B124 – Formula Sheet

Quadratic functions
−𝑏∓√(𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐)
X= 2𝑎

Logarithms :
If 𝑀 = 𝑏 𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 log 𝑏 𝑀 = 𝑛
Rule 1: log 𝑏 (𝑥 × 𝑦) = log 𝑏 𝑥 + log 𝑏 𝑦 Rule 2 : log 𝑏 (𝑥 ÷ 𝑦) = log 𝑏 𝑥 − log 𝑏 𝑦
Rule 3: log 𝑏 𝑥 𝑚 = 𝑚 log 𝑏 𝑥

Natural logarithms
Rule1: ln(𝑥 × 𝑦) = ln 𝑥 + ln 𝑦 Rule2: ln(𝑥 ÷ 𝑦) = ln 𝑥 − ln 𝑦 Rule 3: ln 𝑥 𝑚 = 𝑚 ln 𝑥

Differentiation
Rule 1: The constant rule If h(x) =cf(x) then h’(x)=cƒ’(x)
Rule 2:The sum rule if h(x) =f(x) + g(x) then h’(x)=f’(x)+g’(x)
Rule 3:The difference rule if h(x) =f(x) - g(x) then h’(x)=f’(x) - g’(x)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
Rule 4: The chain rule = 𝑑𝑢 × 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
Rule 5: The product rule If 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 = 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑣𝑑𝑢⁄𝑑𝑥−𝑢𝑑𝑣⁄𝑑𝑥
Rule 6: The quotient rule 𝑦 = 𝑣 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2
The derivative of the exponential and natural logarithm functions
For b>0 , b≠ 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
If y= 𝑒 𝑥 then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 If y= 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 then 𝑑𝑥 = m 𝑒 𝑚𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
If y= 𝑏 𝑥 then = 𝑏 𝑥 ln 𝑏 If y= ln 𝑥 then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 1 1
If y= ln 𝑚𝑥 then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑚𝑥×m If y= log 𝑏 𝑥 then 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑏 (𝑥)

Partial Differentiation
𝑓𝑥 = ∂f /∂x, 𝑓𝑦 = ∂f /∂y

𝑓𝑥𝑥 = ∂2 f/∂x2 , 𝑓𝑦𝑦 =∂2 f/∂y2 , 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = ∂2 f/∂x∂y, 𝑓𝑦𝑥 = ∂2 f/∂y∂x

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
small increments formula Δz ≅𝜕𝑥 Δx +𝜕𝑦Δy 𝑑𝑧 = 𝜕𝑥 𝑑x + 𝜕𝑦 𝑑y

𝑑𝑦 𝑓𝑥
=−
𝑑𝑥 𝑓𝑦

Integration Rules
𝑥 𝑛+1
∫ ndx = nx + c ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1
+ 𝑐 𝑟 ≠ −1
1 𝑒 𝑚𝑥
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 + 𝑐 ∫ 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑚
+𝑐

∫(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

∫[𝑎𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑏𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑏 ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

Properties of Definite Integrals

b 𝒃
∫a f(x)dx = F(x)|𝒂 = F(b) – F(a)
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
∫𝑎 (𝑓 (𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥))𝑑𝑥 =∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ± ∫𝑎 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑏
∫ 𝑛𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑎 𝑎
 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0 ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑐

̅̅̅̅̅̅ = 1 ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Average value =𝑓(𝑥) 𝑏−𝑎 𝑎
𝑄
Consumer surplus CS=∫0 0 𝑓(𝑄)𝑑𝑄 − 𝑄0 𝑃0
𝑸
Producer surplus PS=𝑸𝟎 𝑷𝟎 − ∫𝟎 𝟎 𝒈(𝑸)𝒅𝑸

INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
𝑥 𝑟+1 1
∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝑐 ∫ 𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑟+1
+ 𝑐 𝑟 ≠ −1 ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln 𝑢 + 𝑐

INTEGRATION BY PARTS

f (x)g(x) =∫ f (x)g'(x)dx + ∫ g(x)f '(x)dx Or ∫ f (x)g'(x)dx = f (x)g(x) - ∫ g(x)f '(x)dx

Aij = (−1)i + j mij

Matrices - Inverse Matrix Matrices – Operations COFACTORS

A = det A = a11 A11 + a12 A12 +  + a1n A1n

adjA
A−1 =
adjA = C T
A

Cramer’s Rule
|𝐴𝑖 | det (𝐴𝑖 )
𝑥𝑖 = |𝐴|
= det (𝐴)

2e =  deg( v)
The Handshaking theorem: vV

complete graph Kn, the number of edges are n(n-1)/2

De Morgan’s Law

De Morgan’s Law
Revenue, Cost, and profit
π = TR –TC TR = PQ TC=FC+TVC TVC=VC+Q AC = TC/Q
𝑑𝑇𝑅 Δ𝑇𝑅 𝑑𝑇𝐶 Δ𝑇𝐶
MR= 𝑑𝑄 = MC= 𝑑𝑄 =
Δ𝑄 Δ𝑄

Slack = (Amount of resource available) – (Amount of resource used)

Surplus = (Actual amount) – (Minimum amount)