1907

Reminder: Observe and Respect the

Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Law.

This material is for your class in ENG206 only:

1. Do not share this material to anyone who is not
enrolled in our class.
2. Do not share this in any public/social media
sharing sites or study resources websites
(example: slideshare, course hero, etc..)
1
 1907

Intellectual Property Rights of materials/resources:

Understand that these materials and resources are the property of the
University of Santo Tomas, copyrighted to the respective authors of each
material or resource. Students shall use these materials and resources
(example: powerpoint/PDF files/ recorded videos of lesson, etc.…) only for
the intended purpose of learning in this course… to ensure that these
materials are not reproduced, shared, or used outside of the University
and for purposes not consistent with the intent of the course.

2
 1907

Hydrostatic Pressure
and
Work

3
 1907

Objectives: At the end of the session, the

student is expected to
• sketch the graphs of functions

• identify the rectangular element of area

• formulate the integral equation of force and work

• evaluate the integral to solve for the force and work

4
 1907

Pressure on Horizontally Submerged Plate

𝑃 = 𝜌ℎ
where
𝑃 = pressure exerted on a point at
the plate
𝜌 = weight density of the fluid
= 62.4 lbs/ft3 (for water)
= 9800 N/m3 (for water)
ℎ = depth or distance of the plate from
fluid surface
5
 1907

Force on Horizontally Submerged Plate

𝐹
Since 𝑃 = then 𝐹 = 𝑃𝐴 = 𝜌ℎ𝐴
,
𝐴
where
𝐹 = force on the plate
𝐴 = area of the plate

6
 1907

Force on Vertically Submerged Plate

Force on element of area: 𝑑𝐹 = 𝜌ℎ𝑑𝐴

𝑏
Force on the plate: 𝐹 =‫𝜌 𝑎׬‬ℎ𝑑𝐴
where
ℎ = distance of the element of area from
the surface of the fluid
𝑑𝐴 = 𝑥𝑅 − 𝑥𝐿 𝑑𝑦

7
 1907

Force on Vertically Submerged Plate

Examples:
1. A rectangular tank full of water is 2 ft wide and
18 inches deep. Find the force due to the liquid on 2 ft
one end of the tank.
𝑏 y
𝐹= ‫𝜌 𝑎׬‬ℎ𝑑𝐴 18 in = 1.5 ft

𝜌 = 62.4 lbs/ft3 surface of fluid: y = 1.5

ℎ = 1.5 − 𝑦 h
xL xR
𝑑𝐴 = 𝑥𝑅 − 𝑥𝐿 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑉𝐿 − 𝑥𝑂𝑌 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝐴 = 2 − 0 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑑𝑦 x
1.5
𝐹= ‫׬‬0 62.4 1.5 − 𝑦 2𝑑𝑦
8
 1907

Force on Vertically Submerged Plate

Examples:
1. A rectangular tank full of water is 2 ft wide and
18 inches deep. Find the force due to the liquid on 2 ft
one end of the tank.
1.5 y
𝐹= ‫׬‬0 62.4 1.5 − 𝑦 2𝑑𝑦 18 in = 1.5 ft

1.5 surface of fluid: y = 1.5

𝑦2
𝐹 = 124.8 1.5𝑦 − 2 ቮ h
0 xL xR

𝐹 = 124.8 2.25 − 1.125 − 0 − 0

x
𝐹 = 140.4 lbs
9
 1907

Force on Vertically Submerged Plate

2. A cylindrical tank is half-full of gasoline having
weight density of 42 lbs/ft3. If the axis is horizontal and y
the diameter is 6 ft, find the force on an end due to
the liquid.
𝑏 surface of fluid: y = 3
𝐹= ‫𝜌 𝑎׬‬ℎ𝑑𝐴 h
xL xR 3 ft
𝜌 = 42 lbs/ft3
x
ℎ =3−𝑦
𝑑𝐴 = 2 𝑥𝑅 − 𝑥𝐿 𝑑𝑦 = 2 𝑥𝐶 − 𝑥𝑂𝑌 𝑑𝑦
Center of circle: C(0, 3)
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 − 3 2 = 32
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 + 9 = 9
𝑥𝐶 = 6𝑦 − 𝑦 2
10
 1907

Force on Vertically Submerged Plate

2. A cylindrical tank is half-full of gasoline having
weight density of 42 lbs/ft3. If the axis is horizontal and y
the diameter is 6 ft, find the force on an end due to
the liquid.
𝑑𝐴 = 2 6𝑦 − 𝑦 2 − 0 𝑑𝑦 = 2 6𝑦 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 surface of fluid: y = 3
3 h
𝐹= ‫׬‬0 42 3−𝑦 2 6𝑦 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 xL xR 3 ft
3 x
𝐹= 42 ‫׬‬0 6𝑦 − 𝑦2 2 3 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
3ൗ
2 3
6𝑦−𝑦 2 3Τ Center of circle: C(0, 3)
𝐹 = 42 3Τ ቮ = 28 18 − 9 2 −0
2
0
𝐹 = 756 lbs

11
 1907

Force on Vertically Submerged Plate

3. The face of the gate of a dam is in the shape of y
an isosceles triangle 4m wide at the top and 3m surface of fluid: y = 18
high. If the upper edge of the face of the gate is
15m below the surface of the water, find the force
due to the water on the gate.
15 m h
𝑏
𝐹= ‫𝜌 𝑎׬‬ℎ𝑑𝐴
𝜌 = 9800 N/m3 4m (2, 3)

ℎ = 18 − 𝑦 xL xR
3m
𝑑𝐴 = 2 𝑥𝑅 − 𝑥𝐿 𝑑𝑦 = 2 𝑥𝐿 − 𝑥𝑂𝑌 𝑑𝑦
3−0 3 x
line: 𝑚 = 2−0
= 2

12
 1907

Force on Vertically Submerged Plate

3. The face of the gate of a dam is in the shape of y
an isosceles triangle 4m wide at the top and 3m surface of fluid: y = 18
high. If the upper edge of the face of the gate is
15m below the surface of the water, find the force
due to the water on the gate.
3 15 m h
𝑦−0= 𝑥−0
2
2
𝑥𝑅 = 𝑦
3 4m (2, 3)
2 4
𝑑𝐴 = 2 𝑦 − 0 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦𝑑𝑦 xL xR
3 3 3m
3 4
𝐹= ‫׬‬0 9800 18 − 𝑦 3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
39200 3 x
𝐹= ‫׬‬0
18𝑦 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
3
13
 1907

Force on Vertically Submerged Plate

3. The face of the gate of a dam is in the shape of y
an isosceles triangle 4m wide at the top and 3m surface of fluid: y = 18
high. If the upper edge of the face of the gate is
15m below the surface of the water, find the force
due to the water on the gate. 15 m h
39200 3
𝐹= ‫׬‬0 18𝑦 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
3
3 4m (2, 3)
39200 2 𝑦3
𝐹= 9𝑦 − ቮ xL xR
3 3 3m
0
39200 x
𝐹= 81 − 9 − 0 − 0 = 940,800 N
3

14
 1907

Work
𝑥=𝑏
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑥 𝑊= ‫𝐹 𝑎=𝑥׬‬ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
where where
𝑊 = work 𝐹 𝑥 = variable force
𝐹 = constant force 𝑑𝑥 = differential displacement
𝑥 = displacement

15
 1907

Work Done in Stretching/Compressing a Spring

Example:
1. A spring has a natural length of 14 ft. If a force of
500 lbs is required to keep the spring stretched by 2
ft. (a) How much work is done in stretching the
spring from its natural length to 18 ft? (b) How
much work is done in stretching the spring from 16
ft to 18 ft?
x
𝐹∝𝑥
Hooke's law: Within the elastic limit the force 𝐹 = 𝑘𝑥
needed to stretch or compress a spring is where
𝐹 = force
proportional to the amount of displacement from 𝑘 = spring constant
its natural length. 𝑥 = displacement
16
 1907

Work Done in Stretching/Compressing a Spring

Example:
1. A spring has a natural length of 14 ft. If a force of
500 lbs is required to keep the spring stretched by 2
ft. (a) How much work is done in stretching the
spring from its natural length to 18 ft? (b) How
much work is done in stretching the spring from 16
ft to 18 ft?
(a) 𝐹 = 500 lbs
𝑥 = 2 ft
𝐹 500
𝑘= = = 250 lbs/ft
𝑥 2

17
 1907

Work Done in Stretching/Compressing a Spring

Example:
1. A spring has a natural length of 14 ft. If a force of
500 lbs is required to keep the spring stretched by 2
ft. (a) How much work is done in stretching the
spring from its natural length to 18 ft? (b) How
much work is done in stretching the spring from 16
ft to 18 ft?
𝑥=𝑏 𝑥=𝑏
(a) 𝑊 = ‫𝑥𝑑𝑥𝑘 𝑎=𝑥׬ = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝐹 𝑎=𝑥׬‬
4
𝑊= ‫׬‬0 250𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 4
𝑊= 250 2 ቤ = 125 16 − 0 = 2000 ft − lbs
0

18
 1907

Work Done in Stretching/Compressing a Spring

Example:
1. A spring has a natural length of 14 ft. If a force of
500 lbs is required to keep the spring stretched by 2
ft. (a) How much work is done in stretching the
spring from its natural length to 18 ft? (b) How
much work is done in stretching the spring from 16
ft to 18 ft?
𝑥=𝑏 𝑥=𝑏
(b) 𝑊 = ‫𝑥𝑑𝑥𝑘 𝑎=𝑥׬ = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝐹 𝑎=𝑥׬‬
4
𝑊= ‫׬‬2 250𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 4
𝑊= 250 2 ቤ = 125 16 − 4 = 1500 ft − lbs
2

19
 1907

Work Done in Lifting a Leaking Bucket

Example:
1. A leaky 5-lb bucket is lifted from the ground into
the air by pulling in 20 ft of rope at a constant
speed. The rope weighs 0.08 lb/ft. The bucket
starts with 16 lb of water and leaks at a constant
rate. It finishes draining just as it reaches the top.
How much work was spent?
𝑥=𝑏
𝑊= ‫𝐹 𝑎=𝑥׬‬ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐹 = 𝑤bucket + 𝑤rope + 𝑤water
𝑤bucket = 5 lbs
𝑥 = length of rope that is pulled
20
 1907

Work Done in Lifting a Leaking Bucket

Example:
1. A leaky 5-lb bucket is lifted from the ground into
the air by pulling in 20 ft of rope at a constant
speed. The rope weighs 0.08 lb/ft. The bucket
starts with 16 lb of water and leaks at a constant
rate. It finishes draining just as it reaches the top.
How much work was spent?
𝑤rope = 0.08 20 − 0.08𝑥 = 1.6 − 0.08𝑥
16−0 4
rate of leaking water = = −5 lbs/ft
0−20
4
𝑤water = 16 − 5 𝑥
𝑥 = length of rope that is pulled
21
 1907

Work Done in Lifting a Leaking Bucket

Example:
1. A leaky 5-lb bucket is lifted from the ground into
the air by pulling in 20 ft of rope at a constant
speed. The rope weighs 0.08 lb/ft. The bucket
starts with 16 lb of water and leaks at a constant
rate. It finishes draining just as it reaches the top.
How much work was spent?
𝐹 = 𝑤bucket + 𝑤rope + 𝑤water
4
𝐹 = 5 + 1.6 − 0.08𝑥 + 16 − 𝑥
5
20
𝑊= ‫׬‬0 22.6 − 0.88𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 = length of rope that is pulled
22
 1907

Work Done in Lifting a Leaking Bucket

Example:
1. A leaky 5-lb bucket is lifted from the ground into
the air by pulling in 20 ft of rope at a constant
speed. The rope weighs 0.08 lb/ft. The bucket
starts with 16 lb of water and leaks at a constant
rate. It finishes draining just as it reaches the top.
How much work was spent?
20
𝑊= ‫׬‬0 22.6 − 0.88𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 20
𝑊 = 22.6𝑥 − 0.44𝑥 ቤ
0
𝑊 = 452 − 176 − 0 − 0 = 276 ft − lbs 𝑥 = length of rope that is pulled
23
 1907

Work Done in Pumping the Content of a Tank

y
Example:
1. A hemispherical tank of radius 4 meters is full of outlet: y = k
water. Find the work done in pumping all the
ℎ =𝑘−𝑦
content to a point 4 meters from the top of the
tank. surface
of fluid:
𝑦=𝑏 𝑦=𝑏
𝑊= ‫ 𝑎=𝑦׬‬ℎ𝑑𝐹
𝑥𝐿 𝑥𝑅
where
x
ℎ = displacement (distance of element from outlet) 𝑦=𝑎

𝑑𝐹 = differential force
= weight density * differential volume
24
 1907

Work Done in Pumping the Content of a Tank

y
Example:
1. A hemispherical tank of radius 4 meters is full of outlet: y = k
water. Find the work done in pumping all the
ℎ =𝑘−𝑦
content to a point 4 meters from the top of the
tank. surface
of fluid:
𝑑𝐹 = differential force 𝑦=𝑏
𝑥𝐿 𝑥𝑅
= weight density * differential volume
= 𝜌 ∗ 𝑑𝑉 𝑦=𝑎
x

𝜌 = 62.4 lbs/ft3 (for water)

𝜌 = 9800 N/m3 (for water)

25
 1907

Work Done in Pumping the Content of a Tank

y
Example:
1. A hemispherical tank of radius 4 meters is full of outlet: y = k
water. Find the work done in pumping all the
ℎ =𝑘−𝑦
content to a point 4 meters from the top of the
tank. surface
of fluid:
𝑑𝑉 = 𝜋 𝑥𝑅 − 𝑥𝐿 2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝜋𝑥𝑅 2 𝑑𝑦 (Disk Method) 𝑦=𝑏
𝑥𝐿 𝑥𝑅
𝑑𝐹 = 𝜌𝜋𝑥𝑅 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑦=𝑏
𝑊= ‫𝑎=𝑦׬‬ 𝑘 − 𝑦 𝜌𝜋𝑥𝑅 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑦=𝑎
x

26
 1907

Work Done in Pumping the Content of a Tank

y
Example:
1. A hemispherical tank of radius 4 meters is full of outlet: y = 8
water. Find the work done in pumping all the ℎ =8−𝑦
content to a point 4 meters from the top of the 4m
surface
tank. of fluid:
𝑦=𝑏 𝑦=4
𝑊= ‫𝑎=𝑦׬‬ 𝑘 − 𝑦 𝜌𝜋𝑥𝑅 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑥𝐿 𝑥𝑅
4m
ℎ =8−𝑦
x
𝜌 = 9800 N/m3 𝑦=0

Hemisphere: 𝑥 − ℎ 2 + 𝑦−𝑘 2 = 𝑟2
Center of hemisphere: C(0, 4)
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 − 4 2 = 42
27
 1907

Work Done in Pumping the Content of a Tank

y
Example:
1. A hemispherical tank of radius 4 meters is full of outlet: y = 8
water. Find the work done in pumping all the ℎ =8−𝑦
content to a point 4 meters from the top of the 4m
surface
tank. of fluid:
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 − 4 2 = 42 𝑦=4
𝑥𝐿 𝑥𝑅
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 + 16 = 16 4m

𝑥 2 = 8𝑦 − 𝑦 2 𝑦=0
x
4
𝑊= ‫׬‬0 8 − 𝑦 9800𝜋 8𝑦 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
4 Center of hemisphere: C(0, 4)
𝑊= 9800𝜋 ‫׬‬0 64𝑦 − 8𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 2 + 𝑦3 𝑑𝑦
28
 1907

Work Done in Pumping the Content of a Tank

y
Example:
1. A hemispherical tank of radius 4 meters is full of outlet: y = 8
water. Find the work done in pumping all the ℎ =8−𝑦
content to a point 4 meters from the top of the 4m
surface
tank. of fluid:
4 𝑦=4
𝑊= 9800𝜋 ‫׬‬0 64𝑦 − 16𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦
𝑥𝐿 𝑥𝑅
4m
𝑦3 𝑦4 4
𝑊 = 9800𝜋 32𝑦 2 − 16 + ቤ x
3 4 0 𝑦=0
1024
𝑊 = 9800𝜋 512 − + 64 − 0 − 0 + 0
3 Center of hemisphere: C(0, 4)
𝑊 = 2299733.33𝜋 J (joules)
29
 1907

Summary
𝑏
• Fluid force on vertically submerged object: 𝐹 = ‫𝜌 𝑎׬‬ℎ𝑑𝐴

𝑥=𝑏
• Work: 𝑊 = ‫𝐹 𝑎=𝑥׬‬ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑥=𝑏
• Work done in stretching or compressing a spring: 𝑊 = ‫𝑥𝑑𝑥𝑘 𝑎=𝑥׬‬

• Work done in transferring fluid from lower level to higher level:

𝑦=𝑏
𝑊= ‫𝑎=𝑦׬‬ 𝑘 − 𝑦 𝜌𝜋𝑥𝑅 2 𝑑𝑦

30
 1907

Practice Exercises: Fluid Force

1. The face of a vertical dam has the shape of an isosceles trapezoid of altitude 16 ft with
upper base of 42 ft and lower base of 30 ft. Find the total force exerted by the water on the
dam when the water is 12 ft deep. (148262.4 lbs)

2. A trough has congruent triangular ends of top base 4 ft and height at the center of 1 ft. If
the trough is filled with liquid of density, 𝜌, what force does the liquid exert on an end of the
2
trough? (3 𝜌 lbs)

3. A vertical plate is in the shape of a parabola 2 ft wide at the top and depth at the center is
4 ft. If this is submerged in oil of 𝜌 = 60 lbs/ft3, find the force of the liquid on this plate if the
liquid level is 4 ft from the top of the plate. (1792 lbs)

31
 1907

Practice Exercises: Work

1. It takes twice as much work to stretch a spring from 9 to 10 inches as it does to stretch it
from 8 to 9 inches. Find the natural length of the spring. (7.5 inches)

2. A cable weighing 3 lbs/ft and 50 ft long is hanging over the edge of a cliff with a weight of
800 lbs at its end. Find the work done in drawing up the weight to the top of the cliff. (43750
ft-lbs)

3. A conical tank of top radius 4 ft and height 4 ft is filled with oil of weight density equal to
64
𝜌. Find the work needed to pump the oil out of the top of the tank. ( 𝜋𝜌 ft-lbs)
3

32
 1907

THOMASIAN CODE OF HONOR

I am a Thomasian. On my honor, I shall strive always to uphold truth
and justice, to make conduct accord with the highest ideals of the
University as a Catholic and Dominican institution.
I shall be honest. I shall not lie, I shall not cheat, I shall not steal. Nor
shall I tolerate the acts of those who do. I shall be true to the
Thomasian values of competence, commitment and compassion.
My goal is nothing less than to incarnate the truth of Christ in my life.
These I profess in faith, I hold firm in hope, I bear witness to in love, by
God’s unending grace.

33