144

A Strong Partner for Sustainable Development

Module
In
Math 110B

CALCULUS 1

College of Engineering and Technology

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Lesson No. 3

Solid Mensuration

1st Semester AY 2020-2021

Jose L. Zumarraga
Instructor I
Joriz U. Cardejon
Assistant Professor II
Jessa C. Austria
Instructor I
Fairy Jean C. Vergara
Instructor I

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Table of Contents

Content Page
Cover Page 1
Title Page 2
Table of Contents 3
Instruction to the User 4
Introduction 147
Overview 147
Learning Outcomes 147
Lesson 1 (College Algebra)
Lesson 2 (Trigonometry)
Lesson 3 (Solid Mensuration)
Pretest 148
Activity 1 198
Activity 2 199
Posttest 200
Lesson 4 (Analytic Geometry)
Lesson 5 (Differential Calculus)
References 201
Student’s Information
Back Cover (Vision, Mission, Core Values)

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INTRODUCTION

This material will be your mode of instruction for the rest of the semester amidst this Covid-
19 pandemic. It consists of pre-test, lesson proper, activities and post-test to ensure that you can
really learn something at the end.
This module discusses the very root of algebra. It includes operations in algebraic
expressions that is required to be learned and prepares you to the next higher level of mathematics
and professional courses as well. Your cooperation is very much needed through reading and
solving problem practices that will give you the success of learning process.

OVERVIEW

This module will be the third part of bridging program prior to Calculus 1 proper which is
defined as Differential Calculus. It will serve as a review to students and will deal on the
prerequisite subject which is Solid Mensuration.

A. Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to

1. solve word problems related on mensuration of plane figures,
2. solve word problems related on solids for which V = bh,
3. solve word problem involving rectangular parallelepiped,
4. solve word problems involving prisms,
5. solve word problems related to circular cylinders,
6. solve word problems involving pyramid,
7. solve word problems involving circular cone,
8. solve word problems related to frustum,
9. solve word problems involving spheres,

B. Time allotment: 3 weeks (December 1 to 18)

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Pre-test 3
This is not a test as basis for your grade, failing the test is alright. No time limits. This will also serve
as a review. Try your best to answer the items below.
Instructions:
 Write your answers and solution on your personal notebook.
 To get full points, your solutions must be concise and properly presented.
 Final answers should be boxed.
 Work independently

1. How many sides does a triangle have? (1 point)

a. c. ⁄
b. d. ⁄
2. How many sides does a hexagon have? (1 point)
a.
b.
c.
d. ⁄
3. How many faces does a cube have? (1 point)
a.
b.
c.
d. ⁄
4. Determine the diagonal length of a square with side of 1. (1 point)
a. √
b. √
c. √
d. √
5. Determine the diameter of a circle with radius of . (1 point)
a.
b.
c.
d. ⁄
6. Determine the area of an equilateral triangle with side equal to 4. (2 points)
a. √
b. √
c. √
d. √
7. Determine the volume of a cube with side equal to 2. (2 points)
a.
b.
c. √
d. √

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C. Discussion
1. Plane figures
It is frequently necessary to pass a plane though a solid to form a plane section, find the area of this
section, and multiply it by the length of a line. Thus it is important for the student to be thoroughly familiar
with the mensuration of the standard plane figures.
Square
( )

Rectangle
( )( )

Right triangle

( )( )

Oblique triangle

( )( ) h c

√ ( )( )( ) where ( )

Parallelogram (opposite sides parallel)

( )( )

Trapezoid (one pair of opposite sides parallel)

( )( )

( )

Circle

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( ) ( )

( ) ( )

Sector of circle

( )( )

Segment of circle

( ) ( ) ( )

Ellipse

Parabolic segment

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1.1 Area by approximation

The area of any irregular plane figure can be found approximately by dividing it into
an even number of strips or panels by a series of equidistant parallel chords , , , . . . .
The common distance between the chords being .
Figure

The required area is then given by the following formula

( )

The larger the value of the greater is the accuracy of approximation.

Similar figures.
Similar polygons are polygons that have their homologous angles equal and their
homologous sides proportional.
In general, corresponding lines of similar figures are in the same ratio. Similar
polygons have the same ratio as the squares of any two corresponding lines.
Example
The section of a certain solid is bounded by two concentric circles whose radii are
and . Find the area of this section.
Figure

Solution
Let and denote the area of the larger and smaller circles, respectively. Using the
formula for the area of circle , we have
( )
( )

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Since the required area of the section is the difference between these two areas, we
write
( ) ( ) ( )

Example
The section of a certain solid consists of a semicircle, a rectangle, and a triangle as
shown. The altitude of the rectangle is three times the radius of the semicircle, the altitude of
the triangle is twice the same radius, and the area of the triangle is 20 sq.ft. Find the area of
the section
Figure

Solution
Let , , and denote the areas of the triangle, rectangle, and msemicircle,
respectively. Using the formula needed in terms of .

( )( )

( )( )

Since the area of the section is the sum of these areas, we get

( )

The area of the triangle is

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and

( ) ( )( )

Example
A city block is in the form of a parallelogram whose shorter diagonal is
perpendicular to side . The shorter sides represent streets and the longer sides represent
avenues. If the distance between the avenues is 400 ft, and the length of each street is 500 ft.,
find the area of the block.
Figure

Avenue

Street

Solution
From drop the perpendicular line to line . Since by construction is the
distance between the avenues,

Applying the Pythagorean theorem to the right triangle , we obtain

√( ) ( )

Since the sides of angle are respectively perpendicular to the sides of angle ,
. Hence right triangles and are similar. We write

⁄ ⁄

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Considering as base and as altitude of the parallelogram, we have for its area
( )( ) ( )( )

( )( ⁄ )

1.2 Solids for which

A solid is any limited portion of space, bounded by surfaces.
A section of a solid is the plane figure cut from the solid by passing a plane through it.
A polyhedron is a solid bounded by planes.
The edges of a polyhedron are the intersection of the bounding planes.
The faces are the portion of the bounding planes included by the edges. The faces are
polygons
The vertices are the intersections of the edges.

2. Cube
Definition
A cube is a polyhedron whose six faces are all squares.

Properties
1. The three dimensions of a cube are equal to each other. Therefore, all edges are
equal.
2. All the faces of a cube are congruent squares.

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Formulas
Surface analysis
Each of the six faces of a cube is a square of edge . Since the area of one face
is , the total area of the cube is .
( )

Volume analysis
The volume of a solid is the number of times it contains a given solid which is
chosen arbitrarily as the unit of volume. A cube whose edge is a linear unit, as one
inch or one foot, will be taken as the unit of volume. We shall assume that the volume
of a cube is the product of its three dimensions. Hence the volume of a cube of edge
is .
( )

Example
A glass factory has an order for 1000 glass paper weights. Each is to be in the form of
a cube. If this order requires 8000 cu.in. of glass, what is the surface area of one of the paper
weights?
Solution
Let be the volume of one of the cubes. Then
or
But in terms of an edge

Whence the surface area is

( ) ( )

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Example
A cube of edge is cut by a plane containing two diagonally opposite edges of the
cube. Find the area of the section thus formed.
Figure

Solution
Through the cube pass a plane containing edges and , forming the section
shown in the figure. Consider as base of and as altitude. Applying the
Pythagorean theorem to right triangle , we have

√ √
The area of rectangle is

( )( ) ( √ )( ) √

2.1 Rectangular parallelepiped

Definition
A rectangular parallelepiped is a polyhedron whose six faces are all rectangles.

Properties
1. The parallel edges of a rectangular parallelepiped are equal

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2. The opposite lateral faces of a rectangular parallelepiped are equal and parallel.
3. Any two opposite faces of a rectangular parallelepiped may be taken as the bases.
4. Every section of a rectangular parallelepiped made by a plane parallel to the base
is equal in area to that of the base.
Formulas
Surface analysis
The total area of a rectangular parallelepiped is equal to the sum of the areas of
faces.

( )
Volume analysis
The volume of a rectangular parallelepiped is the product of its three
dimensions, or the product of its base and its altitude.
( )( )

Example
A storage room has a rectangular floor by . The walls are vertical and
high. If there are no windows, find the total area of the ceiling, walls and floor. Also find the
storage space of the room.
Figure

storage
room

Solution
The space occupied by the room is a rectangular parallelepiped as shown.
The total surface of parallelepiped is found by using the formula
( )

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Taking , , and
[( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )]

The storage space of the room is the volume of the parallelepiped.

The volume of a parallelepiped is found by using the formula
with and
( )( )( )

Example
Given a rectangular parallelepiped with base by and altitude . Find the area of a
section which contains two diagonally opposite edges of the parallelepiped.
Figure

Solution
Through the given parallelepiped pass a plane containing the two diagonally opposite
edges and , forming the section shown. This section is a rectangle of base
and altitude . Since is the hypotenuse of right triangle , we apply the
Pythagorean theorem to this triangle and find the length of to be

√
The area of rectangle is
( )( )

Substituting and √

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Before the next shape is taken, an important theorem will first be discussed, as later,
we shall see that this theorem is the basis of the analyses of the volumes of most of the solids.

Cavalieri’s Theorem
If in two solids of equal altitude the sections made by planes parallel to and at
the same distance from their respective bases are always equal, the volumes of the
solids are equal.

Consider the two solids of equal altitude shown. Let and denote corresponding
sections which are parallel to and the same variable distance from their respective bases. If
the volume of the two solids are equal.

Volume Theorem
If the bases of a solid are equal in area and lie in parallel planes and every
section of the solid parallel to the base is equal in area to that of the base, the volume
of the solid is the product of its base and altitude.

Analysis
Consider the solid shown. Let the bases of this solid lie in parallel planes,
and every section parallel to the base be equal in area to the area of the base.

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Construct the rectangular parallelepiped with a base and altitude

respectively equal to the base and altitude of the given solid. Place this solids so that
their lower bases lie in the same plane. Pass a plane parallel to and distant from the
lower bases of the solids cutting the given solid in section and the parallelepiped in
section . Denote the altitude of each solid by , the base of the given solid by , and
the base of the parallelepiped by .
In solid we are given
By property
By construction
Therefore
Since the altitude of each solid is and since , it follows from
Cavalieri’s theorem that the volume of solid equals the volume of the
parallelepiped. But the volume of the parallelepiped is . Therefore the
volume of the solid is .

2.3 Prism
Definition
A prism is a polyhedron of which two faces are equal polygons in parallel planes, and
the other faces are parallelograms.

Properties
1. The bases are the equal polygons; the lateral area is the sum of the areas of the
remaining faces.
2. The intersections of the lateral faces are called the lateral edges. These lateral
edges are equal and parallel.
3. The sections of a prism made by parallel planes cutting all the lateral edges are
equal and parallel

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4. The altitude of a prism is the perpendicular distance between the planes of its
bases.
5. A right section of a prism is a section perpendicular to the lateral edges.
6. A right prism is a prism whose lateral edges are perpendicular to its bases; its
lateral faces are rectangle.
Formulas
Surface analysis
The lateral area of a prism is equal to the product of a lateral edge and the
perimeter of the right section.
( )( )

Volume analysis
The volume of prism is equal either to the product of a base and the altitude,
or to the product of a right section and a lateral edge
( )( )

( )( )

Example
A masonry dam high has a uniform vertical cross section as shown. The dam is
long and its material weighs ⁄ . Find the weight of the dam.

Figure
Altitude for prism

Bases for prism

(trapezoid)

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Solution
The dam is in the form of a prism (actually a right prism) of altitude with
trapezoidal bases. The area of one base is the area of a trapezoid whose bases are and
and whose altitude is . Hence base area is

( )( )

The volume of the prism is

( )( )

Since the masonry weighs ⁄ , the weight of the dam is

( )( )

2.4 Cylinder
Definition
A cylindrical surface is a surface generated by a moving straight line (generator)
which is always parallel to a fixed line, and which always intersects a fixed plane curve
(directrix) not in the plane with the fixed line.
Generator Directrix Generator Directrix
Element

Cylindrical surface Closed cylindrical

surface

Properties
1. The bounding cylindrical surface of a cylinder is called the lateral surface, and the
two bounding parallel planes are called the bases.
2. The bases of a cylinder are equal.
3. The altitude of a cylinder is the perpendicular distance between the bases.
4. The sections of a cylinder made by two parallel planes, neither of which cuts a
base and both of which cut an element, are congruent.
5. Every section of a cylinder parallel to the base has an area equal to that of the base.
6. The section of a cylinder which contains an element of the cylinder and a point of
the cylindrical surface not in this element is a parallelogram. This section contains
the element through the given point.
7. The elements of a cylinder are equal.

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8. A right section of a cylinder is a section perpendicular to all elements of the

cylinder.
9. If the bases of a prism are inscribed in the bases of a cylinder, and the lateral edges
of the prism are elements of the cylinder, the prism is said to be inscribed in the
cylinder.
10. If the bases of a prism are circumscribed about the bases of a cylinder, and the
lateral edges are parallel to the elements of the cylinder, the prism is said to be
circumscribed about the cylinder.

Formulas
Surface analysis
The lateral area of a cylinder is equal to the product of a lateral edge and the
perimeter of the right section.
( )( )

Volume analysis
The volume of cylinder is equal either to the product of a base and the altitude,
or to the product of a right section and a lateral edge
( )( )

( )( )

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Example
A vertical stone column high has an elliptical base with the longer axis twice
the shorter. If the weight of the column is , and if the stone weighs ⁄ ,
find the area of the largest axial section of the column.

Solution
We first find the area of the elliptical base by means of the formula for an ellipse
, where and are the dimensions shown taking note that ⁄ .

( )( ⁄ ) ⁄ , ⁄ base for volume of cylinder

Substituting ⁄ and in the formula of a cylinder

( ⁄ )( )

But the volume of the column is also equal to the weight of the column divided by the
weight of the stone per cubic foot.

Therefore

⁄ ( ⁄ )( )

We obtain

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( )( )
√ ( )( )

Through the axis of the cylinder pass a plane containing the larger axis of the elliptical
base to form the axial section shown. This section is a rectangle of base and altitude
12.5

Its area is
( )( ) ( )( )( )

Circular cylinder
Definition
A circular cylinder is a cylinder which has a circular right section.

Right section
is a circle Lateral surface (unrolled)
Formulas
Surface analysis

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The lateral area of a cylinder is equal to the product of the perimeter of a right
section and an element.
( )( )

Volume analysis
The volume of cylinder is equal to the product of either a right section and an
element or the base and the altitude.
( )( )

( )( )

Example
A pole in the form of a circular cylinder of altitude and diameter of right section
has a base whose largest dimension is . If the pole rolls until it has covered an
area of level ground, equal to that of one acre, how many revolutions will it make?
Figure

Right section Altitude

Base
Solution
Through the axis of the cylinder pass a plane containing , the longer dimension of
the upper base. In this plane drop perpendicular to produced and drop perpendicular

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to . Since the sides angles and are respectively parallel,

. Whence right triangles and are similar.

Base
Therefore

⁄ ⁄ , ⁄ ⁄

The right section of the cylinder is a circle of diameter . Hence its perimeter is
( ). With , the lateral area is
( )( )

This is the lateral surface of the pole and hence is the area of level ground covered in
one revolution. T find the number of revolutions , made when the pole rolls over an acre
( ), we write

( ) , ⁄

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Right circular cylinder

Definition
A right circular cylinder is a circular cylinder whose elements are perpendicular to its
base

3. Solids for which V = 1/3Bh

3.1 Pyramid
Definition
A pyramid is a polyhedron of which one face, called the base, is a polygon of any
number of sides and the other faces are triangles which have common vertex.

Properties
1. The triangular faces are called the lateral faces.
2. The altitude of a pyramid is the length of the perpendicular dropped from the
vertex to the plane of the base.
3. If the pyramid is cut by a plane parallel to the base, the lateral edges and the
altitude are divided proportionally; the section is a polygon similar to the base; and
the areas of two such sections are to each other as the squares of their distances
from the vertex. The base itself may be considered one of the sections in question.
In symbol we write ⁄ ⁄

4. If two pyramids have equal bases and equal altitudes, by property 3, we can show
that the area of the section of one pyramid parallel to the base is equal to the area
of the corresponding section of the other. Hence in accordance with Cavalieri’s
theorem the two pyramids are equivalent.

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Formulas
Surface analysis
The lateral area of a pyramid is equal to the sum of the areas of the lateral faces
of the pyramid.

Volume analysis
The volume of any pyramid is equal to one-third the product of the base and
the altitude

⁄ ( )( )

Example
The pyramidal slice of earth shown in the figure was removed from a railway
embankment. Find the volume of the earth removed.
Figure

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Solution
If we consider triangle as base of the slice, is the altitude. From an end view
of the base (see figure 1) we see that and are the legs of a right triangle whose
hypotenuse is .
Figure 1

Hence

⁄
√
Since and are the legs of a - right triangle and

⁄ , we have
√

√ (√ ) ( ⁄ )
√
But

(√ ) ( ⁄ ) ⁄ ,
√ √
Considering as the base and as the altitude of triangle , we find its area to
be

⁄ ( )( ) ⁄ [(√ ) ( ⁄ ) ⁄ ] ⁄
√ √ √
Substituting and in the formula ⁄

⁄ ( )( )

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Regular Pyramid
Definition
A regular pyramid is one whose base is a regular polygon whose center coincides with
the foot of the perpendicular dropped from the vertex to the base
Note: Basically the solution is same as the pyramid.
Similar figures
Definition
Similar polyhedrons are polyhedrons that have the same number of faces, respectively
similar and similarly placed, and have their corresponding polyhedral angles equal.
Corresponding lines of similar figures are proportional.
Formulas
Surface analysis
The areas of similar plane figures or similar surfaces ( ) have the same ratio
as the squares of any two corresponding lines ( ).

⁄ ⁄

Volume analysis
The volume of similar solids ( ) have the same ratio as the cubes of any two
corresponding lines ( )

⁄ ⁄

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Example
A pyramid of altitude and base is divided into three parts by two planes passed
parallel to the base. If these planes are distance ⁄ and ⁄ , respectively, from the vertex,
find the ratio of the volume of the middle part to the volume of the largest part.
Figure

⁄
⁄

Solution
The sections of the pyramid formed by the planes are denoted by and in the
figure. Consider the three pyramids , and . Denote their volumes by ,
and , respectively. From the construction we observe that these pyramids are similar.
Therefore

⁄ ⁄

Substitute , , ⁄ , ⁄

( ⁄ )
⁄ ⁄ ⁄ equation (a)
( ⁄ )

And substitute , , ⁄ ,

( ⁄ )⁄
⁄ ⁄ equation (b)

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In terms of the symbols denoting the volumes of the three pyramids, the required ratio
is

(c)

From equations (a) and (b) we obtain

and
Substitute these values of and in (c)

3.2 Cone
We first define an important surface which will be the lateral surface of solid cone.
Conical surface
A conical surface is a surface generated by a moving straight line called the generator
which always intersects a fixed plane curve called directrix and which always passes through
a fixed point called vertex which is not in the plane of the curve
Directrix

Vertex
Generator

Properties
1. An element of a conical surface is the generator in any particular position.
2. Any line, not an element, tangent to any curve on a conical surface is tangent to
the surface
3. A plane is tangent to a conical surface if it contains an element of the conical
surface and a line tangent to the surface.
Cone
Definition
A cone is a solid bounded by a conical surface (lateral surface) whose directrix is
closed curve, and a plane (base) which cuts all the elements.

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Properties
1. The altitude of a cone is the perpendicular distance from the vertex to the plane of
the base.
2. Every section of a cone made by a plane passing through its vertex and containing
two points of the base is a triangle.
3. The axis of a cone is the straight line joining the vertex with the center of the base
(if the base has a center).
4. A right section of a cone is a section perpendicular to its axis and cutting all the
elements.
5. A circular cone is a cone whose right section is a circle.
Formulas
Surface analysis
(formula provided for lateral surface is applicable only to right circular cone
which will taken on the next topic)
Volume analysis
The volume of a cone is equal to one-third the product of the base and the
altitude.

⁄ ( )( )

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Right circular cone

A right circular cone is a circular cone whose axis is perpendicular to its base.

Lateral
Surface Base

Properties
1. The slant height of a right circular cone is the length of an element
2. The altitude of a right circular cone is the distance between the vertex and the
center of the circle which forms its base.
3. A right circular cone is a solid generated by rotating a right triangle about one of
its legs as an axis; the surface generated by the hypotenuse of a triangle is the
lateral area of the cone, and the area of the base of the cone is the surface
generated by the leg which is not the axis of rotation.
4. All elements of a right circular cone are equal
5. A section of a right circular cone parallel to the base is a circle whose center is on
the axis of the cone.
6. A section of a right circular cone which contains the vertex and two points of the
base is an isosceles triangle.
Formulas
Surface analysis
The lateral area of a right circular cone is equal to one-half the product of the
circumference of the base and the slant height.

⁄ ( )( )

Volume analysis
The volume of a right circular cone is equal to one-third the product of the base
and the altitude.

⁄ ( )( )

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Example
The liquid content of a glass is in the form of a cone of base diameter . If the glass
contains liquid and , what is the greatest depth of the liquid.
Figure

Solution
The base of the cone formed by the liquid is the area of a circle of diameter .
( )⁄
⁄

⁄ ⁄ ( ⁄ )
( )( ) ⁄ ( ⁄ )

Example
The upper portion of a sherbet glass is in the form of right circular cone with a base of
radius and a slant height of (inner dimensions). Find the volume of liquid it contains;
(a) when full, (b) when filled to a depth of .
Figure

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Solution (a) when full

Pass a plane through the axis of the cone forming the section shown. Let
be the altitude of the cone. Applying the Pythagorean theorem to right triangle .

√ √
Denoting the volume of the cone by and substituting ( ) and
√ in the formula

⁄ ( )( √ ) √ ⁄

Solution (b) when filled to a depth of .

Consider the cone occupied by the water, since this cone is similar to the cone in part
(a), we write

⁄ ⁄

Where , and , are the volumes and altitudes of the two cones respectively.
Substituting √ ⁄ , , and √ in this equation, we get

( )
⁄
⁄ √ ⁄ ( √ )

4. Solids for which ( )

4.1 Frustum of regular pyramid
Definition
A frustum of a regular pyramid is the portion of a regular pyramid included between
the base and a section parallel to the base.

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Properties
1. The slant height of a frustum of a regular pyramid is the altitude of a face.
2. The lateral edges of a frustum of a regular pyramid are equal, and the faces are
equal isosceles trapezoids.
Formulas
Surface analysis
The lateral area of the frustum of a regular pyramid is equal to one-half the
sum of the perimeters of the bases multiplied by the slant height.

⁄ ( )( )

( )( )

⁄ ( )

Volume analysis
The volume of a frustum of any pyramid is equal to one-third the product of
the altitude and the sum of the upper base, lower base, and the mean proportional
between the bases

⁄ ( )( )

( )( )

⁄ ( √ )

Example
The lower portion of the Washington monument was built before the civil war. This
portion is in the shape of a frustum of a square pyramid. The altitude of the frustum is ,
and its lower base measures on a side. The faces of the monument slope inward
horizontally in a vertical rise of . The structure is hollowed out along its entire length by a
vertical shaft which has a uniform square cross section on a side. Find how much stone
was used in its construction

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Figure

Solution
In the preceding figure is shown an axial section of the structure made by a plane
passed through the axis of the solid and perpendicular to a pair of opposite base edges.

Figure

If we let be the difference between the edges of the upper and lower bases and be
the length of the edge of the upper base, we write

Since the monument slopes inward horizontally to a rise of vertically, we

write

( ⁄ )( )

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Solving for
( )

The upper and lower base of the frustum are squares. Let be the upper base and
the lower base
( )
( )
Using the formula for the volume of frustum of a pyramid we get the gross volume as

⁄ ( √ )

⁄ *( ) ( ) √( )( )+ ( )

The shaft of the structure is in the form of rectangular parallelepiped of altitude

and base area of ( ) . Let be the volume of the shaft.

( ) ( )

The amount of stone used in the construction is

4.2 Frustum of right circular cone

Definition
The frustum of a right circular cone is that portion of a right circular cone included
between the base and a section parallel to the base.

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Upper Base

Lateral Surface (unrolled) Lower Base

Properties
1. The altitude of a frustum of a right circular cone is the perpendicular distance
between the two bases.
2. All the elements of a frustum of a right circular cone are equal.
Formulas
Surface analysis
The lateral area of the frustum of a right circular cone is equal to one-half the
sum of the circumferences of the bases multiplied by the slant height.

⁄ ( )( )

( )( )

⁄ ( )

Volume analysis
The volume of a frustum of any cone is equal to one-third the product of the
altitude and the sum of the upper base, lower base, and the mean proportional between
the two bases

⁄ ( )( )

( )( )

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⁄ ( √ )

Example
A reservoir contains of water when full. Find the depth of the water if
the reservoir is in the form of the frustum of a right circular cone of upper and lower base
radii and , respectively.

Solution
The areas of the lower and upper bases and are respectively ( ) and
( ) . Denoting the depth of the water by .

⁄ ( √ )

⁄ * ( ) ( ) √ ( ) ( ) +

⁄ ( ) equation (a)

But we are given that

( )⁄
equation (b)

Equating equations (a) and (b)

( )⁄
⁄ ( )

5. Prismatoid
Definition
A prismatoid is a polyhedron having for bases two polygons in parallel planes, and
for lateral faces triangles or trapezoids with one side lying in one base, and the opposite
vertex or side lying in the other base, of the polyhedron.

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Properties
1. The altitude of a prismatoid is the perpendicular distance between the planes of the
bases.
2. The mid-section of a prismatoid is the section parallel to the bases and midway
between them.
Formulas
Surface analysis
The lateral area of a prismatoid is equal to the sum of all polygons connected
between the bases.
∑( )
Volume analysis
The volume of a prismatoid equals the product of one-sixth the sum of the
upper base, the lower base, and four times the mid-section by the altitude
( )( )
( )
( )

( )

Example
A certain quartz crystal with plane surfaces has the dimensions shown. If the upper
and lower bases lie in parallel planes, find the volume of the crystal.

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Figure

Solution
The crystal is in the form of a prismatoid. To form the mid-section pass a plane
parallel to and equidistant from the two bases. This section is shown. Since the bases
and mid-section of the solid are parallel, the plane of the midsection intersects each face in a
line parallel to the base of this face, since the mid-section is equidistant from the bases of the
solid, it bisects each edge. Therefore, considering the triangular face, we find

⁄ ( ) , ⁄ ( )

From the trapezoidal faces, we have

⁄ ( ) , ⁄ ( )

From the figure we see that the area of the mid-section is the area of the rectangle
plus the area of the rectangle . Hence

( )( ) ⁄ ( )( )

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The area of the triangular upper base of the prismatoid is

⁄ ( )( )

The area of the rectangular lower base of the prismatoid is

( )( )
Substituting , , , and in the formula

( )

( )
( )( )

6. Truncated prism (or cylinder)

Definition
A truncated prism (or cylinder) is the portion of a prism (or cylinder) included
between the base and a plane not parallel to the base cutting all the edges (or elements).
A right truncated prism (or cylinder) is one which a right section is parallel to the
base.

Formulas
Volume analysis
The volume of any truncated prism is equal to the product of a right section
and average lateral edges.
( )( )

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( )( ⁄ ∑ ) where ⁄ ∑

The volume of a truncated triangular prism is equal to the product of a right

section and one-third the sum the sum of the lateral edges.
( )( )

( )( ⁄ ∑ ) where ⁄ ∑

( ⁄ )( ) where

The volume of any truncated prism may be obtained by dividing the given
truncated prism into truncated triangular prisms.
Example
The truncated prism shown may be considered as a right of altitude surmounted by a
pyramid having a trapezoidal base and altitude . Show that the volume of the truncated prism
is

( )[ ⁄ ( )]

Figure

Solution

⁄ ⁄ ( )( )( ⁄ )

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⁄ [ ⁄ ( )]

⁄ ( )( ⁄ )

⁄ [ ( ) ( )]( ⁄ )

Here
, , and
Substituting

⁄ ( ⁄ )( ), ⁄

Therefore

( ⁄ )( )

7. Sphere
Definition
A sphere is a solid bounded by a closed surface every point of which is equidistant
from a fixed point called the center.

Properties
1. Every plane section of a sphere is a circle. If the plane contains a diameter of
sphere, the section is a great circle, otherwise, the section is a small circle.
2. The axis of a circle of a sphere is the diameter of the sphere perpendicular to the
plane of the circle.
3. The poles of a circle of a sphere are the ends of its axis.

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4. Of two circles cut from a sphere by planes unequally distant from the center, the
nearer is the greater.
5. The radius of a great circle is equal to the radius of the sphere.
6. Two great circles of a sphere bisect each other.
7. All great circles of a sphere are equal.
8. Every great circle bisects the sphere.
9. The intersection of two spherical surfaces is a circle whose plane is perpendicular
to the line joining the centers of the surfaces and whose center is on that line.
10. A plane perpendicular to a radius at its extremity is tangent to the sphere.
11. The shortest line that can be drawn on the surface of a sphere between two points
is the shorter arc of the great circle passing through them.
Formulas
Surface analysis
The area of the surface of a sphere is equal to the area of four of its great
circles.

Volume analysis

The volume of a sphere is equal to ⁄ times the cube of its radius.

⁄ ( )

Example

Find the area of a section cut from a sphere of radius by a plane distant ⁄ from the
center of the sphere.
Figure

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Solution
The given plane cuts from the sphere the small circle of center . From any point
on the circumference of this small circle draw the radius , and draw the radius of the
sphere . The radius which passes through is perpendicular to . Hence angle
.
Applying Pythagorean theorem

√ ( ⁄ ) ⁄ √

The area of the small circle is

( ⁄ √ )

Example
A sphere of radius is tangent to the vertical walls and the level floor in the corner of
a room. What is the diameter of the largest sphere that can be placed in the space between the
corner and the given sphere?
Figure

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Solution
In the figure, represents the corner of the room, , , and represent the
intersections of the walls and the floor, and represents the center of the given sphere.
Since the given sphere is tangent to each of the two walls and to the floor, its distance
from each of these three surfaces is . Circumscribing a cube of edge about the sphere as
shown, we observe that is one-half the diagonal of this cube and hence

√( ) ( ) √

⁄ ⁄ √( ) ( √ ) ⁄ √( )( )

√
This diagonal intersects the surface of the given sphere at point , which is distant
from .
The center, , of the required sphere lies on the line . The required sphere is
tangent to the given sphere at point . We will let be the radius of the required sphere.
Considering previous analysis that; “Circumscribing a cube of edge about the
sphere (with radius R), we observe that (distance from center of sphere to one corner of
circumscribed cube) is one-half the diagonal of this cube”. √
Considering similar figures it follows that the required sphere with radius have the
distance from its center to the corner of cube circumscribing it as

√ equation (a)
But we also have
( )

(√ ) equation (b)

Equating equations (a) and (b)

√ (√ )

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√
( √ )
√

( √ )

7.1 Zone
Definition
A zone is that portion of the surface of a sphere included between two parallel planes.

Properties
1. The circumferences of the sections made by the planes are called the bases of the
zone, and the distance between the planes is the altitude of the zone.
2. A zone of one base is a zone one of whose bounding planes is tangent to the
sphere.
Formulas
Surface analysis
The area of any zone is equal to the product of its altitude and the
circumference of a great circle of the sphere.
( )( )

Example
A spherical ball of radius is dropped into a conical vessel of depth and radius
of base . What is the area of the portion of the sphere which lies above the circle of contact
with the cone?

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Figure

Solution
Pass a plane through the axis of the cone, forming the section as shown.
This plane intersects the sphere in the great circle . is a radius of this sphere.
The sphere is tangent to the cone in the small circle whose center is . This circle is the
circle of contact between sphere and cone and is the base of the required zone. The altitude of
this zone is . Since the sides of angles and are respectively
perpendicular, angles and are equal, and right triangle and are similar.
Therefore

⁄ ⁄ equation (a)

Applying Pythagorean theorem to triangle

√
Substituting this value of in equation (a)

⁄ ⁄

And

Substituting , and to the formula

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( )( )

7.2 Spherical segment

Definition
A spherical segment is a solid bounded by a zone and the planes of the zone’s bases.

Properties
1. The bases of a spherical segment are the sections made by the parallel planes.
2. If one of the parallel planes is tangent to the sphere, the segment is called a
segment of one base.
3. The altitude of a spherical segment is the perpendicular distance between the
bases.
Formulas
Surface analysis
The area of the surface of a spherical segment equals the area of the zone plus
the sum of the areas of the bases (or base)

Volume analysis
The volume of spherical segment of two bases

⁄ ( )

The volume of spherical segment of one base ( ).

⁄ ( )

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Example
Show that the volume of a spherical segment of one base is given by the formula
⁄ ( ).

Figure

Solution
Right triangle shown in the figure lies in the plane of a great circle of the sphere
whose center is . is the radius of the sphere, is the radius of the base of the
segment, and is the altitude of the segment.
Applying Pythagorean theorem to triangle
( )

Substituting this value of and to the formula

⁄ ( )

⁄ [ ( ) ]

⁄ ( )

Example
A spherical bowl was filled to a depth of with a mixture compounded from equal
parts of two liquids, one white and other red. After standing for a short time the mixture
separated, the red liquid settling below the white. If the thickness of the segment of white
liquid is , find the volume of liquid in the bowl.

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Figure

Solution
The space occupied by the total amount of liquid in the bowl is a spherical segment of
one base whose altitude is , and that the space occupied by the red liquid is also a
spherical segment of one base whose altitude is .
Denote by the volume of the entire contents of the bowl and by the volume of the
red liquid.
Using the formula

⁄ ( )

⁄ ( ) ( )

⁄ ( ) ( )

Since liquids are two equal parts then we can say

⁄ ( ) ( ) [ ⁄ ( ) ( )]

⁄ ( ) [ ( ⁄ ) ]

7.3 Spherical sector

Definition
A spherical sector is a solid generated by rotating a sector of a circle about an axis
which passes through the center of the circle but which contains no point inside the sector.

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Properties
1. The bounding surfaces of a spherical sector are a zone which is called the base,
and one or two conical surfaces.
2. A spherical sector having only one conical surface is called a spherical cone.
Formulas
Surface analysis
The surface area of a spherical sector is equal to the area of the zone which
forms its base plus the sum of the lateral areas of the bounding cone (or cones)
( )
for spherical cone
for conical bases
Volume analysis
The volume of a spherical sector is equal to one-third of the product of the area
of the zone which forms its base, and the radius of the sphere

⁄ ( )( )

Example
Find the volume of a spherical cone if the chord of the generating arc of its zone is
√ . And the radius of its zone is .

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Figure

Solution
Pass a plane through the axis of the sector , forming the axial section .
Drop perpendicular to . is the radius of the zone. To find its altitude we
apply the Pythagorean theorem to the right triangle and obtain

√(√ )

Apply the Pythagorean theorem to right triangle

( )
( )

( )( )

Substituting and to the formula ⁄

⁄ ⁄ ( )( ) ⁄

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D. Activities/Exercises
ACTIVITY 3.1
Instructions:
 Write your answers and solution on your personal notebook.
 To get full points, your solutions must be concise and properly presented.
 Final answers should be boxed.
 Work independently

1. A window glass is , by , . Find its area in square inches.

a. 1700
b.
c.
d.
2. A rectangular garden plot is to contain . If the length is to be twice its width, what is
the length of its lesser side.
a.
b.
c.
d.
3. Find the area of the largest circle which can be cut from a square of edge .
a.
b.
c.
d.
4. The vertical end of a through which is shaped as equilateral trapezoid has the following
dimensions; width at the top , width at the bottom and depth . Find the area of
the end of the through.
a.
b.
c.
d.
5. The base of an isosceles triangle is and the altitude is . Find the radius of the inscribed
circle.
a.
b.
c.
d.

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ACTIVITY 3.2
Instructions:
 Write your answers and solution on your personal notebook.
 To get full points, your solutions must be concise and properly presented.
 Final answers should be boxed.
 Work independently

1. Building bricks are closely stacked in a pile high, long, and wide. If the bricks are
by by , how many bricks are in the pile?
a.
b.
c.
d.
2. A conical pile of sand in height has a volume of If the bottom of the pile is on level
ground, how much ground does it cover?
1.
2.
3.
4.
3. Given a regular tetrahedron (a triangular pyramid all of whose faces are equilateral triangles) of
edge √ . Find its altitude.
a. √
b. √
c. √
d. √
4. An iron ball in diameter weighs . Find the weight of an iron shell thick whose
external diameter is .
a.
b.
c.
d.
5. A candle is , from the surface of a sphere in diameter. Find the area of the surface
illuminated.
a.
b.
c.
d.

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E. Evaluation/Post-test
Post-test 3
This test will measure your mastery in Lesson 3 covered in this module.
Instructions:
 Write your answers and solution on your personal notebook.
 To get full points, your solutions must be concise and properly presented.
 Final answers should be boxed.
 Work independently

1. The diagonals of a parallelogram are and respectively. One side of the parallelogram
is . Find the area of the parallelogram.

2. Find the area of a pentagon which is circumscribing a circle having an area of

3. Two circles with radii and are tangent to each other externally. What is the distance
between the points of tangency of one of their common external tangents
“distance bet points of tangency”

4. Find the area of the drawn figure

5. One part of a quartz crystal is a hexagonal prism with a right section of 1.29 sq. in., and edge of
2.31 in., and a base of 1.41 sq. in. Find the altitude of the prism.

6. Cleopatra’s Needle (the Egyptian Obelisk in New York) consist of a frustum of a pyramid
surmounted by a pyramid. The frustum has square bases. The upper base measures 4 ft. on a side
and the lower base measures 7.5 ft. on a side. The altitude of the frustum is 61 ft. Find the wight
of the frustum if it is made of stone weighs 170 lb. per cu. ft.

7. A wooden cone of altitude is to be cut into two parts of equal weight. How far from the
vertex should the cut parallel to the base be made?

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8. A regular triangular pyramid has an altitude of and a volume of What is the

base edge in meters?

9. Two cylinders of equal radius have their axes at right angles. Find the volume of the common
part.

10. A conical vessel has a height of and base diameter (at the top) of . It holds water to a
depth of above its vertex (bottom). Find the volume of its content.

11. A sphere is dropped in a can partially filled with water. What is the rise in the height of water if
they have equal diameters of ?

References
Rainville, E., Love, C., (1981). Differential and Integral Calculus. Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.

Quirino D., Mijares, J., (1993). Analytic Geometry. Royal Publishing House, Inc.

Kern W., Bland, J., (1967). Solid Mensuration. John Willy & Sons, Inc.

Rider P., (1971). Plane and Spherical Trigonometry. Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.

Fuller, G., (1982). College Algebra. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.

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Congratulations for completing this module!

Student’s Information

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Program:
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Contact No.:
E-mail address:
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Vision 2020
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development of West Philippines and beyond.

Mission
WPU commits to develop quality human resource and green
technologies for a dynamic economy and sustainable
development through relevant instruction,
research and extension services.

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