Engr. Harf J.

Miranda
Recall:

y-axis
y = f(x) 𝑏
𝐴 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝐴

Area by
approximation
x-axis
x=a
x=b
Recall:

x2 – x1
y-axis
x2 y = f(x) 𝑏
x1 𝐴 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝐴

x-axis
x=a
x=b
Notice what happens if the width of
rectangles becomes smaller

y-axis
y = f(x)

x-axis
x=a
x=b
Notice what happens if the width of
rectangles becomes smaller

y-axis
y = f(x)

x-axis
x=a
x=b
Notice what happens if the width of
rectangles becomes smaller
✓ More rectangles are needed to
y-axis cover the area
y = f(x)
✓ The approximation becomes
more accurate
This suggests that in order to get the
exact area, the width must be as
small as possible

x-axis
x=a
x=b
 A very small difference
x2 - x1 ≈ 0 ∴x2 - x1 = dx is defined as differential

y-axis Thus, the rectangular

x2 y = f(x) element/strip has
x1 dimensions y and dx

The area may be

represented by ydx
y

x-axis
x=a
𝒅𝑨 = 𝒚𝒅𝒙
x=b
The total area of the region is equal to the summation of these small areas.

𝑏
𝐴 = න 𝑑𝐴
y-axis 𝑎
y = f(x) 𝑏
𝐴 = න 𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝑏
𝐴 = න 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎

x-axis
x=a
x=b
For regions bounded by multiple curves:
𝑑𝐴 = 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑑𝑥
y-axis 𝑑𝑥

𝐴 = න 𝑑𝐴 = න 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑑𝑥
𝑦1 = 𝑓 𝑥1
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑦2 = 𝑓 𝑥2
𝑦2 𝑏
𝐴 = න 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝑦1
𝑏
x-axis 𝐴 = න 𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝑥=𝑎
𝑥=𝑏
For regions bounded by multiple curves:
𝑦2 = 𝑓 𝑥2
y-axis
𝑦1 = 𝑓 𝑥1

Different/inconsistent
upper-bound curve

x-axis
 For regions bounded by multiple curves:
𝑦2 = 𝑓 𝑥2 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑑𝑦
y-axis
𝑦1 = 𝑓 𝑥1
𝐴 = න 𝑑𝐴 = න 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑑𝑦
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑑𝑦

𝑦=𝑏 𝑏
𝐴 = න 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑑𝑦
𝑎

𝑦=𝑎 𝑏
x-axis 𝐴 = න 𝑥𝑅 − 𝑥𝐿 𝑑𝑦
𝑥1 𝑎

𝑥2
Calculate the area between 𝑓 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 , where:
𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑔 𝑥 =𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2
The graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 is a parabola and
may be written as:
𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2
2
9 9
𝑥 − 3𝑥 + = −𝑦 +
4 4
2
3 9
𝑥− =− 𝑦−
2 4
Thus, the parabola has vertical axis, opening
3 9
downwards with vertex 𝑉 ,
2 4
Calculate the area between 𝑓 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 , where:
𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑔 𝑥 =𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2
The graph of 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 is a line passing thru the
origin.
𝑔 𝑥 =𝑥
Next, calculate the point of intersection of the
parabola and line.
Their points of intersection will represent the
boundary of the plane region they enclosed.
Calculate the area between 𝑓 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 , where:
𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑔 𝑥 =𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2

𝑔 𝑥 =𝑥
Note that the coordinates of the points of
intersection are the algebraic solutions of
the simultaneous equations of the curves.

𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑦=𝑥
3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑥
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = 0 → 𝑥 = 0, 2
𝑥=0 𝑥=2
Calculate the area between 𝑓 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 , where: The area may be represented as:
𝑏
𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑔 𝑥 =𝑥
𝐴 = න 𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
The upper curve is 𝑦𝑈 = 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 and the lower
𝑑𝑥 curve is 𝑦𝐿 = 𝑥.
𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 The limits are from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 2.

2 2
𝐴 = න 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0 2 0
3 3 3
𝑥 2 0
𝐴 = 𝑥 2 − ቉ = (22 − ) − (02 − )
3 3 3
0
𝐴 = 4/3
 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑦 = 2.618

Calculate the area bounded by the curve 𝑥𝑅 − 𝑥𝐿

𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0
𝑥−𝑦+1
Similar to previous example, graph
the curves and determine their
point of intersections 𝑑𝑦

𝑥−𝑦+1=0→𝑥 =𝑦−1
𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 = 𝑥 → 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 = 𝑦 − 1
𝑦 2 − 3𝑦 + 1 = 0 𝑦 = 0.382
3+ 5
𝑦= ≈ 2.618
2
3− 5
𝑦= ≈ 0.382
2
 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑦 = 2.618

Calculate the area bounded by the curve 𝑥𝑅 − 𝑥𝐿

𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0
𝑥−𝑦+1
The area may be represented as:
𝑏
𝐴 = න 𝑥𝑅 − 𝑥𝐿 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑎
The right curve is 𝑥𝑅 = 𝑦 − 1 and the
left curve is 𝑥𝐿 = 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦.
𝑦 = 0.382
The limits are from 𝑦 = 0.382 to
𝑦 = 2.618
2.618
𝐴=න [𝑦 − 1 − (𝑦 2 −2𝑦)]𝑑𝑦
0.382
2.618 2.618
2 𝑦 3 3𝑦 2
𝐴=න (−𝑦 + 3𝑦 − 1)𝑑𝑦 = − + − 𝑦቉
0.382 3 2 0.382
Calculate the area bounded by the curve
𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0
2.618
𝑦 3 3𝑦 2
=− + − 𝑦቉
3 2 0.382

2.6183 3 2.618 2
0.3823 3 0.382 2
=− + − 2.618 − − + − 0.382
3 2 3 2
= 1.863
Imagine if the region bounded by y = f(x), x = a and x = b is to be rotated about
the x-axis.

y-axis
y = f(x)

x-axis
x=a

x=b
Imagine if the region bounded by y = f(x), x = a and x = b is to be rotated about
the x-axis.
The resulting solid is called the solid of revolution.
y-axis
y = f(x)

x-axis
x=a

x=b
 To calculate the volume of the solid, we will subdivide/slice the solid into “very
thin” shapes.
Consider one “very thin” slice perpendicular to the axis of rotation.
y-axis
𝑑𝑥 y = f(x)

x-axis
x=a

x=b
 The “very thin” slice is in the shape of a thin cylinder or disc.
Recall the volume of a From the considered
cylinder: slice:
y-axis h ℎ = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 y = f(x) 𝑟=𝑦

r Thus, 𝑑𝑉 = 𝜋𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥

y The total volume can

now be calculated by
x-axis summing up these
discs:
x=a 𝑏
𝑽 = 𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝒉 𝑉 = න 𝜋𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
This is called DISC METHOD
x=b
The shape of the strip may also be realized by considering a rectangular element
and visualizing what solid will form once rotated

y-axis
𝑑𝑥 y = f(x)

x-axis
x=a

x=b
 Consider the region bounded by the two function is to be rotated about x-axis
Recall the volume From the considered
y1 = g(x1) of washer: slice:
y-axis ℎ = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 y2 = f(x2) 𝑟1 = 𝑦1 ; 𝑟2 = 𝑦2
r2
Thus, 𝑑𝑉 = 𝜋(𝑦22 − 𝑦12 )𝑑𝑥
r1

y2 The total volume can

now be calculated by
y1 x-axis summing up these
washers:
x=a h 𝑏

𝑽=𝝅 𝒓𝟐𝟐 − 𝒓𝟐𝟏 𝒉

𝑉 = න 𝜋(𝑦22 − 𝑦12 )𝑑𝑥
𝑎

x=b This is called WASHER METHOD

Consider the region bounded by the two function is to be rotated about y-axis
Recall the volume From the considered
y1 = g(x1) of cylindrical shell: shell:
y-axis 𝑡 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 y2 = f(x2) R ℎ = 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
t 𝑅=𝑥
Thus,
h 𝑑𝑉 = 2𝜋𝑥(𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )𝑑𝑥
y2 The total volume can now
y1 be calculated by
x-axis summing up these shells:
𝑏
x=a
𝑽 = 𝟐𝝅𝑹𝒉𝒕 𝑉 = න 2𝜋𝑥(𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )𝑑𝑥
x 𝑎

x=b This is called SHELL METHOD

Summary:
▪ Recognize and draw the curve(s).
▪ Choose the orientation of the rectangular element and visualize the solid of
revolution formed.
▪ Apply the relevant volume formula and define each parameter from the graph.
▪ Define the limits of integration (i.e. given boundaries and/or points of intersection)
▪ Apply integration to evaluate the total volume.
Calculate the volume of solid obtained by rotating the region bounded
by 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 − 1, x-axis and 𝑥 = 5 about x-axis.

Graph the given curves and 𝑦 =2 𝑥−1

determine the region described.
𝑑𝑥
Choose a rectangular element.
Visualize the type of solid of 𝑥=5
revolution formed.
𝑦
Define the dimensions.
The solid formed is a disc, so disc
method will apply.
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ → 𝑑𝑉 = 𝜋𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥=1

The limits of integral is from x = 1

to x = 5. 𝑥=5
Calculate the volume of solid obtained by rotating the region bounded
by 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 − 1, x-axis and 𝑥 = 5 about x-axis.
5
𝑉 = න 𝜋𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 =2 𝑥−1
15
2
𝑉 = න 𝜋 2 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
15

𝑉 = න 4𝜋(𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 𝑥=5

1 5
𝑦
𝑉 = 4𝜋 න (𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥
1 5
𝑥2
𝑉 = 4𝜋 −𝑥
2 1 𝑥=1
52 12
𝑉 = 4𝜋 −5 − −1
2 2
𝑉 = 32𝜋 𝑥=5
Determine the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region bounded by 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 − 1,
x-axis and 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1 about y-axis.

Graph the given curves and determine the 𝑦 =2 𝑥−1

region described.
𝑥2
Choose a rectangular element.
𝑥1
Visualize the type of solid of revolution
formed. 𝑦=𝑥−1
Define the dimensions. 𝑑𝑦
The solid formed is a washer, so washer
method will apply.
𝑉 = 𝜋 𝑟22 − 𝑟12 ℎ → 𝑑𝑉 = 𝜋 𝑥22 − 𝑥12 𝑑𝑦
Since the integral is with respect to y, limits
will be in terms of y.
Determine the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region bounded by 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 − 1,
x-axis and 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1 about y-axis.

The limits will be defined by the y- 𝑦=4 𝑦 =2 𝑥−1

coordinate of the points of intersection of
the curves. 𝑥2
𝑦 = 2 𝑥 − 1; 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1 𝑥1
𝑥−1=2 𝑥−1
𝑥 − 1 2 = 4(𝑥 − 1) 𝑦=𝑥−1
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 = 4𝑥 − 4
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 5 = 0 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 = 1, 5 𝑦=0
Solve for the y values:
𝑥 = 1: 𝑦 = 1 − 1 → 𝑦 = 0
𝑥 = 5: 𝑦 = 5 − 1 → 𝑦 = 4
Determine the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region bounded by 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 − 1,
x-axis and 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1 about y-axis.

4 𝑦=4 𝑦 =2 𝑥−1
𝑉=න 𝜋 𝑥22 − 𝑥12 𝑑𝑦
0 𝑥2
𝑦2
𝑥1 : 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 − 1 → 𝑥1 = +1 𝑥1
4
𝑥2 : 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1 → 𝑥2 = 𝑦 + 1
4 2 2
𝑦 𝑦=𝑥−1
𝑉 =න 𝜋 𝑦+1 2− +1 𝑑𝑦
0 4 𝑑𝑦
Expand the integrand and integrate: 𝑦=0
4
𝑦5 𝑦3
𝑉=𝜋 − + + 𝑦2
80 6 0
208
𝑉= 𝜋
15
Determine the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region bounded by 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 − 1,
x-axis and 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1 about x-axis.
𝑦 =2 𝑥−1
Graph the given curves and determine the 𝑥2
region described.
𝑥1
Choose a rectangular element.
Visualize the type of solid of revolution 𝑦=𝑥−1
formed. 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Define the dimensions.
The solid formed is a cylindrical shell, so
shell method will apply.
𝑉 = 2𝜋𝑅ℎ𝑡 → 𝑑𝑉 = 2𝜋𝑦(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )𝑑𝑦
Since the integral is with respect to y, limits
will be in terms of y.
Determine the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region bounded by 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 − 1,
x-axis and 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1 about x-axis.
𝑦=4 𝑦 =2 𝑥−1
The limits will be defined by the y- 𝑥2
coordinate of the points of intersection of
the curves. 𝑥1
𝑦 = 2 𝑥 − 1; 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1
𝑥−1=2 𝑥−1 𝑦=𝑥−1
𝑥 − 1 2 = 4(𝑥 − 1) 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2
𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1 = 4𝑥 − 4
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 5 = 0 𝑦=0
𝑥 = 1, 5
Solve for the y values:
𝑥 = 1: 𝑦 = 1 − 1 → 𝑦 = 0
𝑥 = 5: 𝑦 = 5 − 1 → 𝑦 = 4
Determine the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region bounded by 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 − 1,
x-axis and 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1 about x-axis.
𝑦=4 𝑦 =2 𝑥−1
4
𝑉 = න 2𝜋𝑦 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑑𝑦 𝑥2
0
𝑥1
From the equations:
𝑦2
𝑦 = 2 𝑥 − 1 → 𝑥1 = +1 𝑦=𝑥−1
4
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1 → 𝑥2 = 𝑦 + 1 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
4
𝑦2
𝑉 = න 2𝜋𝑦 𝑦 + 1 − +1 𝑑𝑦 𝑦=0
0 4
Expand the integrand and integrate:
4
2𝑦 3 𝑦 4
𝑉=𝜋 −
3 8 0
32
𝑉= 𝜋
3