is part of the matter
2. Form or morphe
-Essence of substance
-soul
Ths oul is what makes us a human
MODERN PHILOSOPHY
RENE DESCARTES
-father of moderrn philosophy
-methodical doubt
“ i think therefore i am”
- doubting make someone aware that
they are thinking being thus they exist
CARTESIAN DUALISM (body and mind)
1. Cogito, the mind the thing that thinks
2. Extenza, the bod extension of the
mind
SELF IDENTITY - depends on the
awareness
-thinking
-reasoning
-perceiving process
JOHN LOCKE
-english philosopher and physician
-TABULA RASA (blank slate)
- we learning from the experience and
observation
-self is founded of consciousness
- self is not tied on the substance of the
body or soul. It only exist in other times
and places because of the memory of
those experiences
DAVID HUME
-scottish philosopher and empiricist
-there is no self, only impression and
ideas
1. IMPRESSIONS- clear result of
direct experience, the basic
sensations
2. IDEAS- copy of impressions
-they only exist in mind
-based on experiences and may
be improved or replaced
IMMANUEL KANT
-german philosopher
-Empiricism and rationalism
-self “seat of knowledge” bcs the ideas
that you can’t find in the world but can
exist in mind
- we construct the self
SIGMUND FREUD
– austrian psychologist and physician
-human nature and unconscious
LEVEL OF CONCIOUSNESS
1. Concious- awareness
2. Preconcious- between (if you asking)
3. Unconciouss- elements beyond our
awarenes
-iniiwasan ang mind na masaktan ang
self bcs of the threatening
3 ASPECT OF PERSONALITY
1. ID- pleasure or the
demands,satisfaction and gratification
2. EGO- reality mdiate impulses of the
ID and superego
3. SUPEREGO- morality of priciple
serve as the condcience and the agents
for the should and should not’s
Our actions are driven by the SEX(eros)
is like a libido or pleasurable and
AGRESSIVE (thanatos) drive the one
who motivate, action that can be bad in
other people “main goal is death”
-driven by the idea of resisting or
avoiding pain and are molded from our
need for happy
ORAL STAGE- mouth behaviour
ORAL FIXATION- -interaction of individuals and groups
ANAL STAGE-

GILBERT RHYLE Anthroplogy

- British and analytical philosopher -study of humans in their cultural,social
- opposed previous philosophers and and biological context
claimed that their ideas are results of -seeks to understand the diversity of
confused conceptual thinking cultures, beliefs practices and behaviour
-Our behaviour reflect our mind across time
-self is “convenient name’ all behavior
manifest everyday CHARACTERISTIC OF THE SELF
1. SEPARATE
PAUL CHURCHLAND Distinct from other selves and has its
-canadian philosopher own identity
-self is defined by the brain activity 2. CONSISTENT
- physical brain controlled the body Enduring and can persist for quite some
time
MAURICE MERLEAU -PONTY
-french philosopher
-existentialism and phenemology
-mind and body were inseparable 3.PRIVATE
Internal processes is never accessible
- 5 senses- SENSATION to anyone but the self
- Interpretation- PERCEPTION
Self is all about perception not all about 4.SELF- CONTAINED &
experience INDEPENDENT
Complete and does not require others
to exist
LESSON 2: THE SELF IS
SOCIOLOGICAL AND 5.UNITARY
ANTHROPOLOGICAL Center of all experiences and thoughts
PERSPECTIVES

Sociology Development of Social World

-Study of human society, social -Humans actively participate in shaping
relationship and the patterns of social oneself
- Both nature and nature plays a role in
our holistic development
• Our continuous growth and
development is mediated by language
• Language is both a publicly shared
and a privately utilized symbol system
•Language influences the identity and
the mind
-Multilingual individuals often have to
balance multiple linguistic identities
-Speaking a not widely spoken or
understood language may lead to
isolation and discrimination
-Speaking a dominant language may
provide social and economic
advantages
George Herbert Mead: Theory of the
Social Self
The self develops over time and is
dependent on social interaction and
experience
Interact > reflect > generate self-image
• The body can operate without the
"self" being involved
DEVELOPMENT OF SELF: 3 stages
of self-formation
1. Preparatory Stage
•language develops self by allowing us
to express ourselves
• Imitation phase
2. Play Stage — make interaction and
have an idea in other people
• Role-taking develops one's
self-consciousness and theory of mind
•Stage where children widen their
perspectives and consider other
people's presence
•Theory of mind — is universal
awareness
EGOCENTRISM— They're own
perspectives
3. Game Stage
•Child begins to see the perspective of
others.
•That can be Discipline
Generalized Other
• Expected behaviors, norms and values
considered the standard in one's
community or society
• Collective attitude of the entire
community that people internalize to
guide actions and behavior
Two Sides of Self: I and ME
"I"
•the unsocialized aspect of the individual
Our opinion of ourselves as a whole
• How we see ourselves
•How you wish to react to situations
(impulses)
"ME"
•the socialized aspect of the individual
Learned behaviors, attitudes, and
•expectations of others
•How others see us
• How you react to situations based on
expectations
Lev Vygotsky
Language is the basis of learning; it
plays a critical role in cognitive
development:
• Language develops from social
interactions as child internalizes real-life
dialogs that he has had with other
people.
Private speech - speech that is not
intended to be heard by others.
• most common among toddlers and
children
• method of self-regulating behaviour
and a tool for accelerating
understanding
• Serves as a preparation to speech
intended for communication
Lev Vygotsky: Zone of Proximal
Development (ZPD)
Zone of Proximal Development
• what learner can do with help
• Gap between what a learner can do
without assistance and what a learner
cannot do
scaffolding
• the assistance or kind of support given
by the MKO (more knowledgeable
other) to a learner
Albert Bandura: Social Cognitive
Theory
Socialization has effects on the
development of the self
• Observational learning/Modeling -
process of learning by watching and
imitating the behavior of others
•Self-efficacy - belief of people about
their capabilities to execute
behaviors necessary to produce specific
performance attainments.
- Reflects confidence in the ability to
control one's motivation, behavior and
social environment.
Albert Bandura
Sources of Self-Efficacy
1. Mastery Experience
• Firsthand experience of success and
overcoming obstacles
2. Vicarious Experience
• Seeing other people succeed by
sustained effort raises observers' beliefs
that they can succeed too.
3. Social Persuasion
•Positive feedback and encouragement
from trusted sources can boost
self-efficacy
4. Physiological Responses
•Perception of emotional arousal
through bodily sensations can influence
beliefs of efficacy
• stress reactions and tension may be
seen as sign of vulnerability to poor
performance
Charles Clooney: The Looking Glass
Self
The self is a product of internalizing the
views of other people
• The people whom we interact with
become a mirror in which we view
ourselves
• Individuals develop their self-concept
by observing how other people perceive
them
•If we think the other people's evaluation
is favorable, our self-concept is
enhanced
• If we think the evaluation is
unfavorable, our self-concept is
diminished
Marcel Mauss
self has 2 faces:
1. MOI - basic identity
• body and physical attributes
• stable and static
• remains constant even when the
personne shifts
2. PERSONNE -
social concept can be change

• Shifts depending on the context
•This malleability is unconscious the self
is simply shifts according to the
circumstances
Self as a Product of Modern Society
• Pre-modernization focused on
survival and people were bound to
familial supervision, social rules, and
traditions.
● Modernization has improved
living conditions which provided
people the freedom from the
restrictions of the pre-modern
society
Self as a Product of Modern Society
● Your personal and social identity
may be dynamic, but you do not
constantly revise who you are.
● Adopting new fashion styles,
make up trends, or new way of
talking does not substantially
change your identity; such
changes more likely reflect other
aspects of yourself.
Lewis Morgan: Theory of Social
Evolution
● Culture evolved from simple to
complex forms
● Human societies develop over
time and follow the three stages
of evolution
1. Savagery - hunting and gathering
● No knowledge of livestock
farming and food conservation
2. Barbarism domestication of plants
and animals
● Agriculture and livestock farming
3. Civilization humans developed "the
state"
● Development of the alphabet
and writing systems
● created the opportunity to
connect the past and future
Georg Simmel: Social Network
People create social networks by joining
social groups
Social Group - two or more people
interacting with one another, sharing
similar characteristics and common
identity.
Social network - ties or connections
that link you to your social group
Georg Simmel: Social Network
Types of Social Group
1. Organic group - naturally occurring
groups and is highly influenced by family
● founded by rootedness, less
personal freedom and greater
social conformity
● You will be expected to behave
according to the community
standards
2. Rational group- occurs in modern
societies
•Founded by shared self-interest and
out of own free will
• Less stable and embedded than
organic group
Relationship is tenuous and person
feels no meaningful connection
● Blasé attitude - absolute
boredom and lack of concern or
indifference
● Role conflict - situation
demands 2 or more roles that
clash with one another
Karl Marx: Theory of Self-
Estrangement or Self-Alienation
Alienation is the experience that human
life is meaningless, or the human self is
worthless in modern capitalist society.
Factors to motivate People
1. Skill variety — required different
task required different skills
2. Task identity – the workers
complete the products
3. Task Significance – personal
meaning
4. Autonomy – has right to control
5. Feedback – important a feedback
to recognize
THE SELF, FAMILY, AND GENDER
• Some values are learned consciously,
some are indirectly learned through
rewards, punishment, and subtle means
● Table manners and saying "po"
and "opo" are often taught
intentionally
● Being respectful and thoughtful
may be learned unconsciously
after being raised in a respectful
family
DIANA BAUMRIND identified 3
parenting styles: authoritarian,
authoritative and permissive
 1. AUTHORITARIAN - emphasizes
control and unquestioning
obedience
Uses harsh discipline and punishment
Do not communicate well with their
children and do not explain the rationale
behind the rules and the consequences
of their actions
Children have less behavioral problem
but tend to become withdrawn, fearful,
dependent, and have low self-esteem
● Corporal punishment – physical
● Withdrawal of love– manipulative
● Power of assertion – dominance
with child
AUTHORITATIVE - emphasizes child's
individuality but also stresses limits, with
an effort to instill values
● Direct children's activities in a
rational and intelligent way
Supportive, loving, and
committed; support a give-
and-take relationship
● Discuss the rules and policies
with their children and encourage
children to present their
viewpoints
PERMISSIVE - emphasizes self-
expression and self-regulation, warm,
uncontrolling, and undemanding
• Too warm and supportive that they
tend not to enforce rules
• Discipline is lacking so children make
their own rules
NEGLECTFUL OR UNINVOLVED
Eleanor Maccoby and John Martin
(1983) added a fourth parenting style to
describe parents who, sometimes
because of stress or depression, focus
on their needs rather than on those of
the child.
● Detached and indifferent to the
needs of children
● Children grow up feeling unloved
and cannot follow instructions
Gender and the Self
● Society dictates the roles you
must play based on your gender
● In the Philippines, gender and
sex come with expected behavior
● Gender roles are reinforced as
early as in childhood with the
toys, colors, house chores,
behaviors, beliefs, and values
that we were exposed to
"Gender must be personally discovered Sociocentric Concept
and asserted, not dictated by culture ● The self is dependent on their
and society situation or social setting

The Self and Person in Contemporary ● The person acts differently

Anthropology around different groups

Self in Modern Anthropology– Study of

modern human conditions
Determinants of Self-Identification
Unit but Unitary (Prof. Katherine Ewing) ● Kinship
● Family membership
• The self encompasses the physical ● Gender
organism, all aspects of psychological ● Age
functioning and social attributes ● Language
● Religion
2 Aspects of the Self (Joseph LeDoux) ● Ethnicity
● Personal appearance
1. Explicit the aspect of the self that ● Socioeconomic status
you are consciously aware of

2. Implicit the aspect of the self that is

not immediately available to the
consciousness

The Self as Embedded in Culture

Egocentric Concept
• The self is autonomous and distinct
individual with inherent characteristics
• Personalities form from within
themselves and do not vary regardless
of the social atmosphere
LESSON 4: THE SELF IN WESTERN &
ORIENTAL/ EASTERN THOUGHT
WESTERN AND ORIENTAL/EASTERN
THOUGHT
• Cultural differences and environment
creates different perceptions of the self.
• The most common distinction between
people and cultures is the
Eastern-Western distinction.
• Eastern are known as the Asian
countries, and Western represents the
Europe and Northen America.
• Countries that are geographically
closer to each other my share
commonalities, but factors that may
create differences must be considered.
THE SELF IN EASTERN THOUGHTS
CONFUCIANISM
• developed from the teachings of the
Chinese philosopher CONFUCIUS
(1551-479 BCE)
● known as humanistic social
philosophy which focusses on
human beings and the society in
general.
● Seen as code of ethical conduct,
of how one should properly act
according to their relationship
with other people
● Focused on having a
harmonious social life
The identity and self-concept of the
individual are interwoven with the
identity and status of his/her community
or culture, sharing its pride as well as its
failures.
Subdued Self-personal needs are
repressed (subdued) for the good of
many, making Confucian society also
hierarchical for the purpose of
maintaining order and balance in
society.
CONFUCIANISM is centered on ren
which can be manifested through the
li (propriety), xiao (filiality), and yi
(righteousness)
● ren reflects the person's own
understanding of humanity and
guides human actions that makes
life worth living
3 Essential Core Values of
CONFUCIANISM
1. Filial piety (Xiao) - respect for elders
2. Humaneness (Yi) - righteousness,
justice, doing what is right
3. Ritual/Propriety (Li) - propriety,
courtesy, good manners, and proper
conduct
5 BASIC VIRTUES OF
CONFUCIANISM
Ren - benevolence, sympathy,
politeness, generosity
1. Includes acts of love and acting in
best interest of others
2. Yi-righteousness, justice, doing what
is right
• Confucius emphasized that actions
should be performed because they are
right and not for selfish benefits that
they provide.
3. Li propriety, courtesy, good manners,
and proper conduct
• Self-control and will to follow
socially-accepted expression of human
nature
4. Zhi-knowledge and wisdom
5. Xin integrity and trustworthiness
• Most important virtue; foundation of the
other 4 virtues
TAOISM/DAOISM
Chinese philosophy based on the
writings of Lao-tzu (6th century BC)
advocating humility and religious piety.
● The SELF is not just an extension
of the family or community, but
rather a part of the universe, one
of the forms and manifestations
of TAO (universe)
The ideal self is SELFLESSNESS:
● refers to living a balanced life
with society and nature
● being open and accepting to
change, forgetting about
prejudices and egocentric ideas
and thinking about equality as
well as complementarity among
humans as well as other beings
• The self is in harmony with everything.
Concept of Harmony - A central
feature of Taoism is harmony between
people and their environment, Nature, or
Tao.
● The Tao Chi (Yin-Yang diagram)
is an example of the value of
harmony with the environment. It
is also applied to the concept of
health for energy (qi), balance for
disease prevention, healing, and
the development of human
potential.

BUDDHISM
• Originated from India
• It is the world's 4th-largest religion,
with over 520M followers or over 7% of
the global population are Buddhists.
• There are differences in teachings of
Buddhism because various groups have
adopted them, but the core concepts are
the same:
THE SELF
● seen as an illusion and born out
of ignorance
● the self is also the source of all
these sufferings
● Our quest is to forget about the
self, forgets the cravings of the
self, and break all the attachment
we have with the world
All Buddhist traditions share the goal of
overcoming suffering and the cycle of
death & rebirth, either by the attainment
of Nirvana or through the path of
Buddhahood.
3 MARKS OF EXISTENCE
1. Impermanence (Annica)
● nothing lasts and everything
decays
● We go through life attaching
ourselves to things, ideas and
emotional states without
understanding that everything is
impermanent
● Because nothing is permanent, it
means that we can let go of
fears, disappointments and
regrets
2. Dissatisfaction (Dukkha)
● Ultimately, we will not be fully
satisfied
● Satisfaction from material things
does not last because everything
is impermanent
3. Non-Self (Anatta)
• There is no permanently existing self
• We do not have fixed absolute identity
• People can and do change in life
SUMMARY
• In Eastern philosophies, the self or the
individual is not the focus, but is situated
within a bigger context (Universe,
Community).
• To become a better person:
one must not create a self above other
people or nature one must be beneficial
to his community
one must be in order and in harmony
with everything else
PHYSICAL AND SEXUAL SELF
Physical self- the body which interface
with our environment and fellow being
Beauty is a culture bound
-in which are surrounded by has a
significant impact on how we feel about
ourselves.
MODULE 2: Lesson 6 and 7
MATERIAL & SPIRITUAL SELF
MATERIAL SELF
Material self is made up of everything an
individual owns We are deeply affected
by these things because we have put
much investment of our self to them
PARTS OF MATERIAL SELF
Body:
The innermost part of our material self is
our body.Intentionally, we are investing
in our body.We are directly attached to
this commodity that we cannot live
without.
We strive hard to make sure that this
body functions well and good.
CLOTHES:
James believed that clothing is an
essential part of the material self
The fabric and style of the clothes we
wear bring sensations to the body to
which directly affect our attitudes and
behavior.
Clothing is a form of self-expression. We
choose and wear clothes that reflect our
self
IMMEDIATE FAMILY:
Our parents and siblings hold another
great important part of ourselves. What
they do or become affects us.
We place huge investment in our
immediate family when we see them as
the nearest replica of ourselves.
HOME:
Home is where our heart is. It is the
earliest nest of our selfhood.
• Our experiences inside the home were
recorded and marked on particular parts
and things in our home
The role of Consumer Culture on the
Sense of Self and Identity
CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
— Possessions, tell a lot about their
owners. Thus, one's sense of self and
identity is influential on how an
individual chooses to purchase his/her
wants and how he/she makes economic
decisions that will address his/her
personal and social needs
● Factors we consider before
making a purchase:
● financial constraints
● availability of items and services
● Influence of family and friends
WANTS VS. NEEDS
Wants-Synonymous with luxuries.
People buy them for reasons that do not
warrant necessity.
Needs-These are important for survival.
People purchase them out of necessity:
food, clothing, and shelter
UTILITY AND SIGNIFICANCE
Utility-Concerned with how things serve
a practical purpose.
Significance - Concerned with the
meaning assigned to the object also
concerned with how objects become
powerful symbols or icons of habit and
ritual which can be quite separate from
their primary function.
LESSON 7: SPIRITUAL SELF
The spiritual self is the most intimate,
inner subjective part of self.
"DUNGAN" AND "GINHAWA"
GINHAWA/LIFE FORCE
● provides the vital life force
DUNGAN/SOUL
● provides the intellect, emotion,
and consciousness
• "Ginhawa" and "Dungan" should be
together in one person. "Dungan" can
temporarily leave the body, while
"Ginhawa" cannot sustain the life if
"Dungan" does not return.
Spirituality
— involves experiencing something
beyond oneself in a transcendent
manner and living in a way that benefits
others and society having a connection
with the divine (not necessarily following
a certain religion)Having a sense of
peace, purpose and meaning in life.
Religion
from the Latin word religio which means
to respect or care for Belief and worship
of a
superhuman controlling power,
organized set of beliefs, practices,
rituals, ceremonies, rules used to
worship god and symbols that increases
an individual's
connection to a sacred or transcendent
other
Religiousness/Religiosity
— Adherence to beliefs and rituals of a
particular religion believing in a god or a
group of gods. Degree by which one is
affiliated with an organized religion in
terms of:
● participation in the prescribed
rituals and practice.
● connection and adherence with
its beliefs and
● involvement with its community
of believers
RITUALS AND CEREMONIES
—Performance of ceremonial acts
prescribed by a tradition or sacred law
Ritual traditions of Filipinos are best
understood in terms of their intentions
and can have several functions:
● have a good harvest, ask for the
guidance and protection from
their ancestors and unseen
forces, to heal the sick, to bring
good luck and to conceive
MAGIC AND WITCHCRAFT
BALANG/BARANG (sorcerer)
• malignant sorcery or familiar spirits
(usually a swarm of destructive insects)
In the Philippines, it swarms small
invisible insects residing in bamboos
that enter the body through open space
causing the intestine, stomach, lungs,
and liver to swell during high tides and
shrink during low tides.
• Mambabarang - a person who
practices this specific type of sorcery or
witchcraft.
• Binarang - the target (usually a
person) of sorcery or witchcraft.
KULAM (voodoo or witchcraft)
•Mangkukulam - a person who uses
black magic or spells on a victim
After the spell is cast, the victim will
experience a form of illness which
cannot be cured by modern medicine,
misfortunes to himself and loved ones,
inability to concentrate, lack of sleep,
loss of appetite, freak accidents, and
other unexplained events.
•ALBULARIO/MANANAMBAL
Filipino practitioner of traditional
medicine, witch doctor, folk healer or
medicine man
When the person feels that his ailments
and misfortunes are caused by kulam,
he consults an albulario who performs
rituals to defeat the spells of the
mangkukulam and bring the person
back to normalcy.
VIKTOR FRANKL: LOGOTHERAPY
"man's primary motivational force is
search for meaning"
Logotherapy is a psychotherapy
introduced by Dr. Viktor Frankl, the
Father of Logotherapy. Human person
is motivated by the "will to meaning".
which aids individuals to find personal
meaning of life, whatever life situation
they may be.
PRINCIPLES OF LOGOTHERAPY
1. The meaning of life
• Life has meaning under all
circumstances, even the most miserable
ones.
• Every occurrence in one's life has
meaning.
2. The will to meaning
• Our main motivation for living is our will
to find meaning in life. Finding meaning
in life despite the sufferings should be
the main motivation for living.
3. Freedom of Will
• We have freedom to find meaning in
what we do, and what we experience, or
at least in the stand we take when faced
with a situation of unchangeable
suffering.
• We are free to choose an attitude
towards conditions of life
• Problems and challenges are
inevitable. These make individuals
strong and hold their faith to their God.
FRANKL'S SOURCES OF MEANING
1. Purposeful Work - working or
accomplishing some task To find the
meaning of life starts with holding a
future goal.
2. Courage in the Face of Difficulty -
attitude toward unavoidable suffering
A meaningful life is a life with suffering
transform a personal tragedy into
triumph, to turn one's
predicament into a human achievement
3. Love experience something fully or
loving somebody

No one can become fully aware of the

essence of another human being unless
he loves him.
loving person enables the beloved
person to actualize these potentialities