GRAPHING

RATIONAL
FUNCTIONS
PREPARE THE FOLLOWING:
 OBJECTIV
ES:At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1
Finds domain, range , intercepts , zeroes ,and asymptote of rational
function.

2 Solve problems involving rational functions.

3 Graph a rational function.

RECA
LL:  The DOMAIN of a function is the set of allvalues that the variable x can take.
 The RANGE of a function is the set of all values that f(x) or y can take.

 The ZEROES of a function are the values of x which make the function zero.
Wherein, the real numbered zeroes are also x-intercepts of the graph of the
function.

 The y-intercepts is the function value when x=0.

 An asymptote is a line (or a curve) that the graph of a function gets close to but
does not touch.
 HOW DO WE GRAPH A
RATIONAL FUNCTION?
Get the properties of the function.
 Domain
 X-intercept
 Y-intercept
 Vertical Asymptote
 Horizontal Asymptote
 Zeroes
   1
DOMAIN AND RANGE
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=
𝑥   1 Get the restricted value of x.
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=
𝑥  𝑥=0
Get the restricted value of x.
𝑥=0
 
  1  Range: { x | x≠0 }
𝑦=
 Domain: { x | x≠0 } 𝑥   1
  1 𝑦=
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=   1 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥=
  1 𝑦   1
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=  𝑥𝑦=1 𝑦=
0 0
  1
undefined 𝑦= undefined
x -1 0 1
𝑥 y -1 0 1
y -1 undefined 1 x -1 undefined 1
  
DOMAIN AND RANGE
   
𝑥+5
𝑦=
Get the restricted value of x. 𝑥
  𝑥 −1=0  
Get the restricted value of x.
 𝑥=1

 
Domain: { x | x≠1 }  
𝑥=0
 

 Range: { x | x≠0 }
 
 
𝑥 ( 𝑦 −1)=5
  The range of the
 
𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥=5 f(x) is the set of all
 
 
𝑥𝑦=𝑥 +5 real nos. except 0.
 
𝑥𝑦 𝑥+5
undefined
=
𝑥 𝑥
 DOMAIN, RANGE AND ASYMPTOTES
  𝑥+1 HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTE:
h ( 𝑥) = 2
𝑥 −4  
Factor the denominator.   𝒂𝒙 𝒏
𝒚= 𝒎
  𝑥+1 𝒃𝒛
h ( 𝑥) =
( 𝑥 − 2)( 𝑥 +2)
Get the restricted value of x.
  𝑥+1
h ( 𝑥) = 2
 𝑥 −2=0  𝑥+2=0 𝑥 −4
 𝑥=2  𝑥=−2
 Since , then
 
Domain: { x | x≠2, -2 }  Range: { x | x≠0 }
 DOMAIN, RANGE AND ASYMPTOTES
  3 𝑥 −9 HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTE:
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 2
𝑥 − 𝑥 −6  
Factor the denominator.   𝒂𝒙 𝒏
𝒚= 𝒎
  𝑥 +1 𝒃𝒛
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=
(𝑥 −3)( 𝑥+2)
Get the restricted value of x.   3 𝑥 −9
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 2
 𝑥 −3=0  𝑥+2=0
𝑥 − 𝑥 −6
 𝑥=3  𝑥=−2
 Since , then
 
Domain: { x | x≠3, -2 }  Range: { x | x≠0 }
 DOMAIN, RANGE AND ASYMPTOTES
  ( 𝑥 − 4)( 𝑥+2) HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTE:
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=
(𝑥 −3)( 𝑥 −1)  
  𝒂𝒙 𝒏
Get the restricted value of x. 𝒚= 𝒎
𝒃𝒛
 𝑥 −3=0  𝑥 −1=0
 𝑥=3  𝑥=1   ( 𝑥 − 4)( 𝑥+2)   𝑥2− 2 𝑥 − 8
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 2
(𝑥 −3)( 𝑥 −1) 𝑥 − 4 𝑥 +3
The domain of the
 Since , then
f(x) is the set of all The range of the
real nos. except 3   𝟏 f(x) is the set of all
𝒚=
𝟏
and 1. real nos. except 1.
  𝒚=𝟏
 ASYMPTOTES

Vertical Asymptote
-happens when the denominator of the rational function
becomes zero.
-restricted value of x
-to get the vertical asymptote, equate the denominator of
the rational function to 0 then solve for x.
 ASYMPTOTES
Horizontal Asymptote
Let n be the degree of the numerator and m be the degree of the
denominator
  𝒂𝒙 𝒏
𝒚= 𝒎
𝒃𝒛

Oblique
Asymptote
-Slant asymptote
RECALL:

EXPRESSION DEGREE LEADING COEFFICIENT

9 0 9

1 2

6 3

3 1
 VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES
2
  2𝑥 2   2𝑥
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= HA: 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=
𝑥+ 1 𝑥+ 1
 
VA:
Get the restricted value of x.

 𝑥+1=0
 𝑥=−1
2>1
 

 
there is no
 
vertical asymptote of horizontal
the f(x) is -1. asymptote.
 VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES
  3 𝑥 +4
  3 𝑥 +4 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 2 HA: 2
2 𝑥 +3 𝑥+1
2 𝑥 +3 𝑥+1
 
2
Factor: 2 𝑥 +3 𝑥+1
 

(2 𝑥 +1)(𝑥 +1)
 
VA:
Get the restricted value of x.
 2 𝑥 +1=0  𝑥+1=0   𝒚=𝟎  
horizontal
2  𝑥 =−1  𝑥=−1 asymptote of the
  1
𝑥=− f(x) is 0.
2
  vertical
asymptotes of the
f(x) are and -1.
 VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES
  𝑥 2 − 4 𝑥+3   ( 𝑥 −1)( 𝑥 − 3) HA:   𝑥 2 − 4 𝑥+3
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 2 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 2
𝑥 −5 𝑥 +4 (𝑥 −1)( 𝑥 − 4) 𝑥 −5 𝑥 +4

  ( 𝑥 −3)  
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=
VA: (𝑥 − 4)

Get the restricted value of x.

 𝑥+ 4=0
 𝑥=− 4
  𝟏  
horizontal
  vertical 𝒚=
asymptote of the 𝟏 asymptote of the
f(x) is -4   𝒚=𝟏 f(x) is 1.
This rational fxn has one
hole at 1.
 INTERCEPTS OF RATIONAL FUNCTION

Definition:

Intercepts are x or y – coordinates of the points at which a

graph crosses the x – axis or y – axis, respectively.
y – intercept is the y – coordinate of the point where the
graph crosses the y – axis.
x – intercept is the x – coordinate of the point where the
graph crosses the x – axis
 INTERCEPTS OF RATIONAL FUNCTION

Rule to find intercepts of a rational function

1. To find the y – intercept, substitute 0 for x and solve y

or f(x).

2. To find the x – intercept, substitute 0 for y and solve

for x.
 INTERCEPTS OF RATIONAL FUNCTION
  𝑥 +8
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=
𝑥−2
For y-intercept: For x-intercept:
  𝑥 +8   𝑥 +8
𝑓 𝑥=
( ) 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=
𝑥−2 𝑥−2
  0+ 8   𝑥+8
𝑓 0=
( ) 0=
0 −2 𝑥 −2
 
𝑦=
8  0=𝑥+8
−2   -8
𝑦=− 4
  𝑥=−8  

 ∴𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒙 −𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 𝒊𝒔 −𝟖 .
 ∴𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒚 −𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 𝒊𝒔 − 𝟒 .
 INTERCEPTS OF RATIONAL FUNCTION
  𝑥 ² −5 𝑥+6
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=
𝑥 ² −2 𝑥+3
For y-intercept:
  𝑥 ² −5 𝑥+6 For x-intercept:
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=
𝑥 ² −2 𝑥+3   𝑥 ² −5 𝑥+6 𝑥 −2=0
  𝑥 −3=0
 

𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=  𝑥=2  𝑥=3
  (0)2 − 5(0)+6 𝑥 ² −2 𝑥+3
𝑓 ( 0 )=   𝑥 ² −5 𝑥+6
(0) ² −2(0)+3 0=
  6 𝑥 ² −2 𝑥+3
𝑦=
∴𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒙−𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒔𝒂𝒓𝒆𝟑𝒂𝒏𝒅𝟐.
 
3  0 𝑥 ² −5 𝑥+ 6
𝑦=2
  =
1 𝑥 ² − 2 𝑥 +3
 ∴𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒚 −𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝟐 .

0=𝑥 ² −5 𝑥 +6
 

0=( 𝑥 − 2)( 𝑥 −3)

 
   4 GRAPHING OF RATIONAL FUNCTION
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=
𝑥
X -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
DOMAIN
y -4/3 -2 -4 Und 4 2 4/3
𝑥=0 {𝑥 ∈ 𝑅∨𝑥 ≠ 0 }
 

x-intercept
  4
0= There is no
𝑥
x-intercept
0=4
 

y-intercept
 𝑦= 4 There is no
0 y-intercept
VA
 𝑥=0
HA
https://www.desmos.com/calculator
 𝑛<𝑚 𝑦=0
  5 𝑥 GRAPHING OF RATIONAL FUNCTION
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=
2 𝑥−8
X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
DOMAIN
y -.83 -2.5 -7.5 Und 12.5 7.5 5.83
𝑥=4 {𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 ∨𝑥 ≠ 4 }
 

x-intercept
  5𝑥   0
0= 𝑥=
2 𝑥−8 5
0=5 𝑥
    x
y-intercept
 𝑦=0

VA
 𝑥=4
HA
https://www.desmos.com/calculator
  5
𝑛=𝑚 𝑦 =
2
 ZEROS OF RATIONAL FUNCTION

1
  𝑥 2 − 4 𝑥+3
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 2
𝑥 −5 𝑥 +4 2  
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=
𝑥 +8
𝑥−2
  ( 𝑥 −1)( 𝑥 − 3)
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=  𝑥=8=0  𝑥 −2=0
(𝑥 −1)( 𝑥 − 4)
 𝑥=−8  𝑥=2
 𝑥 −1=0 𝑥 −3=0
 

 𝑥=1  𝑥=3 Not a zero

It’s a restriction
Not a zero
It’s a restriction
ONE-TO-ONE FUNCTION
– is a function in which for each value
of y in the range of f, there is just one
value x in the domain of f such that y =
f(x).
 ONE-TO-ONE FUNCTION
Identify whether each relation represents a function or not?

1. { (1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6), (7, 8), (9, 10)} {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}

2. {(3, 2), (2, 4), (1, 6), (5,3), (6, 3)} {3, 2, 1, 5, 6}

3. { (2, 2), (4, 4), (3, 2), (3, 7), (1, 4)} {2, 4, 3, 3, 1}
 INVERSE OF A FUNCTION
Let f be a one-to-one function with domain A and a range B.
The inverse of f denoted by f -1 is a function with a domain B and a
range A defined by f -1 (y) = x, if and only if f(x) = y , for any y in
B.

Only one-to-one function has an inverse. If a function f is not

one-to-one, properly defining an inverse function f -1 will be
problematic.
 INVERSE OF A FUNCTION
  1
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=
𝑥
  1
𝑦=
𝑥 Write the function in the form y = f(x).
  1
𝑥= Interchange x and y variables.
𝑦
 𝑥𝑦=1
Solve for y in terms of x
  1
𝑦=
𝑥
 
−1 1
𝑓 ( 𝑥)= Replace the new y with f-1 (x) if the inverse is a function.
𝑥
 INVERSE OF A FUNCTION
 
Solve for y in terms of x
 
𝑥 ( 𝑦 −1)=5 Replace the new y with f-1 (x) if
Write the function in the form y = f(x).  
𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥=5 the inverse is a function.
 
𝑥+5  
𝑥𝑦=𝑥 +5
𝑦=
𝑥  
𝑥𝑦 𝑥+5  
−1 𝑥 +5
= 𝑓 ( 𝑥)=
Interchange x and y variables. 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
 
 
𝑥+5
𝑦=
𝑥