COR 015 – Philosophy
Day 2 - 13
Philosophy
- “philos” love and “sophia” wisdom
- Love of Wisdom
- It is the beginning of man’s pursuit for meaning,
and thus, wisdom
- Man acquires his knowledge through conditioning
- To understand the why of things
Philosopher – lover of wisdom
3 Pre-Socratic Philosophers
1. Thales (624-546 BCE)
- Father of western philosophy and one of
the seven sages (wise men) of ancient
Greece.
- Claimed that there is only one substance
that comprises everything and that
substance is water
2. Pythagoras (570-495 BCE)
- He believed in reincarnation
3. Heraclitus (535-475 BCE)
- He used fire to emphasize that
everything is changing and believed that
the only permanent in this world is
change.
Socrates – knowledge is virtue.
- To know something is to do something
- Human beings must know themselves to
live in their accordance with who they
are.
- Unexamined life is not worth living
Branches of Philosophy
1. Theoretical Philosophy
- Studies the principles of human
knowledge
- Concerned on the origin/theory of
knowledge
Specific branches:
a. Ontology (study of being)
b. Epistemology (study of knowledge)
c. Metaphysics (study of reality and
existence)
d. Theodicy (study of God on logical
abstraction)
2. Practical Philosophy
- Uses philosophical methods and insights
to explore how people can lead wiser
and more reflective lives.
- Focuses on good life and concerns on
well-being
Specific branches:
a. Logic (study of correct thinking and valid
reasoning)
b. Ethics (study of morality and right living)
c. Axiology (study of values)
Approaches in Philosophy
1. Speculative Approach
- Tries to bring together all the sciences
- Uses abstract words
- Concepts CANNOT be examined
because it contains things that cannot be
seen by anyone.
2. Analytic Approach
- All fundamental assumptions for all the
sciences are analyzed
- Emphasizes on logic, language, and
aligns itself with the empirical sciences.
- Inquires into the meaning of the
concepts and avoids vague term
- Concepts CAN be examined specifically
that is through checking its validity.
Man’s Embodiment
1. Plato
- Claimed that man is a soul
Three PARTS of soul
1. Rational element – reason and language
2. Spirited element – emotion
3. Bodily element – hunger and appetite
Note: The mind must control the heart and stomach
2. Aristotle
- Claimed that man is not solely a soul but
a body endowed with life.
- Principle of life the soul (unity of body
and soul)
Three KINDS of soul
 1. Vegetative soul (nutritive) – plants and trees;
powers of reproduction and assimilation.
2. Locomotive soul (sensitive) – animals;
reproduction, assimilation, locomotion and
sensation.
3. Rational soul – man; all power above plus
reason.
3. Rene Descartes
- Everything that we know is made
possible because of our senses.
- Senses can deceive us which means
everything that we know is NOT certain.
- We must doubt everything
- Doubting – Thinking – Exist
- We are souls; thinking being
- The body is simply man’s instrument in
living this world
4. Gabriel Marcel
- Man’s experience of himself shows that
there exists and intimate RELATION
between HIMSELF and his BODY which
accepts neither gap nor barrier.
Man’s Experience of Himself as an Owner of the
Body:
- Man is not his body; he has a body.
Possess and owns a body
Man’s Ownership of His Body:
- He can command and is responsible
- He treats his body as part of himself as a
subject.
- Man says that he is his body.
Man as an Embodied Spirit:
- Man being manifested by his body.
- Someone incarnated his body; embodied
spirit
Life of an Embodied Spirit:
- Being-in-the-world
- Body acts as an INTERMEDIARY
between himself and the world.
- Because of the body, an interaction and
interrelation happen
Freedom – one’s ability to righteously act, speak, and or
think the way they wish without hindrance or restraint.
Jean-Paul Sartre (1905 to 1980)
- French Existentialist Philosopher
- “Freedom is Existence” Man is unconditionally
free because freedom exists as it is.
- Freedom is about making a choice in your own
desire. “You are free” because the person
“always has a choice” therefore choose.
Freedom is a capacity to choose. (Freedom of
synthesis)
- Freedom is man’s power to be what he wants to
be
- Man is condemned to freedom
- whatever will happen to us or whatever we will
become depends on our own choice or decision.
However, this decision or choice must always
take into consideration other people.
Immanuel Kant
- Moral Philosopher
- freedom is to be seen in relation to the autonomy
of the will.
- Will (casualty, rational)
- Autonomy (Living the laws you impose on
yourself)
- Freedom is caused by reason
- (1 action = 1 reason)
- freedom is the belief that we are accountable for
our own actions and can act morally or
immorally.
- We are rational so we follow the moral law
- We cannot simply act the way we want. We must
consider others always before acting of doing
anything.
Freedom and Morality
- Freedom to choose what is right and wrong for
the morality of an act to be determinable.
- Human Act must be done with:
 Knowledge
 Freedom
 Voluntariness
 Without these 3 the act is simply
an act of man.
- If the doer of the act has no freedom in doing the
act, then he is not accountable as the same in
not his action.
 Moral – ethics of what is good and bad, right,
and wrong decision
Freedom and Democracy
- Freedom to choose what is lawful and unlawful
- In democratic society, citizens are afforded with
freedoms and rights, such as freedom of
expression, liberty of abode, right to education,
right to work, and others.
-  if the society is not democratic, freedoms and
rights are curtailed or are limited, or they may be
eliminated totally.
- Freedom and democracy are always together,
without one, the other cannot exist.
Freedom and Religion
- Freedom to choose religion
- Fundamental freedom of a man is religion,
freedom of religion
- According to the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights, “Everyone has the right to freedom of
thought, conscience and religion; this right
includes freedom to change his religion or belief,
and freedom, either alone or in the community
with others, and in public or private, to manifest
his religion or belief in teaching, practice,
worship, and observance.”
Individual Differences
Emmanuel Levinas
- there is other person
- Otherness entails difference
Dr. Howard Gardner
- Traditional notion of intelligence is far too limited
because human beings have different
intelligences.
Eight Different Intelligence
1. Logical-mathematical (number/reasoning smart)
2. Bodily/Kinetic (body smart)
3. Musical (music smart)
4. Interpersonal (people smart)
5. Intrapersonal (self-smart)
6. Naturalist (nature smart)
COR 015 – Philosophy
Day 2 - 13
Philosophy
- “philos” love and “sophia” wisdom
- Love of Wisdom
- It is the beginning of man’s pursuit for meaning,
and thus, wisdom
- Man acquires his knowledge through conditioning
- To understand the why of things
Philosopher – lover of wisdom
3 Pre-Socratic Philosophers
4. Thales (624-546 BCE)
- Father of western philosophy and one of
the seven sages (wise men) of ancient
Greece.
- Claimed that there is only one substance
that comprises everything and that
substance is water
5. Pythagoras (570-495 BCE)
- He believed in reincarnation
6. Heraclitus (535-475 BCE)
- He used fire to emphasize that
everything is changing and believed that
the only permanent in this world is
change.
Socrates – knowledge is virtue.
- To know something is to do something
- Human beings must know themselves to
live in their accordance with who they
are.
- Unexamined life is not worth living
Branches of Philosophy
3. Theoretical Philosophy
- Studies the principles of human
knowledge
- Concerned on the origin/theory of
knowledge
Specific branches:
a. Ontology (study of being)
b. Epistemology (study of knowledge)
c. Metaphysics (study of reality and
existence)
d. Theodicy (study of God on logical
abstraction)

4. Practical Philosophy
- Uses philosophical methods and insights
to explore how people can lead wiser
and more reflective lives.
- Focuses on good life and concerns on
well-being
Specific branches:
a. Logic (study of correct thinking and valid
reasoning)
b. Ethics (study of morality and right living)
c. Axiology (study of values)
Approaches in Philosophy
5. Speculative Approach
- Tries to bring together all the sciences
- Uses abstract words
- Concepts CANNOT be examined
because it contains things that cannot be
seen by anyone.
6. Analytic Approach
- All fundamental assumptions for all the
sciences are analyzed
- Emphasizes on logic, language, and
aligns itself with the empirical sciences.
- Inquires into the meaning of the
concepts and avoids vague term
- Concepts CAN be examined specifically
that is through checking its validity.
Man’s Embodiment
3. Plato
- Claimed that man is a soul
Three PARTS of soul
4. Rational element – reason and language
5. Spirited element – emotion
6. Bodily element – hunger and appetite
Note: The mind must control the heart and stomach
4. Aristotle
- Claimed that man is not solely a soul but
a body endowed with life.
- Principle of life the soul (unity of body
and soul)
Three KINDS of soul
4. Vegetative soul (nutritive) – plants and trees;
powers of reproduction and assimilation.
5. Locomotive soul (sensitive) – animals;
reproduction, assimilation, locomotion and
sensation.
6. Rational soul – man; all power above plus
reason.
7. Rene Descartes
- Everything that we know is made
possible because of our senses.
- Senses can deceive us which means
everything that we know is NOT certain.
- We must doubt everything
- Doubting – Thinking – Exist
- We are souls; thinking being
- The body is simply man’s instrument in
living this world
8. Gabriel Marcel
- Man’s experience of himself shows that
there exists and intimate RELATION
between HIMSELF and his BODY which
accepts neither gap nor barrier.
Man’s Experience of Himself as an Owner of the
Body:
- Man is not his body; he has a body.
Possess and owns a body
Man’s Ownership of His Body:
- He can command and is responsible
- He treats his body as part of himself as a
subject.
- Man says that he is his body.
Man as an Embodied Spirit:
- Man being manifested by his body.
- Someone incarnated his body; embodied
spirit
Life of an Embodied Spirit:
- Being-in-the-world
- Body acts as an INTERMEDIARY
between himself and the world.
- Because of the body, an interaction and
interrelation happen
Freedom – one’s ability to righteously act, speak, and or
think the way they wish without hindrance or restraint.
Jean-Paul Sartre (1905 to 1980)
- French Existentialist Philosopher
 - “Freedom is Existence” Man is unconditionally
free because freedom exists as it is.
- Freedom is about making a choice in your own
desire. “You are free” because the person
“always has a choice” therefore choose.
Freedom is a capacity to choose. (Freedom of
synthesis)
- Freedom is man’s power to be what he wants to
be
- Man is condemned to freedom
- whatever will happen to us or whatever we will
become depends on our own choice or decision.
However, this decision or choice must always
take into consideration other people.
Immanuel Kant
- Moral Philosopher
- freedom is to be seen in relation to the autonomy
of the will.
- Will (casualty, rational)
- Autonomy (Living the laws you impose on
yourself)
- Freedom is caused by reason
- (1 action = 1 reason)
- freedom is the belief that we are accountable for
our own actions and can act morally or
immorally.
- We are rational so we follow the moral law
- We cannot simply act the way we want. We must
consider others always before acting of doing
anything.
Freedom and Morality
- Freedom to choose what is right and wrong for
the morality of an act to be determinable.
- Human Act must be done with:
 Knowledge
 Freedom
 Voluntariness
 Without these 3 the act is simply
an act of man.
- If the doer of the act has no freedom in doing the
act, then he is not accountable as the same in
not his action.
 Moral – ethics of what is good and bad, right,
and wrong decision
Freedom and Democracy
- Freedom to choose what is lawful and unlawful
- In democratic society, citizens are afforded with
freedoms and rights, such as freedom of
expression, liberty of abode, right to education,
right to work, and others.
-  if the society is not democratic, freedoms and
rights are curtailed or are limited, or they may be
eliminated totally.
- Freedom and democracy are always together,
without one, the other cannot exist.
Freedom and Religion
- Freedom to choose religion
- Fundamental freedom of a man is religion,
freedom of religion
- According to the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights, “Everyone has the right to freedom of
thought, conscience and religion; this right
includes freedom to change his religion or belief,
and freedom, either alone or in the community
with others, and in public or private, to manifest
his religion or belief in teaching, practice,
worship, and observance.”
Individual Differences
Emmanuel Levinas
- there is other person
- Otherness entails difference
Dr. Howard Gardner
- Traditional notion of intelligence is far too limited
because human beings have different
intelligences.
Eight Different Intelligence
7. Logical-mathematical (number/reasoning smart)
8. Bodily/Kinetic (body smart)
9. Musical (music smart)
10. Interpersonal (people smart)
11. Intrapersonal (self-smart)
12. Naturalist (nature smart)