CALCULUS 1

CHAPTER 1: FUNCTIONS – LIMITS – CONTINUITY

SLOPES
∆𝑥
𝑚 = tan 𝛼 =
∆𝑦
Meaning: For every unit increases in x, y increases by m units.

1. Forms of Equation (base on the given information to choose the appropriate

one.)
 Slope – intersect form
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑐 + 𝑥
 Point – slope form (used when a point and a slope are given.)
𝑦 = 𝑦1 + 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
 Two-point form (used when two points are given.)
𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑦 − 𝑦2
=
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑥 − 𝑥2
FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS
 Domain D is the set of value x.
 Range R is the set of value f(x).
 Vertical Line Test: A graph of a function must satisfy Vertical Line Test.

SOME COMMON FUNCTIONS

 Polynomials:
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎1 𝑥 1 + 𝑎0
Linear Function: f(x) = mx+ c
Quadratic Function: f(x)= ax2 + bx + c
Cubic function: f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
  Trigonometric Functions: (USE RADIANS)
1 1 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 =
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 tan 𝑥
Note: Các bạn nên ghi lại bảng lượng giác khi thi trong trường hợp không nhớ
được.
𝜃 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 tan 𝜃
0 0 1 0
𝜋/6 1 √3 √3
2 3
2
𝜋/4 √2 √2 1
2 2
𝜋/3 √3 1 √3
2 2
𝜋/2 1 0 ||

 Exponential Functions (hàm số mũ): f(x) = ax

x: exponent (power / index)
a: base
e: exponential constant
𝑎 > 1: 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔
{
0 < 𝑎 < 1: 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔
y = 0 is the horizontal asymtote of expoenetial functions
 Logarithmic Functions: f(x) = logax
Note: log x = log10x
ln x = logex (natural log)
x = 0 is the vertical asymtote of expoenetial
functions.
𝑎 > 1: 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔
{
0 < 𝑎 < 1: 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔

 Circles: (x – a)2 + (y – b)2 = r2

Upper half: 𝑦 = 𝑏 + √𝑟 2 − (𝑥 − 𝑎)2
Lower half: 𝑦 = 𝑏 − √𝑟 2 − (𝑥 − 𝑎) 2

 Piecewise Functions:
A Modulus Function:
𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0
|𝑥| = {
−𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
A Step Function:
0 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = {
1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0

−𝑥 − 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
Eg: 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = { 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
𝑥 + 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 0

1
It is only a point here!!!
0
x
-1

 Symmetry
An even function satisfies: 𝒇(−𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙)
It is symmetric with respect to the reflection in the y-axis.
y

0 x
 An odd function satisfies: 𝒇(−𝒙) = −𝒇(𝒙)
It is symmetric with respect to the reflection by 180o about the origin.
y

0 x

NEW FUNCTIONS FROM OLD FUNCTIONS

 Translations
𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) + 𝑐, 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑈𝑃 𝑏𝑦 𝑐 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠.
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 ) − 𝑐, 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝐷𝑂𝑊𝑁 𝑏𝑦 𝑐 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠.
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑐), 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝐿𝐸𝐹𝑇 𝑐 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠.
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑐), 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑅𝐼𝐺𝐻𝑇 𝑏𝑦 𝑐 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠.
 Stretches
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑓(𝑥 ) → 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑏𝑦 𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑐.
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑐𝑥 ) → 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑏𝑦 𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑐.
Tip: 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦1 . 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑦1 = 𝑎𝑓 (𝑏𝑥 ) 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 ). →
𝑦′ 𝑥′
𝑎= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 =
𝑦 𝑥
Cách này có thể dùng để giải nhanh bài 18, nhưng chỉ được dùng trong trắc
nghiệm.
  Reflections
𝑦 = −𝑓 (𝑥 ), 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 ) 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
𝑦 = 𝑓 (−𝑥 ), 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

 Compositions of functions
(𝑓 °𝑔)(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 ))
Note: The order of functions: 𝒇 ° 𝒈 ≠ 𝒈 ° 𝒇
 One-to-one Functions
One-to-one function never takes the same value twice. That is:
𝑓 (𝑥1 ) ≠ 𝑓 (𝑥2 ) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑥1 ≠ 𝑥2
A one-to-one function if and only if no horizontal line intersects its graph
more than twice (Horizontal Line Test).
 Inverse Functions: if the f (x) is a one-to-one, then its
‘reverse’ function is called the inverse function.
𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝐷 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑅
𝑓(𝑥) { → 𝑓 −1(𝑥){
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑅 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝐷
−𝟏 ( )
Note: 𝒇 𝒙 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙, 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕.
1
𝑓 −1(𝑥 ) ≠ [𝑓 (𝑥 )]−1 =
𝑓(𝑥)
−𝟏
𝒇 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝒇 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝒚 = 𝒙.
𝐼𝑓 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 −1(𝑥 )𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠.
Eg:
 𝐵𝑙𝑢𝑒: 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3
{𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛: 𝑦 = √𝑥 − 3
𝑅𝑒𝑑: 𝑦 = 𝑥

 Non-one-to-one functions and Inverse

−1 (
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ↔ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = 𝑥; −𝜋/2 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝜋/2
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ↔ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 = 𝑥; 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋
𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 ↔ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 = 𝑥; − ≤ 𝑦 ≤
2 2
{

Graphs:

y = sin-1(x) y = cos-1(x)
 y = tan-1(x)

PARAMETRIC CURVES
𝑥 = 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑡)
Parameter Equation of a straght line from (x1;y1) to (x2;y2)
𝑥 = 𝑥1 + (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )𝑡
𝑦 = 𝑦1 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )𝑡
𝟎≤𝒕≤𝟏
Parameter Equation of a cỉcle: 𝑐 (𝑡) = (𝑎 + 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡; 𝑏 + 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)
𝑉ớ𝑖 (𝑎; 𝑏) 𝑙à 𝑡ọ𝑎 độ 𝑡â𝑚.
Parameter Equation of an Elipse: 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡; 𝑦 = 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑎 𝑙à 𝒃á𝒏 𝑡𝑟ụ𝑐 𝑙ớ𝑛
𝑉ớ𝑖: {
𝑏 𝑙à 𝒃á𝒏 𝑡𝑟ụ𝑐 𝑛ℎỏ
LIMITS
 One sided, Two sided limits
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳 𝒊𝒇 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚 𝒊𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒎− 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎+ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳
𝒙→𝒙𝟎 𝒙→𝒙𝟎 𝒙→𝒙𝟎
 Theorems and Laws
Gõ phương trình và o đây.
 Direct Substitute
𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑦 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐼𝑓 { → 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑥0 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛
Note: Elementary Functions:
Polynomials Exponetial functions (hàm số mũ)
Power functions (hàm lũy thừa) Logarithms (hàm số log)
Rational functions (hàm phân thức) Trigonometry (hàm lượng giác)
 Others obtained by addtion,
subtraction, multiplication,
division, and composition.
 Every elementary function is continuous on its domain.
 Squeeze Theorem
𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 𝑔(𝑥) ≤ ℎ(𝑥)
𝐼𝑓 { lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) = lim ℎ(𝑥 ) = 𝐿 → lim 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝐿
𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥→𝑥0

Lưu ý các bài thế này: Khi thế mà ra dạng 0 × ∞ (or an indefinite number) →
𝑘ℎô𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎 𝑘ế𝑡 𝑞𝑢ả 𝑡𝑟ự𝑐 𝑡𝑖ế𝑝 𝑏ằ𝑛𝑔 0 𝑚à 𝑔𝑖ả𝑖 𝑏ằ𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑒 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚.
1
Example 37, slide 88: lim 𝑥 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 .
𝑥→0 𝑥
→Không được thế trực tiếp x= 0 vì 0 không nằm trong tập xác định của hàm
1
x × sin .
x

 Asymtotes
lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝒂𝒏𝒅/𝒐𝒓 lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 → 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑒.
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥→+∞
lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = ±∞ 𝒂𝒏𝒅/ 𝒐𝒓 lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) → ±∞ → 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑒.
𝑥→𝑏− 𝑛→𝑏

Note: Nếu tiến tới âm và dương vô cùng ra 2 số khác nhau thì hàm số đó có 2
tiệm cận ngang.

 Continuity
To be contiuous, f(x) must satisfy 3 conditions:
- f is defined on an open interval containing x0.
- lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠 (𝑖. 𝑒. lim+ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = lim− 𝑓(𝑥))
𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥→𝑥0
 - lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥0 )
𝑥→𝑥0

Discontinuity:

THE INTERMEDIATE THEOREM

𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑛 (𝑎; 𝑏)
𝐼𝑓 {𝑀 𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑓 (𝑎) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(𝑏) → 𝐸𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠 𝑐 𝑖𝑛 (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑐) = 𝑀

Application: Finding roots.

Additional Exercises of Chapter 1
1. The graph of y = f(x) is given match
each equation with its graph
a) y = f (x - 4)
b) y = f(x) + 3
c) y = 1/3 f(x)
d) y = -f( x + 4 )
e) y = 2 f( x + 6 )

2. 𝐼𝑓 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = √𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 ) = √2 − 𝑥, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛.

𝑎. 𝑓°𝑔 𝑏. 𝑔°𝑓 𝑐. 𝑓°𝑓 𝑑. 𝑔°𝑔
3. Find the formula of the inverse of the function: 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥, 𝑥 ≥ 1
4. Let C be the circle of radius 2 centered at point (0;2). Write the parametric
equations to traverse C once, in a clockwise direction starting from the
origin.
√𝑡 2 +9−3
5. Estimate the value of lim
𝑡→0 𝑡2
√6−𝑥−2
6. Estimate the value of lim
𝑥→2 √3−𝑥−1
𝜋
7. By Squeeze Theorem, evaluate the value of lim (𝑥 − 𝜋) sin 𝑥−𝜋
𝑥→𝜋
2𝑥 − 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 < 0
8. 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = { 2 . 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0
𝑥 + 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥ 0
cos 𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
9. 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑔(𝑥 ) = { 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
1 − 𝑥 2 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 0
𝑎. 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑦 𝑔(𝑥 ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0.
𝑏. 𝑆𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑔(𝑥 ).
10. 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑥 2012 − 𝑥 2011 − 1 = 0 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (0; ∞)
2
11. 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒 −𝑥 +1 = 𝑥 + 1 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 (0; ∞)
Answers
1. 1b 2e 3a 4c 5d
2. a. D = (−∞; 2] b. D = [0;4] c. D = [0; ∞) d. D = [-2;2]
3. 𝑓 −1(𝑥 ) = √𝑥 + 1 − 1
4. (𝐶 ) = (𝑥 − 2)2 + 𝑦 2 = 4
𝑥 = 2 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡, 𝑦−= −2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ − 𝜋 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝜋
5. 1/6
6. ½
7. 0
8. lim− 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = lim− 2𝑥 − 1 = −1, lim+ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = lim+ 𝑥 2 + 1 = 1 → lim− 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ≠
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥→0
lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) → lim𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡 → 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0.
𝑥→0+ 𝑥→0
9. lim− 𝑔 (𝑥 ) = lim− cos 𝑥 = 1,
𝑥→0 𝑥→0

lim+ 𝑔(𝑥 ) = lim+ (1 − 𝑥 2) = 1

𝑥→0 𝑥→0

→ lim+ 𝑓(𝑥 ) = lim 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 1 ≠ 𝑔(0) = 0 → 𝑔(𝑥 )𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0.

𝑥→0 𝑥→0

10. 𝑓 (0) × 𝑓(2) < 0

11. 𝑓 (0) × 𝑓(2) < 0