Answers: 1 Further Algebra

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Answers
1 Further algebra (ii)
1
4−x
1.1 The general binomial expansion (Page 2) −1
= (4 − x ) 2
−2
1 (i) (1 + x )
( )
−1
= 4 1 − 1 x 
2
−2(−2 − 1) 2 −2(−2 − 1)(−2 − 2) 3  4 
= 1 + −2 x + x + x + ...
2! 3!

( )
−1
−2(−3) 2 −2(−3)(−4) 3 −1
1− 1x
2
= 1 − 2x + x + x + ... =4 2
2! 3! 4
= 1 − 2 x + 3x 2 − 4 x 3 + ...
( )
−1
= 1 1− 1x
2
Valid for x < 1 2 4
(ii) (1 + 4 x ) 2
1
1
( 1 1
= 1+ − − x + 2 2
−1 −1 −1
( −1x )
( )( )
2
+ ... )
2 2 4 2! 4
1 1 −1
( ) ( )
( ) )
1
− − 3
= 1 + (4 x ) + 2 2
(
1 (4 x ) 2
2 2! = 1 1 + 1 x + 2 2 1 x 2 + ...
2 8 2! 16
+2 2
( )(
1 1 −1 1 − 2
2 )
(4 x )3 + ... 2 (
= 1 1 + 1 x + 3 x 2 + ...
8 128 )
3!
= + x + 3 x 2 + ...
1 1

1 −1
( )
= 1 + 2 x + 2 2 (16 x 2 )
2 16 256
2!
Valid for 1 x < 1 ⇒ x < 4
1 −1 −3
( )( )
+ 2 2 2 (64 x 3 ) + ...
4
b
3! 3 (i) (1 + ax )
= 1 + 2 x − 2 x 2 + 4 x 3 − ... b(b − 1)
= 1 + b(ax ) + (ax ) 2 + ...
2!
Valid for 4 x < 1 ⇒ x < 1 b(b − 1) 2 2
4 = 1 + abx + (a )x + ...
2!
2 (i) ( 2 + x )
−4
ab = −10 ⇒ a = − 10
b
( )
−4
= 2 1 + 1 x  2
a b(b − 1)
 2  = 75 ⇒ a 2b(b − 1) = 150
2
( )
−4
= 2 −4 1 + 1 x Substituting for a,
2
(− 10b ) b(b − 1) = 150
2
( )
−4
= 1 1+ 1x
16 2
= 1 (1 + −4 ( 1 x ) +
16 2 ( 2 x ) + ...)
−4(−4 − 1) 1
2!
2
( )
100 b(b − 1) = 150
b2
100b(b − 1) = 150b 2
= 1 (1 − 2 x + x + ...)
2! ( 4 )
−4(−5) 1 2
16 100b 2 − 100b = 150b 2
= 1 (1 − 2 x + 5 x + ...) 2 0 = 50b 2 + 100b

16 2
0 = 50b(b + 2)
= 1 − 1 x + 5 x 2 − ... b ≠ 0 so b = −2
16 8 32
Valid for 1 x < 1 ⇒ x < 2 a = − 10 = − 10 = 5
2 b −2
(ii) Valid for 5 x < 1 ⇒ x < 1
5
1 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics – Pure Mathematics 3 Question & Workbook © Greg Port 2018
9781510458444_Answer.indb 1 11/8/18 10:33 AM

 2! 
= (1 − 3x )1 − 2ax + 3a x + ...
 2 2
Just considering the x 2 terms,

3a 2 x 2 − 3x × −2ax
= 3a 2 x 2 + 6ax 2 1 Further algebra
2 2
= (3a + 6a)x
1
4 (i) Coefficient of x 2 = 0
1 − 2x 2
⇒ 3a 2 + 6a = 0
−1 3a(a + 2) = 0
= (1 − 2x 2 ) 2
1 2
= 1 + − (−2 x ) +
−1 −1 − 1
2 2 ( )
(−2 x 2 ) 2 + ...
a ≠ 0 so a = −2
2 2! (ii) (1 − 3x )(1 − 2 x )−2
= 1 + x 2 + 3 x 4 + ...
2  −2(−2 − 1) 
1 + −2(−2 x ) + (−2 x ) 2 
2 1 2!
Valid for 2 x < 1 ⇒ x < = (1 − 3x )  
2
 + −2(−2 − 1)(−2 − 2) (−2 x )3 ...
1+ x  3! 
(ii)
1 − 2x 2  2 3
= (1 − 3x ) 1 + 4 x + 12 x + 32 x + ...
(
= (1 + x ) 1 + x 2 + 3 x 4 + ...
2 ) The x 3 term is given by
1 × 32 x 3 + −3x × 12 x 2
= 1 + x 2 + 3 x 4 + x + x 3 + 3 x 5 + ...
2 2 = −4x 3
2 3 3
= 1 + x + x + x + x + 3 x 5 + ...
4
−2
2 2 7 (i) (a + x)
( )
n −2
5 (i) (1 − 3x )
= a 1 + 1 x 
n(n − 1)  a 
= 1 + n(−3x ) + (−3x ) 2 + ...
( )
2! −2
2 = a −2 1 + 1 x
= 1 + −3nx + n − n (9 x 2 ) + ... a
= 1 (1 + 1 x )
2 −2
9(n 2 − n) 2 2 a
= 1 + −3nx + x + ... a
2
= 1 (1 + −2( 1 x ) + ( a x ) + ...)
2
−2(−2 − 1) 1
9(n 2 − n)
−3n = a 2 a 2!
2
−6n = 9(n 2 − n)
−6n = 9n − 9n 2 a a(
= 12 1 − 2 x + 32 x 2 + ...
a )
1 2 3
= 2 − 3 x + 4 x 2 + ...
0 = 9n 2 − 3n a a a
0 = 3n(3n − 1) −2
(ii) (1 − x)(a + x)
n ≠ 0 so n = 1
1
3
a a (
= (1 − x ) 12 − 23 x + 34 x 2 + ...
a )
(ii) (1 − 3x ) 3 Considering the x 2 terms,
1
= 1 + (−3x ) + 3
1 (13 − 1) (−3x ) 2
1 × 34 x 2 + − x × − 23 x
a a
3 2! 3 2
= 4x + 3x 2 2
1
( )( )
1 −1 1 − 2 a a

+3 3
3!
3 (−3x )3 + ... ( 3
= 4 + 3 x2
a a
2
)
=1− x +
1 −2
3 3 ( ) 1 − 2 −5
( )( )
(9 x ) + 3 3 3 (−27 x 3 ) + ...
2
3 + 2 =0
a4 a3
2! 3! 3 + 2a = 0
2 5 3
= 1 − x − x − x − ... a = −3
3 2
6 (i) (1 − 3x )(1 + ax )
−2
8 (i) y = 1
1 − 2x − 1 − x
 −2(−2 − 1) 
= (1 − 3x )1 + −2(ax ) + (ax ) 2 + ... = 1 × 1 − 2x + 1 − x
 2!  1 − 2x − 1 − x 1 − 2x + 1 − x
= (1 − 3x )1 − 2ax + 3a x + ...
2 2
= 1 − 2 x + 1 − x
1 − 2 x − (1 − x )
Just considering the x 2 terms,
3a 2 x 2 − 3x × −2ax = 1 − 2x + 1 − x
−x
= 3a 2 x 2 + 6ax 2 1
= − ( 1 − 2x + 1 − x )
x
= (3a 2 + 6a)x 2
Coefficient of x 2 = 0
⇒ 3a 2 + 6a = 0
3a(a + 2) = 0
a ≠ 0 so a = −2
9781510458444_Answer.indb 2 11/8/18 10:33 AM
1 Further algebra
(ii) y = − 1 ( 1 − 2 x + 1 − x ) r +5+ 3 − 2
x (iii)
4r 2 5r r 3
1 − 2x 5r (r + 5) + 3(4r 2 ) − 2(20)
1 =
= (1 − 2x ) 2 20r 3
( )
2
1 1 −1 = 5r + 25r + 12 r 2 − 40
= 1 + (−2 x ) + 2 2
1 (−2 x ) 2 + ... 20r 3
2 2! 2
= 17r + 253r − 40
= 1 − x − 1 x 2 − ... 20r
2
1− x 1.3 Partial fractions (Page 7)
1
= (1 − x )2 1 (i)
5x + 7 ≡ A + B
( x + 1)( x + 2) x + 1 x + 2
1 1 −1
= 1 + (−x ) + 2 2
1 ( )
(−x )2 + ...
5 x + 7 ≡ A( x + 2) + B( x + 1)
2 2! x = −1 ⇒ 2 = A
= 1 − 1 x − 1 x 2 − ... x = −2 ⇒ −3 = − B ⇒ B = 3
2 8
( )
5x + 7 ≡ 2 + 3
y = − 1 1 − x − 1 x 2 + 1 − 1 x − 1 x 2 − ... So
( x + 1)( x + 2) x + 1 x + 2
x 2 2 8
x 2 8 (
= − 1 2 − 3 x − 5 x − ...
2
) 3x − 2 =
(ii)
2
3x − 2
x − 4 ( x − 2)( x + 2)
= − 2 + 3 + 5 x + ... 3x − 2 ≡ A + B
x 2 8 ( x − 2)( x + 2) x − 2 x + 2
Coefficient of the x term is 5 3x − 2 ≡ A( x + 2) + B( x − 2)
8
x = 2 ⇒ 4 = 4A ⇒ A = 1
1.2 Review of algebraic fractions (Page 6)
x = −2 ⇒ −8 = −4 B ⇒ B = 2
2
1 (i) 3a × 8b 2 = 2b So 3x − 2 ≡ 1 + 2
4b 9a 3a ( x − 2)( x + 2) x − 2 x + 2
2 4 = 4
f − 16 ( f − 4)( f + 4) f + 4 (iii)
(ii) = = x 2 − x x ( x − 1)
f − 6 f + 8 ( f − 4)( f − 2) f − 2
2
h 3 − 4h ÷ h 2 − 4h + 4
4 ≡ A+ B
(iii) x ( x − 1) x x − 1
4 8
3
4 ≡ A( x − 1) + Bx
= h − 4h × 2 8 x =1⇒ 4 = B
4 h − 4h + 4
2 x = 0 ⇒ 4 = − A ⇒ A = −4
h(h − 4) 8
= × 4
4 (h − 2)(h − 2) So ≡ −4 + 4
x ( x − 1) x x −1
h(h − 2)(h + 2) 8
= ×
4 (h − 2)(h − 2)
(iv) 42 − 18 x ≡ A + B + C
2h(h + 2) ( x + 1)( x − 2)( x − 4) x + 1 x − 2 x − 4
=
h−2
42 − 18 x ≡ A( x − 2)( x − 4) + B( x + 1)( x − 4)
2 (i)
2 + 3 = 8 + 3 = 11
m 4m 4m 4m 4m + C( x + 1)( x − 2)
p−2 p+2 x = 2 ⇒ 6 = −6 B ⇒ B = −1
(ii) +
p 3 x = −1 ⇒ 60 = 15 A ⇒ A = 4
3( p − 2) p( p + 2) x = 4 ⇒ −30 = 10C ⇒ C = −3
= +
3p 3p So 42 − 18 x ≡ 4 − 1 − 3
( x + 1)( x − 2)( x − 4) x + 1 x − 2 x − 4
3p − 6 p2 + 2p
= +
3p 3p
p2 + 5p − 6
=
3p
9781510458444_Answer.indb 3 11/8/18 10:33 AM

10
2 ≡ A + Bx2 + C
( x − 4)( x + 4) x − 4 ( x + 4)
10 ≡ A( x 2 + 4) + ( Bx + C )( x − 4)
1 Further algebra
x = 4 ⇒ 10 = 20 A ⇒ A = 1
2
2x 3 − 4 x 2 − x − 3 = 2x + 5x − 3 x terms ⇒ 0 = A + B ⇒ B = − 1
2
(v) 2
x 2 − 2x − 3 x 2 − 2x − 3 x = 0 ⇒ 10 = 4 A − 4C ⇒ C = −2
= 2x + 5x − 3
1
( x − 3)( x + 1) −1x − 2
So 10 ≡ 2 + 2
5x − 3 ≡ A + B ( x − 4)( x 2 + 4) x − 4 ( x 2 + 4)
( x − 3)( x + 1) x − 3 x + 1
5 x − 3 ≡ A( x + 1) + B( x − 3) = 1 − x 2+ 4
2( x − 4) 2( x + 4)
x = 3 ⇒ 12 = 4 A ⇒ A = 3
x = −1 ⇒ −8 = −4 B ⇒ B = 2
1.4 Using partial fractions with the binomial
So 5x − 3 ≡ 3 + 2 expansion (Page 8)
( x − 3)( x + 1) x − 3 x + 1
3 2 2 − 11x = A + B
and 2 x −2 4 x − x − 3 = 2 x + 3 + 2 1 (i)
(1 + 2 x )(2 − x ) 1 + 2 x 2 − x
x − 2x − 3 x − 3 x +1
2 2 − 11x ≡ A(2 − x ) + B(1 + 2 x )
2 (i) x 2+ 3x − 1 ≡ A + B2 + C
x = 2 ⇒ −20 = 5 B ⇒ B = −4
x ( x − 1) x x x −1
x + 3x − 1 ≡ Ax ( x − 1) + B( x − 1) + Cx 2
2 x = − 1 ⇒ 15 = 5 A ⇒ A = 3
2 2 2
x =1⇒3=C − x
So 2 11 = 3 − 4
x = 0 ⇒ −1 = − B ⇒ B = 1 (1 + 2 x )(2 − x ) 1 + 2 x 2 − x
x 2 terms ⇒ 1 = A + C ⇒ A = −2 1 = (1 + 2 x ) −1
(ii)
2 1 + 2x
So x 2+ 3x − 1 ≡ − 2 + 12 + 3
x ( x − 1) x x x −1 −1(−1 − 1)
= 1 + −1(2 x ) + (2 x ) 2 + ...
2!
(ii) 1 ≡ A+ B + C = 1 − 2 x + 4 x 2 − ...
x ( x − 1) 2 x x − 1 ( x − 1) 2
Valid for 2 x < 1 ⇒ x < 1 .
2 2
1 ≡ A( x − 1) + Bx ( x − 1) + Cx
x =1⇒1=C (iii)
1 = (2 − x ) −1
x = 0⇒1= A 2−x
( )
−1
x 2 terms ⇒ 1 = A + B ⇒ B = 0 = 2 1 − 1 x 
 2 
1 ≡1+ 0 + 1
( )
So −1
x ( x − 1) 2 x x − 1 ( x − 1) 2 = 2 −1 1 − 1 x
2
=1+ 1
(
)
−1
x ( x − 1) 2 = 1 1− 1x
2 2
1 ≡ A + Bx2 + C
= (1 + −1( − 1 x ) + (− 2 x ) + ...)
3 (i) 2 1 −1(−1 − 1) 1 2
( x + 1)( x + 1) x + 1 ( x + 1)
2 2 2!
1 ≡ A( x 2 + 1) + ( Bx + C )( x + 1)
= 1 (1 + 1 x + 1 x + ...) 2
x = −1 ⇒ 1 = 2 A ⇒ A = 1 2 2 4
2
x terms ⇒ 0 = A + B ⇒ B = − 1
2 = 1 + 1 x + 1 x 2 + ...
2 2 4 8
1
x = 0⇒1= A+C ⇒C = Valid for x < 1
2
1 −1x + 1 2 − 11x
So 1 ≡ 2 + 2 2 (iv) = 3 − 4
(1 + 2 x )(2 − x ) 1 + 2 x 2 − x
( x + 1)( x 2 + 1) x + 1 ( x 2 + 1)
= 1 + 1− x
2( x + 1) 2( x 2 + 1) (
= 3(1 − 2 x + 4 x 2 − ...) − 4 1 + 1 x + 1 x 2 + ...
2 4 8 )
2 1 2
= 3 − 6 x + 12 x − 2 − x − x + ...
(ii)
10 ≡ A + Bx + C 2
( x − 4)( x 2 + 4) x − 4 ( x 2 + 4) 23 2
= 1 − 7 x + x ...
10 ≡ A( x 2 + 4) + ( Bx + C )( x − 4) 2
x = 4 ⇒ 10 = 20 A ⇒ A = 1 Valid for x < 1

2 2
2
x terms ⇒ 0 = ACambridge 1
+ B ⇒ BInternational
=−
4 2 AS & A Level Mathematics – Pure Mathematics 3 Question & Workbook © Greg Port 2018
x = 0 ⇒ 10 = 4 A − 4C ⇒ C = −2
9781510458444_Answer.indb 4 11/8/18 10:33 AM

1 Further algebra
8−x 2
2 (i) = A + B = 2 (1 + x ) −2
( x − 2)( x + 1) x − 2 x + 1 (1 + x ) 2
8 − x ≡ A( x + 1) + B( x − 2) = 2(1 − 2 x + 3x 2 − ...)
x = 2 ⇒ 6 = 3A ⇒ A = 2 = 2 − 4 x + 6 x 2 − ...
x = −1 ⇒ 9 = −3B ⇒ B = −3 3 + 1 − 2
So 8−x = 2 − 3 1 − 2 x 1 + x (1 + x ) 2
( x − 2)( x + 1) x − 2 x + 1
= (3 + 6 x + 12 x 2 + ...) + (1 − x + x 2 + ...)
2
x−2 − (2 − 4 x + 6 x 2 − ...)
= 2( x − 2) −1 = 2 + 9 x + 7 x 2 + ...
( )
−1
= 2  −2 1 − 1 x  Valid for 2 x < 1 ⇒ x < 1
 2  2
( )
−1
= 2(−2) −1 1 − 1 x 3 (i) 4 x + 14 = A + B + C
2 (1 − x )(2 + x )(1 + x ) 1 − x 2 + x 1 + x
( ( )
= − 1 + −1 − 1 x +
2
−1(−1 − 1) 1
2!
− x
2 ( ) + ...)
2
4 x + 14 ≡ A(2 + x )(1 + x ) + B(1 − x )(1 + x )
(
= − 1 + 1 x + 1 x 2 + ...
2 4 ) + C(1 − x )(2 + x )
x = 1 ⇒ 18 = 6 A ⇒ A = 3
1 1
= −1 − x − x 2 − ... x = −2 ⇒ 6 = −3B ⇒ B = −2
2 4
3 x = −1 ⇒ 10 = 2C ⇒ C = 5
x +1 4 x + 14
So = 3 − 2 + 5
= 3(1 + x ) −1 (1 − x )(2 + x )(1 + x ) 1 − x 2 + x 1 + x
(
= 3 1 + −1x +
−1(−1 − 1) 2
2!
x + ... ) 3 = 3(1 − x ) −1
1− x
= 3(1 − x + x 2 − ...) = 3(1 + x + x 2 + ...)
= 3 − 3x + 3x 2 − ... = 3 + 3x + 3x 2 + ...
x − 2 x +1 2 4 (
2 − 3 = −1 − 1 x − 1 x 2 − ...
) 2 = 2(2 + x ) −1
2+x
( )
−1
− ( 3 − 3x + 3x 2 − ...) = 2 2 1 + 1 x 
 2 
= −4 + 5 x − 13 x 2 + ...
( ( ))
−1
2 4 = 2 2 −1 1 + 1 x
Valid for x < 1 2
(( ) )
−1
x 2 + 9x + 2 ≡ A + B + C = 2 1 1+ 1x
(ii) 2 2
(1 − 2 x )(1 + x ) 2 1 − 2 x 1 + x (1 + x ) 2
( )
−1
= 1+ 1x
2 2
x + 9 x + 2 ≡ A(1 + x ) + B(1 − 2 x )(1 + x ) + C(1 − 2 x ) 2
x = −1 ⇒ −6 = 3C ⇒ C = −2 = 1 − 1 x + 1 x 2 − ...
2 4
x = 1 ⇒ 27 = 9 A ⇒ A = 3 5 = 5(1 + x ) −1
2 4 4 1+ x
2
x terms ⇒ 1 = A − 2 B ⇒ B = 1 = 5(1 − x + x 2 − ...)
So x 2 + 9x + 2 ≡ 3 + 1 − 2 = 5 − 5 x + 5 x 2 − ...
(1 − 2 x )(1 + x ) 2 1 − 2 x 1 + x (1 + x ) 2
3 = 3(1 − 2 x ) −1 So 3 − 2 + 5
1 − 2x 1− x 2+ x 1+ x
= 3(1 + 2 x + 4 x 2 + ...) = (3 + 3x + 3x 2 + ...) − (1 − 1 x + 1 x 2 − ...)
2 4
= 3 + 6 x + 12 x 2 + ... 2
+ (5 − 5 x + 5 x − ...)
1 = (1 + x ) −1 = 7 − 3 x + 31 x 2 − ...
1+ x 2 4
= 1 − x + x 2 + ...
9781510458444_Answer.indb 5 11/8/18 10:33 AM

1 Further algebra
4 (i)
3 + 2x 2 ≡ A + B + C 2 (i) ( 9 − 3x ) 2
1
2 2
(1 + x ) (1 − 4 x ) 1 + x (1 + x ) 1 − 4x
( )
1
= 9 1 − 1 x 
2
2 2
3 + 2 x ≡ A(1 + x )(1 − 4 x ) + B(1 − 4 x ) + C(1 + x )  3 
= 9 (1 − 1 x )
1
x = −1 ⇒ 5 = 5 B ⇒ B = 1 1
2 2
3
x = 1 ⇒ 25 = 25 C ⇒ C = 2
= 3(1 − 1 x )
4 8 16 1
2
2
x terms ⇒ 2 = −4 A + C ⇒ A = 0 3
( ( ) ( )( ) + ...)
2 1 1 −1
3 + 2x ≡ 1 + 2 2
So
(1 + x ) 2 (1 − 4 x ) (1 + x ) 2 1 − 4 x = 3 1+ − x + 2 2
1 1 −1x
2 3 2! 3
(ii)
3 + 2x 2
2
= 1
2
+ 2
( ( )( ) )
1 −1
= 3 1 − 1 x + 2 2 1 x 2 + ...
(1 + x ) (1 − 4 x ) (1 + x ) 1 − 4x 6 2! 9
1
(1 + x ) 2
= (1 + x ) −2 ( 1
6
1
= 3 1 − x − x 2 + ...
72 )
1 1
= 3 − x − x 2 − ...
= 1 − 2 x + 3x 2 − ... 2 24
2 = 2(1 − 4 x ) −1 Valid for 1 x < 1 ⇒ x < 3
1 − 4x 3
= 2(1 + 4 x + 16 x 2 + ...)
(ii) 3x
= 2 + 8 x + 32 x + ... 2 2+x

1 = 3x (2 + x ) −1
So + 2
(1 + x ) 2 1 − 4 x
( )
−1
= 3x  2 1 + 1 x 
= (1 − 2 x + 3x 2 − ...) + (2 + 8 x + 32 x 2 + ...)  2 
( )
−1
 
= 3 + 6 x + 35 x 2 + ... = 3x  2 −1 1 + 1 x 
 2 
( )
−1
 
= 3x  1 1 + 1 x
Further practice (Page 11)

2 2 
1 (i) (1 − 2 x )
−1
( )
−1
−1(−1 − 1) = 3x 1 + 1 x
= 1 + −1(−2 x ) + (−2 x ) 2 2 2
2!
= 3x (1 + −1( 1 x ) + ( 2 x ) + ...)
2
−1(−1 − 1)(−1 − 2) −1(−1 − 1) 1
+ (−2 x )3 + ... 2 2 2!
3!
= 3x (1 − 1 x + x + ...)
2! ( 4 )
−1(−2) −1(−2)(−3) −1(−2) 1 2
= 1 + 2x + (4 x 2 ) + (−8 x 3 ) + ...
2! 3! 2 2
= 1 + 2 x + 4 x 2 + 8 x 3 + ... = 3x (1 − 1 x + 1 x + ...) 2
2 2 4
2 = 3 x − 3 x 2 + ...
2 4
−1
(ii) (1 − 9 x ) 3 Valid for 1 x < 1 ⇒ x < 2
( )
2
−1 −1 − 1
1 3 3 1
= 1 + − (−9 x ) + (−9 x ) 2 3 (i) (1 + x ) 3
3 2!
+
(
−1 −1 − 1 −1 − 2
3 3 3)( )
(−9 x )3 + ... 1
= 1+ x +
1 1 −1
3 3 ( )
x 2 + ...
3! 3 2!
= 1 + 3x +
−1 − 4
3 3 ( )
(81x 2 ) 1
= 1+ x +
1 −2
3 3 2 ( )
x + ...
2! 3 2!
+
3 3 ( )( )
−1 − 4 −7
3
(−729 x 3 ) + ...
= 1 + 1 x − 1 x 2 + ...
3 9
3!
= 1 + 3x + 18 x 2 + 126 x 3 + ...
9
9781510458444_Answer.indb 6 11/8/18 10:33 AM

1 Further algebra
(ii) (a) ( 8 + 16 x ) 3
1
6 (i)
5n − n + 1 = 20n − 3(n + 1) = 17n − 3
3 4 12 12 12
1
= [8 (1 + 2 x )] 3 2q
(ii) − 4
1 1 q +1 q −1
= 83 (1 + 2 x ) 3
2q(q − 1) − 4(q + 1)
1 =
= 2 (1 + 2 x ) 3 (q + 1)(q − 1)

3(
= 2 1 + 1 (2 x ) − 1 (2 x ) 2 + ...
9 ) 2
= 2q − 2q − 4q − 4
(q + 1)(q − 1)
3(
= 2 1 + 2 x − 4 x 2 + ...
9 ) =
2q 2 − 6q − 4
(q + 1)(q − 1)
= 2 + 4 x − 8 x 2 + ...
3 9
(iii)
s2 + 4 − s
(b) Valid for 2 x < 1 ⇒ x < 1 s2 − 9 s − 3
2
4 (i) (1 + ax )
−3
= s2 + 4 − s
(s − 3)(s + 3) s − 3
−3(−3 − 1)
= 1 + (−3)(ax ) + (ax ) 2 + ... s 2 + 4 − s(s + 3)
2! =
(s − 3)(s + 3)
= 1 − 3ax + 6a 2 x 2 + ... 2 2
−3a = 6a 2 = s + 4 − s − 3s
(s − 3)(s + 3)
0 = 6a 2 + 3a 4 − 3s
=
0 = 3a ( 2a + 1) (s − 3)(s + 3)
Since a ≠ 0, a = − 1
2 7 (i) 2 x + 14 ≡ A + B
( x − 1)( x + 3) x − 1 x + 3
( )
−3
(ii) 1 −
1x
2 2 x + 14 ≡ A( x + 3) + B( x − 1)
x = 1 ⇒ 16 = 4 A ⇒ A = 4
( ) ( )
2
−3(−3 − 1) 1
= 1 + (−3) − 1 x + − x + ... x = −3 ⇒ 8 = −4 B ⇒ B = −2
2 2! 2
3 3 2 So 2 x + 14 ≡ 4 − 2
= 1 + x + x + ... ( x − 1)( x + 3) x − 1 x + 3
2 2
16 − 3x =
(ii)
16 − 3x
6c 2 d ÷ 18d 2 = 6c 2 d × 25e 2 = 5c 2 e
5 (i) x 2 + x − 6 ( x + 3)( x − 2)
5e 25e 2 5e 18d 2 3d
16 − 3x ≡ A + B
3g + 1 g +1 3g + 1 g +1 ( x + 3)( x − 2) x + 3 x − 2
(ii) × = ×
4 3g 2 + 4 g + 1 4 (3 g + 1)( g + 1) 16 − 3x ≡ A( x − 2) + B( x + 3)
= 1 x = 2 ⇒ 10 = 5 A ⇒ A = 2
4 x = −3 ⇒ 25 = −5 B ⇒ B = −5
j4 − k4 j + k So 16 − 3x ≡ 2 − 5
(iii) × ( x + 3)( x − 2) x + 3 x − 2
j2 + k2 j − k
(iii)
x − 10 = x − 10
( j 2 − k 2 )( j 2 + k 2 ) j + k 2 x 2 − 5 x − 3 (2 x + 1)( x − 3)
= ×
j2 + k2 j−k x − 10 ≡ A + B
(2 x + 1)( x − 3) 2 x + 1 x − 3
( j − k )( j + k )( j 2 + k 2 ) j + k
= × x − 10 ≡ A( x − 3) + B(2 x + 1)
j2 + k2 j−k
x = 3 ⇒ −7 = 7 B ⇒ B = −1
= ( j + k )2
x = − 1 ⇒ − 21 = − 7 A ⇒ A = 3
2 2 2
So x − 10 ≡ 3 − 1
(2 x + 1)( x − 3) 2 x + 1 x − 3
9781510458444_Answer.indb 7 11/8/18 10:33 AM

1 Further algebra
2 2 2
(iv) 5 x + 20 x − 32 = 5 x + 20 x − 32 = 5 x + 20 x − 32 (iii)
−2 x + 4 ≡ Ax2 + B + C + D
3
x − 16 x 2
x ( x − 16) x ( x − 4)( x + 4) ( x 2 + 1)( x − 1) 2 x + 1 x − 1 ( x − 1) 2
−2 x + 4 ≡ ( Ax + B)( x − 1) 2 + C( x 2 + 1)( x − 1)
5 x 2 + 20 x − 32 ≡ A + B + C
x ( x − 4)( x + 4) x x − 4 x + 4 + D( x 2 + 1)
5 x 2 + 20 x − 32 ≡ A( x − 4)( x + 4) + Bx ( x + 4) x = 1 ⇒ 2 = 2D ⇒ D = 1
+ Cx ( x − 4) ( Ax + B)( x − 1) 2 = Ax 3 + ( B − 2 A)x 2
x = 0 ⇒ −32 = −16 A ⇒ A = 2 + ( A − 2 B )x + B
x = 4 ⇒ 128 = 32 B ⇒ B = 4 C( x + 1)( x − 1) = C( x 3 − x 2 + x − 1)
2
x = −4 ⇒ −32 = 32C ⇒ C = −1
x 3 terms ⇒ 0 = A + C
2
So 5 x + 20 x − 32 ≡ 2 + 4 − 1 x = 0⇒4 = B−C+D ⇒ B−C = 3
x ( x − 4)( x + 4) x x − 4 x + 4
x 2 terms ⇒ 0 = B − 2 A − C
2
3x + 2 x − 20 = 3 + 2 x − 8
(v) Since B − C = 3, 3 − 2 A = 0 ⇒ A = 3
x2 − 4 x2 − 4 2
2x − 8 = 2x − 8 A + C = 0 ⇒ C = −3
≡ A + B 2
2
x −4 ( x − 2)( x + 2) x−2 x+2 3
2 x − 8 ≡ A( x + 2) + B( x − 2) B−C = 3⇒ B =
2
x = 2 ⇒ −4 = 4 A ⇒ A = −1 3x + 3 −3
So 2 − 2 x + 4 2
≡ 2 2 + 2 + 1
x = −2 ⇒ −12 = −4 B ⇒ B = 3
( x + 1)( x − 1) 2 x + 1 x − 1 ( x − 1) 2
2x − 8 ≡− 1 + 3
So
( x − 2)( x + 2) x−2 x+2 = 3x2+ 3 − 3 + 1
2( x + 1) 2( x − 1) ( x − 1) 2
2
and 3x +2 2 x − 20 = 3 + 3 − 1 2
x −4 x+2 x−2 (iv) 2 x + 3x2 + 1 ≡ A + Bx + C
( x − 1)( x + 2) x − 1 ( x 2 + 2)
8 (i)
3x 2 + 2 x − 3 ≡ A + B + C 2 x 2 + 3x + 1 ≡ A( x 2 + 2) + ( Bx + C )( x − 1)
( x − 1)( x + 1) 2 x − 1 x + 1 ( x + 1) 2
x = 1 ⇒ 6 = 3A ⇒ A = 2
3x 2 + 2 x − 3 ≡ A( x + 1) 2 + B( x − 1)( x + 1) + C( x − 1) x 2 terms ⇒ 2 = A + B ⇒ B = 0
x = 1 ⇒ 2 = 4A ⇒ A = 1 x = 0 ⇒ 1 = 2A − C ⇒ C = 3
2 2
x = −1 ⇒ −2 = −2C ⇒ C = 1 So 2 x + 3x2 + 1 ≡ 2 + 2 3
( x − 1)( x + 2) x − 1 x + 2
x 2 terms ⇒ 3 = A + B ⇒ B = 5
2
2 x 2 − 3x + 3 ≡ A + Bx + C
1 5 9
2 (1 + x )(1 + x 2 ) 1 + x (1 + x 2 )
So 3x + 2 x − 32 ≡ 2 + 2 + 1
( x − 1)( x + 1) x − 1 x + 1 ( x + 1) 2 2 x 2 − 3x + 3 ≡ A(1 + x 2 ) + ( Bx + C )(1 + x )
= 1 + 5 + 1 x = −1 ⇒ 8 = 2 A ⇒ A = 4
2( x − 1) 2( x + 1) ( x + 1) 2 x 2 terms ⇒ 2 = A + B ⇒ B = −2
x = 0 ⇒ 3 = A + C ⇒ C = −1
(ii)
x −1 ≡ A + B + C 3 2
So 2 x − 3x + 32 ≡ 4 + −2 x −21
3 2
( x + 1) x + 1 ( x + 1) ( x + 1)
(1 + x )(1 + x ) 1 + x (1 + x )
x − 1 ≡ A( x + 1) 2 + B( x + 1) + C
= 4 − 2 x + 21
x = −1 ⇒ −2 = C 1 + x (1 + x )
x 2 terms ⇒ 0 = A 4 = 4(1 + x ) −1
1+ x
x = 0 ⇒ −1 = A + B + C ⇒ B = 1 = 4(1 − x + x 2 − ...)
So x − 1 3 ≡ 0 + 1 + −2 = 4 − 4 x + 4 x 2 − ...
( x + 1) x + 1 ( x + 1) 2 ( x + 1)3 2 x + 1 = (2 x + 1)(1 + x 2 ) −1
= 1 − 2 (1 + x 2 )
2
( x + 1) ( x + 1)3 = (2 x + 1)(1 − x 2 + x 4 − ...)
= 2 x − 2 x 3 + 2 x 5 + 1 − x 2 + x 4 + ...
9781510458444_Answer.indb 8 11/8/18 10:33 AM

1 Further algebra
4 − 2x + 1 Past exam questions (Page 12)

So
1 + x (1 + x 2 ) 5x − x 2
1 (i) ≡ A + Bx + C
= (4 − 4 x + 4 x − ...) 2
(1 + x )(2 + x 2 ) (1 + x ) 2 + x 2
− (2 x − 2 x 3 + 2 x 5 + 1 − x 2 + x 4 + ...) 5x − x2 ≡ A(2 + x2) + (Bx + C)(1 + x)
= 3 − 6 x + 5 x 2 − ... x = −1 ⇒ −6 ≡ 3A ⇒ A= -2
Valid for x 2 < 1 ⇒ x < 1 x = 0 ⇒ 0 ≡ 2A + C ⇒ C = 4
x2 terms ⇒ −1 ≡ A + B ⇒ B = 1
2 − 4 x − 3x 2 ≡ A + Bx + C
10 (i) 5x − x 2
(2 − x )(2 + x 2 ) 2 − x 2 + x 2 So ≡ − 2 + x + 42
(1 + x )(2 + x 2 ) 1+ x 2+ x
2 − 4 x − 3x 2 ≡ A(2 + x 2 ) + ( Bx + C )(2 − x )
x = 2 ⇒ −18 = 6 A ⇒ A = −3 (ii) −2(1 + x ) −1 + ( x + 4)(2 + x 2 ) −1
( )
−1
x 2 terms ⇒ −3 = A − B ⇒ B = 0 = −2(1 + x ) −1 + ( x + 4)  2 1 + 1 x 2 
 2 
x = 0 ⇒ 2 = 2 A + 2C ⇒ C = 4
+ ( x + 4)  1 (1 + 1 x )
−1
 
2 = −2(1 + x ) −1 2
So 2 − 4 x − 3x 2 ≡ −3 + 4 2 2 2 

(2 − x )(2 + x ) 2 − x 2 + x
−2(1 + x ) −1
= 4 2− 3
(ii) 3 = 3( 2 − x )−1
2+x 2−x
(
= −2 1 + (−1)x +
(−1)(−2) 2 (−1)(−2)(−3) 3
2!
x +
3!
x +… )
2−x = −2(1 − x + x 2 − x 3 + )
( )
−1
≈ −2 + 2 x − 2 x 2 + 2 x 3
= 3 2 1 − 1 x 
 2 
( )
−1
1 ( x + 4) 1 + 1 x 2
( ( ))
−1
2 2
= 3 2 −1 1 − 1 x
( ( ) ( ) )
2 2
(−1)(−2) 1 2
= 1 ( x + 4) 1 + (−1) 1 x 2 +
(( ))
−1 x
2 2 2! 2
= 3 1 1− 1x
= 1 ( x + 4)(1 − 1 x + )
2 2 2
( ) 2 2
−1
= 3 1− 1x
2 2 = 1 ( x + 4) − 1 x 2 ( x + 4) +
( )
2 4
= 3 1 + 1 x + 1 x 2 + 1 x 3 + ...
2 2 4 8 = 1x + 2 − 1 x3 − x2 +
2 4
= 3 + 3 x + 3 x 2 + 3 x 3 + ... The expansion is −2 + 2x – 2x2 + 2x3 + 1 x + 2 – 1 x3– x2
2 4 8 16 2 4
4 = 4(2 + x 2 ) −1
= 5 x − 3x 2 + 7 x 3 + ...
2 + x2 2 4
3 2
= 4(2 + x 2 ) −1 2 (i) p(x) = ax − x − 4x − a

(
= 4  2 −1 1 + 1 x 2
2 )
−1 

(2x − 1) a factor ⇒ p 1 = 0
2 ()

( ) − (12) + 4 (12) − a = 0
3 2
⇒ a× 1
(( ( ) ( ) ))
−1(−1 − 1) 1 2 2 2
= 4 1 1 + (−1) 1 x 2 + x
2 2 2! 2 1a − 1 + 2 − a = 0
= 2 (1 − 1 x + 1 x + ...)
2 4 8 4
2 4 7 − 7a = 0
4 8
= 2 − x 2 + 1 x 4 + ... 14 − 7a = 0
2
2 − 4 x − 3x 2 = 4 − 3 a=2
So
( 2 − x )(2 + x 2 ) 2 + x 2 2 − x x2 +2
)
2x − 1 2x 3 − x 2 + 4 x − 2
(
= 2 − x 2 + 1 x 4 + ...
2 ) −(2 x 3 − x 2 )
(
− 3 + 3 x + 3 x 2 + 3 x 3 + ...
2 4 8 16 ) 4x − 2
−(4 x − 2)
= 1 − 3 x − 11 x 2 − 3 x 3 + ... 0
2 4 8 16 So p(x) = (2x − 1)(x2 + 2)
9781510458444_Answer.indb 9 11/8/18 10:33 AM

1 Further algebra
8 x − 13 ≡ A + Bx2 + C x − 3 = ( x − 3)( x 2 + 5) −1
(ii) 2
(2 x − 1)( x + 2) 2 x − 1 x + 2 x2 + 5
( )
 −1 
8 x − 13 ≡ A( x 2 + 2) + ( Bx + C )(2 x − 1) = ( x − 3) 5 −1 1 + 1 x 2 
 5 
x = 1 ⇒ −9 ≡ 9 A ⇒ A = −4
2 4
(( ( ) ( ) ))
2
−1(−1 − 1) 1 2
x = 0 ⇒ −13 = 2 A − C ⇒ C = 5
= ( x − 3) 1 1 + (−1) 1 x 2 + x
5 5 2! 5
)( ( ))
2
x term ⇒ 0 = A + 2 B ⇒ B = 2
= ( x − 3 1 1 − 1 x 2 + 1 x 4 + ...
5 5 25
So 8 x − 13 ≡ −4 + 2 x2 + 5
p( x ) 2x − 4 x + 2
(
= ( x − 3) 1 − 1 x 2 + 1 x 4
5 25 125
+ ...)
1
3 = − 3 + 1 x + 3 x 2 + ...
1 − 2x 5 5 25
−1
= (1 − 2 x ) 2
So 5x 2 − 7 x + 4 ≡ 2 + x − 3
−1 −1 − 1 ( ) (3x + 2)( x 2 + 5) 3x + 2 x 2 + 5

= 1 + − (−2 x ) + 2 2
1
2 2!
(−2 x ) 2
(
= 1 − 3 x + 9 x 2 − ...
2 4 )
−1 −1 − 1 −1 − 2
+ 2 2 2 ( (−2 x )3 + ...
)( )
(
+ − 3 + 1 x + 3 x 2 + ...
5 5 25 )
3!
2 13 237
= 1 + x + 3 x 2 + 5 x 3 + ...
2
= − x+ x + ...
2 2 5 10 100
Valid for 2 x < 1 ⇒ x < 1 Stretch and challenge (Page 13)

2
1
5x 2 − 7 x + 4 1 (i) 4 − 3x = ( 4 − 3x ) 2
4 f ( x ) =
(3x + 2)( x 2 + 5) 1
2
( 4 − 3x ) 2
(i)
5 x − 7 x + 4 = A + Bx + C 1
(3x + 2)( x 2 + 5) 3x + 2 x 2 + 5
( )
= 4 1 − 3 x  2
4
5 x 2 − 7 x + 4 ≡ A( x 2 + 5) + ( Bx + C )(3x + 2) 1
= 4 (1 − 3 x )
1
2 2
x = − 2 ⇒ 98 = 49 A ⇒ A = 2 4
3 9 9
( ( ) ( ) ( ) + ...)
1 1 −1
2 2
x terms ⇒ 5 = A + 3B ⇒ B = 1 1 3
= 2 1+ − x + 2 2 −3x
2 4 2! 4
x = 0 ⇒ 4 = 5 A + 2C ⇒ C = −3
So 5x 2 − 7 x + 4 ≡ 2 + x − 3 ( 3
= 2 1− x −
8
9
128
2
x − ... )
(3x + 2)( x 2 + 5) 3x + 2 x 2 + 5 = 2 − 3 x − 9 x 2 − ...
4 64
(ii) 2 ( 3x + 2 )
−1
1
( )
−1 (ii) (1 + ax )(4 − 3x ) 2
= 2 2 1 + 3 x 
 2 
4(
= (1 + ax ) 2 − 3 x − 9 x 2 − ...
64 )
( ( ))
−1
=2 2 −1
1 + 3x x 2 terms are − 9 x 2 + ax × − 3 x
2 64 4
(( ) )
−1 9 3a
= 2 1 1 + 3x
2 2
=− x +− x
2 2 64 4
(
= 1 + 3x )
−1
(
= − − 9
64 4
3a x2 )
( )
2
= −9 − 48a x 2
(
= 1 − 3 x + 9 x 2 − ...
2 4 ) 64
So −9 − 48a = 111
64 64
− 9 − 48a = 111
−48a = 120
a = −5
2
9781510458444_Answer.indb 10 11/8/18 10:34 AM

2 Further calculus
2
(1 + 3x ) 2 2 Further calculus
(1 + kx ) 2
2.1 Differentiating tan−1x (Page 14)
2 −2
= (1 + 3x ) (1 + kx )
1 y = tan −1 x
= (1 + 6 x + 9 x 2 )(1 + kx )−2
( )
−2(−2 − 1) tan y = x
= (1 + 6 x + 9 x 2 ) 1 + (−2)(kx ) + (kx ) 2
2! sin y
=x
2
= (1 + 6 x + 9 x )(1 − 2kx + 3k x − ...) 2 2 cos y
x 2 terms are 3k 2 x 2 + 6 x × −2kx + 9 x 2 dx = cos y × cos y − (− sin y )(sin y )

dy cos 2 y
= (3k 2 − 12k + 9)x 2
cos 2 y + sin 2 y
So 3k 2 − 12k + 9 = 105 =
cos 2 y
k 2 − 4 k − 32 = 0
(k + 4)(k − 8) = 0 cos 2 y sin 2 y
= +
k = −4 or 8 cos 2 y cos 2 y
= 1 + tan 2 y
3 You want to find n such that
n(n − 1)(n − 2) n(n − 1)(n − 2)(n − 3) = 1 + x2
<
3! 4! dy
So = 1 2
24n(n − 1)(n − 2) < 6n(n − 1)(n − 2)(n − 3) dx 1 + x
24 < 6(n − 3)
2 (i) y = 2tan −1 8 x
24 < 6n − 18
dy 2 16
42 < 6n = ×8=
2
dx 1 + (8 x ) 1 + 64 x 2
n>7
b(b − 1) 1 −1 3
b
4 (i) (1 + ax ) = 1 + bax + (ax ) 2 + ... (ii) y = tan ( x )
2! 2
a 2b(b − 1) 2 dy 1 1 2 3x 2
= 1 + abx + x + ... = × × 3 x =
2 dx 2 1 + ( x 3 ) 2 2 + 2x 6
ab = −1 ⇒ a = − 1
b (iii) y = tan −1 ( sin2 x )
(− b1 ) b(b − 1) = 2
2
dy
a 2b(b − 1) = 2cos22 x
=2⇒ dx 1 + sin 2 x
2 2
1 b(b − 1)
b2
2
=2 (iv) y = ln (
cos x 2
−1
e tan x )
1 (b − 1) = 4
b
b − 1 = 4b
(
cos x
y = 2ln tan −1 x
e )
−1
−1 = 3b y = 2  ln(cos x ) − ln(e tan x )
 
b = −1 y = 2  ln(cos x ) − tan −1 x 
3
a=− 1 =3 dy  
−1 = 2  − sin x − 1 2 
3 dx  cos x 1 + x 
(ii) Valid for 3x < 1 ⇒ x < 1

= −2tan x − 2 2
3 1+ x
9781510458444_Answer.indb 11 11/8/18 10:34 AM

2 Further calculus
3 y = tan −1 (e x )  5 3
=2  2u 2
− 8u 2
+ c
dy x  5 3 
= e 2x  
dx 1 + e 5 3
= 4u − 16u + c
dy 0 2 2
When x = 0, = e 2× 0 = 1 5 3
dx 1 + e 2 5 3
When x = 0, y = tan −1 (e 0 ) = tan −1 1 = π =
4( x + 4) 2 16( x + 4) 2
− +c
4 5 3
π 1
y = mx + c ⇒ = × 0 + c ⇒ c = π 4 ( x + 4)5 16 ( x + 4)3
4 2 4 = − +c
5 3
So y = 1x + π
2 4 (iv) u = x − 1 ⇒ du = dx
4 y = 2x + π Also x = u + 1
2x − 4 y + π = 0
∫ x 2 x − 1 dx
2.2 Integration by substitution (Page 15) = ∫ (u + 1) 2 u du
1 (i) u = 2 x + 1 ⇒ du = 2dx
= ∫ (u 2 + 2u + 1) u du
∫ (2x + 1) d x = ∫ u d2u 5 3 1
= ∫ (u 2 + 2u 2 + u 2 )du
= 1 ∫ u du 7 5 3
2
= u + 2u + u + c
2 2 2
2
= 1×u +c 7 5 3
2 2 2 2 2
= 1 u2 + c
7 5 3
= 2u + 4u + 2u + c
2 2 2
4
7 5 3
= 1 ( 2 x + 1) + c
2
4 7 5 3
2( x − 1) 2 4( x − 1) 2 2( x − 1) 2
= + + +c
(ii) u = 1 − x 2 ⇒ du = −2 x dx ⇒ dx = − du 7 5 3
2x
2 ( x − 1)7 4 ( x − 1)5 2 ( x − 1)3
∫ ∫
x 1 − x d x = x u − du
2
( )
2x
=
7
+
5
+
3
+c
= −1
2 ∫ u du 2 (i) u = x 4 + 1 ⇒ du = 4 x 3dx ⇒ dx =
du
4x 3
 3 x = 1 ⇒ u = 2, x = 0 ⇒ u = 1
= − 1 u  + c
2
2 3  1
∫0 x
3
2 x 4 + 1 dx

 3 u= 2
= − 1  2u  + c ∫u=1 x u du3
2 3
=
2 3  4x
  2
3 =1 ∫1 u du
= −1u 2 + c 4
3 2
3  3
= − 1 (1 − = 1 u 
2
x 2 )2
+c
3 4 3 
 2 1
= − 1 (1 − x 2 )3 + c
3 2
 32 
(iii) u = x + 4 ⇒ du = dx and x = u − 4 = 1  2u 
4  3 1
∫ 2x x + 4 d x 
( )( )
3 3
1 2 × 2 2 2 × 1 2 
=  − 
= ∫ 2(u − 4) u du 4 3 3 
3 1 = 0.305 (3 s.f.)
= 2 ∫ (u 2 − 4u 2 )du
 5 3
=2  u 2
− 4u 2
+c
5 3 
2 2 
9781510458444_Answer.indb 12 11/8/18 10:34 AM

2 Further calculus
(ii) u = 2 x 2 − x + 1 ⇒ du = ( 4 x − 1) dx  8 7

1
= 1 u + u 
x = 3 ⇒ u = 16, x = 0 ⇒ u = 1 2 8 7 0
( )
3
∫0 ( 4 x − 1) = 1  1 + 1 − 0 
8 7
2x 2 − x + 1 d x
2 8 7 
u =16
= ∫u=1 ( 4 x − 1) u du = 15 ≈ 0.134
4x − 1 112
16
= ∫1 u du
3 u = 1 + 1 ⇒ du = − 12 dx ⇒ dx = − x 2 du
16 x x
 32 
= u  x = 2 ⇒ u = 3, x = 1 ⇒ u = 2
3  2
 2 1
(1 + x1 ) d x
3
3 16 2
=  2 u 
3 1 ∫1 x2
(
3
3
= 2 16 − 2 1
3
3
)( ) = ∫u = 2
u= 3
2 ( u )3
x2
( − x 2 du )
= 42 3
∫2 u
2 3
=− du
(iii) u = x + 2 x ⇒ du = ( 2 x + 2 ) dx
2
3
x = ∞ ⇒ u = ∞, x = 1 ⇒ u = 3  4 2
= − u 
∞
x +1  4 2
∫1 (x 2 + 2x )5 d x  3 4
() 
= ∫u = 3
u= ∞
x + 1 du
(u)5 2 x + 2

= − 2 − 2
 4 4
4
( ) 

= −  81 − 16 
∞
=1 ∫3 u5 du
1
 64 4 
2
∞ = 175 ≈ 2.73
=1 ∫3 u
−5
du 64
2
∞
 −4  4 u = x + 2 ⇒ u2 = x + 2 ⇒ x = u2 − 2
= 1 u 
2  −4  3
dx = 2u du
∞
= 1  − 1 4  x = 7 ⇒ u = 3, x = −1 ⇒ u = 1
2  4u  3
( ) ( ) x 2 dx
7

= 1 −
2  4 × ∞4
1 
− − 1 4 
4×3 
∫−1 x+2
u = 3 (u 2 − 2) 2
= 1  1 
2  324 
= ∫
u =1 u
2u du
3
∫1 (u
4
= 1 ≈ 0.00154 =2 − 4u 2 + 4)du
648
3
 5 3

(iv) u = x 2 − 1 ⇒ du = 2 x dx
= 2  u − 4u + 4u 
 5 3 1
( )( )
x = 2 ⇒ u = 1, x = 1 ⇒ u = 0
 5 3 5 3

= 2 3 − 4 × 3 + 4 × 3 − 1 − 4 × 1 + 4 × 1 
2
 5 3 5 3 
∫1 x 3 ( x 2 − 1)6 dx
u =1
x 3 (u )6 du
=2  123
 5 ( ) ( )
− 43 
15 
= ∫ u=0 2x
= 652
u =1 15
=1 ∫u=0 x
2
(u )6 du
2
1
=1 ∫0 (u + 1) u du
6
2
1
=1
∫0 (u
7
+ u 6 ) du
2
9781510458444_Answer.indb 13 11/8/18 10:34 AM

2 Further calculus
2.3 Integrals involving exponentials and natural

= 1 u − ln u
3
logarithms (Page 16) 4 1
= 1 [(3 − ln3) − (1 − ln1)]

1 (i) u = x 2 + 3 ⇒ du = 2 x dx 4
1
= [(3 − ln3) − 1]
∫ 8x e dx
x 2 +3
4
1
= (2 − ln3)
= ∫ 8 x e u du 4
2x
3 u = 1 + e 2 x ⇒ du = 2e 2 x dx
= 4 ∫ e du
u
x = ln2 ⇒ u = 1 + e 2ln2 = 1 + e ln4 = 5

= 4e u + c
x = 0 ⇒ u = 1 + e 2× 0 = 1 + 1 = 2
x 2 +3
= 4e +c ln2
x
(ii) u = e − 1 ⇒ du = e dx
x
∫0 32e 2 x (1 + e 2 x ) 4 dx
u =5
ex dx
∫u=2 32e
2x
(u )4 du2 x
∫ x
e −1
=
2e
5
∫2 u
x 4
= e du = 16 du
∫
u ex
 5
5
= 1 du = 16  u 
∫
u  5 2
= ln u + c  5 5

= 16  5 − 2 
= ln e − 1 + c x 5 5
= 9897.6
(iii) u =
1 ⇒ du = − 1 dx ⇒ dx = − x 2 du
x x2 4 u = 2 + ln t ⇒ du = 1 dt ⇒ dt = t du
1 t
ex t = e ⇒ u = 3, t = 1 ⇒ u = 2
∫ x 2 dx e
1
e u ( − x 2 du ) ∫1 t(2 + lnt )2 dt

= ∫ x2 u=3
1
= − e du ∫
u
= ∫u=2 t(u)2 t du
3
1
= −e u + c
1
= ∫2 u 2 du
= −e x + c 3
∫2 u
−2
= du
(iv) u = 1 − cos x ⇒ du = sin x dx
3
 −1 
∫ e1− cos x sin x d x = u 
 −1  2

∫ = e u sin x du 3
sin x =  − 1 
 u 2
= ∫ e u du
=e +c u  3 ( ) ( )
=  −1 − −1  = 1
2  6
= e1− cos x + c e4x

5 y =
1 + e 4x
2 u = 2 x + 1 ⇒ du = 2dx e0 = 1
(i) P is where x = 0 ⇒ y =
x = 1 ⇒ u = 3, x = 0 ⇒ u = 1 1 + e0 2
1
x dx dy 4e 4 x (1 + e 4 x ) − 4e 4 x × e 4 x
∫0 2x + 1
(ii)
dx
=
(1 + e 4 x ) 2
u −1
u=3
2 du = 4e 4 x

= ∫
u =1 u 2 (1 + e 4 x ) 2
3
1 u − 1
∫ When x = 0, dy = 4e
0
=
4 1 u
du
0 2
= 4 =1
dx (1 + e ) 4
∫( )
3
= 1 1 − 1 du
4 1 u
9781510458444_Answer.indb 14 11/8/18 10:34 AM

2 Further calculus
1
e4x (iv) u = cos x ⇒ du = − sin x dx
(iii) Area =
∫0 1 + e 4 x dx
∫ cos x sin x d x
5
4x
= u 5 sin x du
∫ 0 14e+ e 4 x dx ∫
1
=1 − sin x
4
1 = − ∫ u du
5
= 1 ln 1 + e 4 x 
4 0 6
= −u + c
4 ( )
= 1 ln 1 + e 4 − ln 1 + e 0  6
cos 6
x +c
=−
4 ( )
= 1 ln 1 + e 4 − ln2 6
2 u = 1 − cos x ⇒ du = sin x dx
1
= ln
(1 + e4 )
∫ sin x cos x(1 − cos x ) d x
3
4 2
= ∫ sin x cos x (u)3 du
sin x
2.4 Integrals involving trigonometrical
functions (Page 19) = ∫ (1 − u)u d u
3
2
1 (i) u = x ⇒ du = 2 x dx
= ∫ (u 3 − u 4 )du
4 5
∫ x sin( x 2 ) dx = u −u +c
4 5
du (1 − cos x ) 4 (1 − cos x )5
= ∫ x sin(u) 2x =
4
−
5
+c
= 1 ∫ sin(u) du 3 x = 2sinθ ⇒ dx = 2cosθ dθ

2
= − 1 cos(u) + c x = 1 ⇒ sinθ = 1 ⇒ θ = π
2 2 6
1 x = 0 ⇒ sinθ = 0 ⇒ θ = 0
= − cos( x 2 ) + c
2 1
(ii) u = cos x ⇒ du = − sin x dx

∫0 4 − x 2 dx
θ=π
∫θ =0 4 − ( 2sinθ ) 2 2cosθ dθ
6
∫ sin xe cos x d x =
π
= sin xe u du
∫ ∫0
6
− sin x = 4 − 4 sin 2 θ 2cosθ dθ
= − e u du
∫ = ∫0
π
6
4(1 − sin 2 θ ) 2cosθ dθ
= −e u + c π
∫0
6
= −e cos x + c = 4cos 2 θ 2cosθ dθ
π
(iii) u = sin x ⇒ du = cos x dx
∫0 2cosθ × 2cosθ dθ
6
=
∫ cot x d x π
∫0 4cos
6 2
= θ dθ
= ∫ cos x d x
sin x
∫0 4 ( 2 (cos2θ + 1)) dθ
π
cos x du = 6 1
= ∫ u cos x
π
= ∫ 1 du =2 ∫0 (cos2θ + 1) dθ
6
u
= ln u + c π
2  1 sin2θ + θ 
6
=
= ln sin x + c 2 0
= (
2  1 sin2 × π + π − 1 sin2 × 0 + 0 
 2 6 6 2 ) ( )
= (
2  1 sin π + π − 0 
 2 3 6  )
= 2

(
 3 π
4
+
6
− 0


)
3 π
= +
2 3
9781510458444_Answer.indb 15 11/8/18 10:34 AM

2 Further calculus
3
4 (i) x = sin 2 θ ⇒ dx = 2sinθ cosθ dθ = cos θ 2sin2 θ dθ
∫
8sinθ cos θ
x = 1 ⇒ sin 2 θ = 1 ⇒ θ = π
2
= 1 cosθ dθ
∫
2
x = 0 ⇒ sin θ = 0 ⇒ θ = 0 4
1
1 − x dx = 1 sinθ + c
∫0 x
4
x = 2secθ = 2 ⇒ cosθ = 2 ⇒ θ = cos −1 2
θ=π cosθ x x
1 − sin 2 θ 2sinθ cosθ dθ
∫θ =0
( )
2
=
sin 2 θ So 2 12
∫ d x = 1 sin cos −1 2 + c
π x x −4 4 x
cos 2 θ 2sinθ cosθ dθ
∫0
2
=
sin 2 θ 6 (i) x = 1 ⇒ dx = − 12 dy
π y y
2 cosθ
= ∫0 sinθ 2sinθ cosθ dθ
∫
1 dx
π x x2 −1
∫0 2cos
2 2
= θ dθ 1 − 1 dy 
= ∫
1 1 − 1 y 2 
1
1 − x dx y y2
(ii) ∫0 x 1
π =− ∫y 1 −1
dy
∫0 2cos θ dθ
2 2
= y2
∫0 2( 2 (cos2θ + 1)) dθ
π 1
= 2 1 =− ∫ 1 − y2
dy
y
π y2
∫0 (cos2θ + 1) dθ
2
=
1
π
=− ∫
1 − y2
dy
=  1 sin2θ + θ  2 y
y
2 0
( ) ( )
1
= 1 sin2 × π + π − 1 sin2 × 0 + 0
2 2 2 2
=− ∫
1 − y2
dy
2 (
= 1 sin π + π − 0
2 ) (ii) ∫x 1 dx = − ∫ 1 dy
x2 −1 1 − y2
=π
2 y = sinθ ⇒ dy = cos θ dθ
5 x = 2secθ =
2 = 2( cosθ ) −1
cosθ
So − 1
∫
1 − y2
dy
d x = −2 ( cosθ ) −2 × − sinθ = 2sinθ

dθ cos 2 θ
=− ∫ 1
1 − sin 2 θ
cosθ dθ

∫
1
x x2 − 4
2
dx =− ∫ 1
cos 2 θ
cosθ dθ
= ∫
1 2sinθ
2
dθ = − dθ ∫
(2sec θ ) (2sec θ ) − 4 cos θ
2 2
= −θ + c
1 2sinθ dθ
= ∫ 4sec 2 θ 4 sec 2 θ − 4 cos 2 θ = − sin −1 y + c
= ∫
1 2sinθ dθ
4sec2 θ 4(sec2 θ − 1) cos 2 θ
x ()
= − sin −1 1 + c
1 2sinθ dθ
=
∫ 4sec θ 4 tan θ cos 2 θ
2 2
1 2sinθ dθ
=
∫ 2
4sec θ × 2 tanθ cos θ
2
=∫ 1 2sinθ dθ
4 × 2sinθ cos 2 θ
cos 2 θ cosθ
9781510458444_Answer.indb 16 11/8/18 10:34 AM

2 Further calculus
7 (i) ∫ 1 +2x 2 dx = 2tan −1 x + c 3 (i) 2 x + 12 =

( x − 3)
2 + 7
x − 3 ( x − 3) 2
(ii) ∫ 9 +1x 2 dx = ∫ 9 1 +11 x 2 dx

∫4
10
2 x + 1 dx
( 9 ) (ii)
( x − 3) 2
∫4 ( x − 3 + (x − 3)2 )dx
10
=1 ∫ 1 dx = 2 7
9
( ( ))
2
1+ x
3 10
=  2ln x − 3 − 7 
= 1 tan −1
9 ()
x ×3+c
3
 x − 34
( ) ( )

7 − 2ln 4 − 3 − 7
1
= tan −1
3 ()
x +c
3
= 2ln 10 − 3 −
10 − 3 4−3
= (2ln7 − 1) − (2ln1 − 7)
1 1
∫ 2 + 3x 2 dx = ∫ 2 1 + 3 x 2 dx
( )
(iii) = 2ln7 + 6
2 1
4 (i) u = 2 − x ⇒ du = − dx
2 2−x
= 1 tan −1  3 x × 2 + c
2  2  3 dx = −2 2 − x du
= 2 tan −1  3 x + c u2 = 2 − x ⇒ x = 2 − u2
2 3  2 
x = 2 ⇒ u = 0, x = 1 ⇒ u = 1
= 6 tan −1  3 x + c 2
3
6  2  I = ∫1 x + 2 − x dx
=∫ ( ) (−2
u=0 3
2 2 − x du)
2.5 The use of partial fractions in integration (Page 22) u =1 2 − u + u
0
= −∫ 6u
∫ (x + 2)(x − 1) dx = ∫ ( x + 2 + x − 1)dx
7x + 8 2 5 du
1 (i) 1 2 − u2 + u
1
=∫ 6u du
= 2ln x + 2 + 5ln x − 1 + c 0 (2 − u )(1 + u )
1
6u
(ii) ∫4 x 2 − 8 x dx
( x − 1) 2 ( x + 1)
(ii)
∫0 (2 − u)(1 + u) du
= ∫ ( 4 − 2 ) du
1
∫ ( x − 1 − (x − 1)2 + x + 1) d x
= 1 2 3 0 2−u 1+u
1
=  −4ln(2 − u) − 2ln(1 + u) 0
= ln x − 1 + 2 + 3ln x + 1 + c
x −1 (−4 ln(2 − 1) − 2ln(1 + 1)) 
= 
2 (i) x − 5 = 3 − 2  − (−4ln(2 − 0) − 2ln(1 + 0))
2
x −1 x +1 x −1 = (−4 ln1 − 2ln2) − (−4 ln2 − 2ln1)
∫2 ( x + 1 − x − 1)dx
3
x − 5 dx = 3
3 2 = (0 − ln4) − (− ln16)
(ii) ∫ 2 x2 − 1 = ln16 − ln4
3 = ln4
= 3ln x + 1 − 2ln x − 1 
2
3
= 2ln2
=  ln x + 1 3 − ln x − 1 2 
2 2.6 Integration by parts (Page 24)
3 3
 x +1 
=  ln  1 (i) u = x v ′ = sin x
2
 x − 1  u′ = 1 v = − cos x
2
 3+13  2 +13
=  ln −  ln
∫ x sin x d x = − x cos x − ∫ − cos x d x
2 2 = − x cos x + sin x + c
 3−1   2−1 
3 3 x
= ln 4 2 − ln 32 (ii) u = 4 x v ′ = e
2 1 u′ = 4 v = ex
= ln16 − ln27
∫ 4x e ∫
x
d x = 4 x e x − 4e x d x
= ln 16
27 = 4 x e − 4e x + c
x
9781510458444_Answer.indb 17 11/8/18 10:34 AM

2 Further calculus
(iii) u = ln x v ′ = x
2 3 (i) y = x cos3x
3 P and Q are when y = 0
u′ = 1 v=x x cos3x = 0
x 3
3 3 cos3x = 0
∫x
2
ln x d x = x ln x − 1 × x dx ∫
3 x 3
3x = π , 3π , 5 π ,...
3 2 2 2 2
= x ln x − x dx ∫
3 3 x = , π , 5 π ,...
π
3 3 6 2 6
= x ln x − x + c
2x
3 9
6 ( )
P is π , 0 and Q is π , 0
2 ( )
2 (i) u = 2 x − 1 v ′ = e
dy
u′ = 2 v = 1 e 2x (ii)
dx
= 1 × cos3x + −3sin3x × x
2
2 = cos3x − 3x sin3x
∫1 (2x − 1)e
2x
dx
dy
At x = π , = cos3 × π − 3 × π sin3 × π
2 2
1 6 dx 6 6 6
= (2 x − 1) 1 e 2 x  − ∫1 2 × 2 e
2x
dx
 2 1 π π π
= cos − sin
2 2 2 2 2
= (2 x − 1) 1 e 2 x  − ∫1 e
2x
dx π
 2 1 = 0−
2
2
= (2 x − 1) 1 e 2 x − 1 e 2 x  =− π
 2 2 1 2
2
=  x e 2 x − e 2 x  (iii) u = x v ′ = cos3x
1
= e 2 x ( x − 1)
2 u′ = 1 v = 1 sin3x
1
3
4 2 π
= e (2 − 1) − e (1 − 1)
∫0 x cos3x d x
6
Area =
= e4 π π
61
=  1 x sin3x  − ∫0 3 sin3x d x
6
(ii) u = x v ′ = cos2 x 3 0
u′ = 1 v = 1 sin2 x π
=  1 x sin3x + 1 cos3x 
2 6
π 3 9 0
∫0 x cos2x d x ( ) 
6
 1 × π sin3 × π + 1 cos3 × π
 3 6 6 9 6
π
=  1
( )
π
61 
=  1 x sin2 x  − ∫0 2 sin2x d x  − × 0sin3 × 0 + 1 cos3 × 0
6
2 0  3 9
( )( )
π
=  1 x sin2 x + 1 cos2 x  6 = π sin π + 1 cos π − 0 + 1
2 4 0 18 2 9 2 9
 2 6 (
 1 × π sin π + 1 cos π
3 4 3 ) = π − 0+ 1
18 ( )( ) 9
= π
( )
 = − 1
 − 1 × 0sin0 + 1 cos0 18 9
 2 4
= π−2
(
= 1×π× 3+1×1 −
2 6 2 4 2 ) (0 + 14 ) 18
1 × x 2 − 2 x × ln x
= ( 3π + 1 ) − ( 1 )
24 8 4
4 (i)
d ln
dx x
x
2( ) = x
( x 2 )2
= 3π − 1 = x − 2 x4 ln x
24 8 x
x (1 − 2ln x )
=
x4
9781510458444_Answer.indb 18 11/8/18 10:34 AM

2 Further calculus
7 u = e x v ′ = sin x
(ii) u = ln x v ′ = 12
x u′ = e x v = − cos x
1 v=−1
u′ =
∫
x
x x I = e sin x dx
ln x
x2
dx ∫ ∫
= −e x cos x − −e x cos x dx
= 1 ln x d x
x2
∫ = −e x cos x + ∫ e x cos x dx
= − 1 ln x −
x ∫(
1 × − 1 dx
x x ) u = e x v ′ = cos x
u′ = e x v = sin x
= − 1 ln x − ∫ (− 12 ) d x
x x
x
(
I = −e cos x + e x sin x − ∫ e x sin x dx)
= − 1 ln x − 1 + c = −e x cos x + e x sin x − I + c
x x
1 2 I = −e x cos x + e x sin x + c
= − (ln x + 1) + c
x
= e x (sin x − cos x ) + c
5 u = ln x v ′ = x 4 e x (sin x − cos x )
I= +c
5 2
u′ = 1 v=x
x 5
e Further practice (Page 27)
∫1 x
4
ln x dx
1 (i) u = x 2 + 1 ⇒ du = 2 x dx ⇒ dx = du
∫1 ( x × )
e e 5 2x
=  x ln x  −
5 1 x dx
 5 1 5
∫ 2x(x + 1) d x
2 4
∫1 ( 5 ) dx
e e 4
=  x ln x  −
5 x
 5 1 = ∫ 2 x (u) 4 du
2x

= ∫ u du
e 4
 5 5

=  x ln x − x 
 5 25 1 5
= u +c
( 5
)(
= e lne − e − 1 ln1 − 1
5 25 5 25
5 5 5
) 5
( x 2 + 1)5
= ( e − e ) − (− 1 )
5 5 = +c
5
5 25 25
5 (ii) u = 3 + 2 x 3 ⇒ du = 6 x 2dx ⇒ dx = du2
= 4e + 1 6x
25 x 2 dx
∫
3 + 2x 3
6 (i) d (e
cos x
) = (− sin x ) e cos x
dx 2
= x du2 ∫
(ii) u = cos x v ′ = sin x e cos x (u) 6 x
1 1 du
u ′ = − sin x v = −e cos x =
6 u ∫
1
= 1 ln u + c
π
∫0 cos x sin x e cos x dx

2
6
1 1
= ln 3 + 2 x 3 + c
π
∫0 cos x × sin x e cos x dx 6

2
=
1π 1 (iii) u = 4 − x ⇒ du = − dx ⇒ dx = − du
π
=  − cos x e cos x  2 − ∫0 sin x e cos x dx
2
0
Also x = 4 − u
2 x dx
=  − cos x e cos x + e cos x  2
1π
∫
(4 − x )5
0
2(4 − u)
= (1 − cos x ) e cos x  2
1π

= ∫
(u)5
(−du)
0
= 2 u −5 4 du
(
= 1 − cos 1 π e
2 ) cos 1 π
2 − (1 − cos0)e cos0 u ∫
∫( )
u − 4
= e 0 − (1 − 1) e cos0 =2 du
u5 u5
=1
9781510458444_Answer.indb 19 11/8/18 10:34 AM

2 Further calculus
∫ 
( ) 
7 5 3
= 2 (u −4 − 4u −5 )du 2 × 4 2 4 × 4 2 2 × 4 2
 − + 
7 5 3
 −3 −4
 = 1 
= 2  u − 4u  + c
( )
2 7 5 3 
 −3 −4  − 2 × 12 − 4 × 12 + 2 × 12 
   7 5 3 
= 2  − 1 3 + 14  + c
 3u u  = 1 1712 − 16 
2  105 105 
= − 2 3 + 24 + c 848
3u u = ≈ 8.08
105
=− 2 + 2 +c
3(4 − x )3 (4 − x ) 4 2
3 (i) u = x − x ⇒ du = (1 − 2 x ) dx
1 − 2x
2 (i) u = 2 + x ⇒ du = dx , also x = u − 2
∫ x − x 2 dx
x = 2 ⇒ u = 4, x = 1 ⇒ u = 3
= ∫ 1 − 2 x du
2
x u 1 − 2x
∫1 (2 + x )3 d x 1
= ∫ du
u= 4 u
u − 2 du
= ∫u=3 u3
= ln u + c
4 = ln x − x 2 + c
= ∫3 (u −2 − 2u −3 )du
(ii) u = 1 + e 3 x ⇒ du = 3e 3 x dx
−1 −2 4
 
=  u − 2u  e 3x
 −1 −2 3 ∫ (1 + e 3 x )3
dx
4
 
=  − 1 + 12  e 3 x du
 u u 3
= ∫ (u)3 3e 3x

(
= − 1 + 12 − − 1 + 12
4 4 3 3 )( ) = 1 13 du
3 u ∫
= − ( ) ( )
3
16
− − 2
9
=1 u
−2
3 −2 ( )
+c
= 5
144 3 2u ( )
= 1 − 12 + c
(ii) u = x 2 + 1 ⇒ du = 2 x dx = − 12 + c
6u
x = 3 ⇒ u = 4, x = 0 ⇒ u = 1 1
=− +c
u = x 2 + 1 ⇒ x 2 = u − 1 ⇒ x 4 = (u − 1) 2 6(1 + e 3 x ) 2
3 (iii) u = 1 − 3x 3 ⇒ du = −9 x 2dx
∫0 x 5 x 2 + 1 dx
6 x 2 dx
u= 4
u du
∫
∫u =1 x 1 − 3x 3
5
=
2x 2
u= 4 = 6 x du 2 ∫
=1 ∫u =1 x
4
u du u −9 x
2
4 = − 2 1 du ∫
=1 ∫1 (u − 1) u du
2 3 u
2
4 = − 2 ln u + c
3
= 1 ∫ (u 2 − 2u + 1) u du
2 1
= − 2 ln 1 − 3x 3 + c
= 1 ∫ (u 2 − 2u 2 + u 2 ) du
4 5 3 1 3
2 1
4
 72 2
5 3
= 1  u − 2u + u 
2
2 7 5 3
2 2 2 1
4
 72 5
2
3
1
=  2u − 4u 2
+ 2u 
2 7 5 3 1
9781510458444_Answer.indb 20 11/8/18 10:35 AM

2 Further calculus
4 (i) u = 3x − 1 ⇒ du = 3dx (ii) u = cos4 x ⇒ du = −4sin4 x dx

x = 1 ⇒ u = 2, x = 2 ⇒ u = 1
1
x 2 dx
3 ∫ tan4 x d x
∫3
Area = 2 3x − 1 = ∫ sin4 x d x
cos4 x

(u 3+ 1) du
2

u= 2 = ∫ sin4 x du
= ∫u =1 u 3
u −4sin4 x
= − ∫ 1 du
1
2 (u 2
+ 2u + 1
9 )
du
4 u
= − 1 ln u + c
= ∫1 u 3 4
2
u 2 + 2u + 1 1
= 1 ∫1 u du = − ln cos4 x + c
4
27
= 1 ∫ ( u + 2 + 1 ) du
2
(iii) u = sin3x ⇒ du = 3cos3x dx
27 1 u
∫ 2sin 3x cos3x d x
3
2
 2

= 1  u + 2u + ln u 
27  2 1 = ∫ 2u 3 cos3x du
3cos3x
27  2 (
= 1  2 + 2 × 2 + ln 2 − 1 + 2 × 1 + ln1 
2 2
2  ) ( ) 2
= ∫ u du
3
3
= 1 (6 + ln 2) − 5 
27  2  () 4
= 2 u +c
3 2 ( )
(
= 1 7 + ln 2 ≈ 0.155
27 2 ) 4
= sin 3x + c
3
dy 2 x (3x − 1) − 3x 2 (iv) u = 2θ ⇒ du = 2dθ
(ii) =
dx (3x − 1) 2 1
2
3x − 2 x
∫ cos 2 2θ dθ
= du
(3x − 1) 2 = ∫ 12
x (3x − 2) cos u 2
= 1
(3x − 1) 2 = ∫ 12 du
dy 2 cos u
Stationary point when =0
dx = 1 ∫ sec 2 u du
x (3x − 2) 2
= 0 ⇒ x (3x − 2) = 0

(3x − 1) 2 = 1 tan u + c
2
x = 0 or 2 1
3 = tan2θ + c
2
(0) 2
When x = 0, y = = 0 ⇒ (0, 0)
3(0) − 1 6 x = cosθ ⇒ dx = − sinθ dθ
()
2
2
When x = 2 , y = 3 = 4 ⇒ 2, 4 ( ) x = 1 ⇒ cosθ = 1 ⇒ θ = 0
()
3
3 −1 9
2 3 9
x = 0 ⇒ cosθ = 0 ⇒ θ = π
3 2
1 2
5 (i) u = 1 + sin3x ⇒ du = 3cos3x dx x
∫0 1 − x2
dx
∫ cos3x (1 + sin3x )3 d x
θ =0
cos 2 θ (− sinθ dθ )
= cos3x (u) du
∫ 3cos3x
3 = ∫θ = π2 1 − cos 2 θ

1 0
∫ ∫π2
3
= u du =
3
sin 2 θ
 4
= u  + c
1 0
3 4 
4
= ∫2π sinθ
=u +c 0
12
(1 + sin3x )4
=− ∫ π
2
cos 2 θ dθ
= +c
12
9781510458444_Answer.indb 21 11/8/18 10:35 AM

2 Further calculus
∫π2 ( )
0 π
1 (cos2θ + 1) dθ
∫
3
=− = (2 − sec 2 θ )dθ
2 π
4
π π
=1 ∫0
2
(cos2θ + 1) dθ =  2θ − tanθ  π3
2 4
( ) ( )
π
= 1  1 sin2θ + θ 2 = 2 × π − tan π − 2 × π − tan π
2 2 0 3 3 4 4
(
= 1  1 sin2 × π + π − 1 sin2 × 0 + 0 
2  2 2 2 2  ) ( ) (
= 2π − 3 − π − 1
3 2 ) ( )
= π +1− 3
2  2 (
= 1  1 sin π + π − 0 
2  ) 6
( ) ∫ (x + 3)(x 2 + 1) dx = ∫ ( x + 3 )
= 1 0+ π 9
5 x 2 + 12 x + 1 1 + 4 x dx
2 2 x2 + 1
= π = ln x + 3 + 2ln( x 2 + 1) + c
4
7 x = tanθ ⇒ dx = sec 2 θ dθ 3 2
10 (i) 2 x + 3x2 + 9 x + 12 = 2 x + 3 + x
x = 1 ⇒ tanθ = 1 ⇒ θ = π x +4 x2 + 4
4
x = 0 ⇒ tanθ = 0 ⇒ θ = 0 A = 2, B = 3, C = 1, D = 0
1
1
∫0 (x 2 + 1)2 d x 3
2 x 3 + 3x 2 + 9 x + 12 dx
θ=π
(ii) ∫1 x2 + 4
1
∫θ =0 (tan 2 θ + 1)2 sec
4 2
= θ dθ
∫1 ( 2x + 3 + x 2 + 4 ) dx
3
= x
π
1
∫0 (sec 2 θ )2 sec
4 2
= θ dθ 3
=  x 2 + 3x + 1 ln( x 2 + 4)
π  2 1
( )
1
∫0 sec 2 θ dθ
4
=  3 2 + 3 × 3 + 1 ln(3 2 + 4) 
 2 
=
( )
π 
∫0 cos  − 12 + 3 × 1 + 1 ln(12 + 4) 
4 2
= θ dθ
 2 
∫0 ( 2 (cos2θ + 1)) dθ ( ) ( )
π
= 4 1 = 18 + 1 ln (13) − 4 + 1 ln (5)
2 2
= 14 + ( ln 13 − ln5 )
1
π
= 1  1 sin2θ + θ 
4
2
2 2 0
= 14 + ln 13
1
2  2 (
= 1  1 sin2 × π + π − 1 sin2 × 0 + 0 
4 4 2  ) ( ) 2 5
= 14 + ln 13
(
= 1  1 sin π + π − 0 
2  2 2 4  ) 5
2  2 4 (
= 1  1 + π − 0
 ) 11 u = sinθ ⇒ du = cosθ dθ
θ = π ⇒ u = 1, θ = 0 ⇒ u = 0
=1+π 2
4 8 π
cosθ
∫0 sin 2 θ − 5sinθ + 6 dθ
2
8 x = tan θ ⇒ dx = sec 2 θ dθ
x = 3 ⇒ tanθ = 3 ⇒ θ = π
u =1
cosθ du
3 = ∫u=0 u 2 − 5u + 6 cosθ
π
x = 1 ⇒ tanθ = 1 ⇒ θ = 1
1
3
1 − x 2 dx
4 = ∫0 u 2 − 5u + 6 du
∫1 1 + x2 1
1

θ=π 2
= ∫0 (u − 3)(u − 2) du
3 1 − tan θ
∫
∫0 ( u − 3 − u − 2 ) du
= sec 2 θ dθ 1
1 1
θ = π 1 + tan 2 θ =
4
π 2
3 1 − (sec θ − 1)
∫
1
= π 2
sec 2 θ dθ =  ln u − 3 − ln u − 2 
4 sec θ 0
9781510458444_Answer.indb 22 11/8/18 10:35 AM

2 Further calculus
1
4 x 2 + 4 x − 17 d x
2
=  ln u − 3  ∫1
 u − 2  0 2x 2 + 5x − 3
= ln 1 − 3 − ln 0 − 3
1− 2 0−2 =
1
2
∫ (
2 − 4 − 1 dx
2x − 1 x + 3 )
3
= [ 2 x − 2ln(2 x − 1) − ln ( x + 3)] 1
2
= ln2 − ln
2
 2.  =  2 x − ( ln(2 x − 1) 2 + ln( x + 3))  1
2
= ln  3 
 2
=  2 x − ( ln(2 x − 1) 2 ( x + 3))  1
2
 
= ln 4 = ( 4 − ln(9 × 5)) − ( 2 − ln(1 × 4))
3
= 4 − ln45 − 2 + ln4
12 (i) u = x ⇒ du = 1 dx ⇒ dx = 2 x du = 2 + ln 4
2 x 45
1 = 2 − ln 45
∫
x (1 + x )
dx 4
= 2 1 ∫
u (1 + u)
2 x du 14 (i) d (sec x ) = d
dx
1
dx cos x( )

0 × cos x − (− sin x ) × 1
= 2 1 ∫ 2u du =
u (1 + u) cos 2 x
2 du = sin2x
= ∫
u(1 + u) cos x
= 1 × sin x
∫1 x(1+1
9
(ii) dx cos x cos x
x) = sec x tan x
x = 9 ⇒ u = 3, x = 1 ⇒ u = 1
(ii) u = x 3 ⇒ du = 3x 2dx
9
1
∫1 dx
x (1 + x )
u=3
∫ x 2 sec x 3 tan x 3 d x
2
= ∫u=1 u(1 + u) du = ∫ x 2 sec u tan u du2
3x
∫1 ( u − 1 + u ) d u
3
= 2 2
= 1 ∫ sec u tan u du
3
= [ 2ln u − 2ln 1 + u ]1
3
= 1 sec u + c
3
( )
2 3
 
=  ln u = 1 sec x 3 + c
 1 + u 1 3
= ln ( 3 ) − ln ( 1 )
2 2 π
∫0 (sec x + tan x )
3 2
1+ 3 1+1 (iii) dx
= ln 9 − ln 1 π
∫0 (sec
3 2
16 4 = x + 2sec x tan x + tan 2 x ) d x
= ln 9
π
4
∫0 (sec
3 2
= x + 2sec x tan x + sec 2 x − 1) d x
2
13 4 x 2 + 4 x − 17 = 2 − 6 x + 11 π
2x 2 + 5x − 3 ∫0 (2sec
3 2
2x + 5x − 3 = x + 2sec x tan x − 1) d x
= 2− 6 x + 11
π
(2 x − 1)( x + 3)
=  2 tan x + 2sec x − x  03
= 2− (
4 + 1
2x − 1 x + 3 ) ( )
= 2 tan π + 2sec π − π − (2 tan0 + 2sec0 − 0)
3 3 3
= 2− 4 − 1
2x − 1 x + 3
(
= 2 3 + 2 × 2 − π − (2)
3 )
= 2 3+2− π
3
= 2( 3 + 1) − π
3
9781510458444_Answer.indb 23 11/8/18 10:35 AM

2 Further calculus
dy y = mx + c
15 (i) = 8sin x cos x × cos 3 x + 3cos 2 x × − sin x × 4sin 2 x
dx ⇒ 2 ln2 = 2ln2 − 1 × 2 + c
= 8sin x cos 4 x − 12cos 2 x sin 3 x 2 ln2
c = 2 ln2 − 4ln2 −2
= 4 sin x cos 2 x (2cos 2 x − 3sin 2 x )
2 ln2
dy 4ln2 − (4ln2 − 2)
= 0 when =
dx 2 ln2
sin x = 0 ⇒ x = 0 (not M)
= 2
cos 2 x = 0 ⇒ x = π (not M) 2 ln2
2
2 2
= 1
2cos x − 3sin x = 0 ln2
2cos 2 x − 3sin 2 x = 0 y= 2ln2 −1 x + 1
2 ln2 ln2
cos 2 x cos 2 x cos 2 x
2 − 3tan 2 x = 0 (ii) x ln x = 0
tan 2 x = 2 ⇒ x = 0 or ln x = 0 ⇒ x = 1
3 e
∫1 πy dx
2
Volume =
tan x = ± 2
3
e
x = 0.685 (3 s.f.) = π ∫ ( x ln x ) 2 dx
1
e
= π ∫ x 2 ln x dx
π
∫0 4 sin
2 2
(ii) Area = x cos 3 x d x 1
u = sin x ⇒ du = cos x dx u = ln x , v ′ = x 2
3
x = π ⇒ u = 1, x = 0 ⇒ u = 0 u′ = 1 , v′ = x
2 x 3
π e
Volume = π  x ln x  − π
3 e
1 x 3 dx
∫0 4 sin x cos x d x ∫1 x ×
2 2 3
 3 1 3
1
= 4 ∫ u 2 cos 3 x du
e
= π  x ln x  − π
3 e
x 2 dx
0
1
cos x
 3 1 ∫1 3
= 4 ∫ u 2 cos 2 x du e
 3 3

0
= π  x ln x − x 
1
= 4 ∫ u 2 (1 − sin 2 x )du 3 9 1
( )( )
0
 3 3 3 3

1 = π  e lne − e − 1 ln1 − 1 
= 4 ∫ u 2 (1 − u 2 )du  3 9 3 9 
(
0
1
= 4 ∫ (u 2 − u 4 )du
0
 3
 3 9
3
9) ( )

= π  e − e − −1 

 3 5
= 4 u − u 
 3 5 0

1
( )
9
3
= π 2e + 1
9
= π ( 2e + 1 ) ≈ 14.4
3
 3 5  
= 4  1 − 1  − 0  9
 3 5  
=4 2
15 ( ) ∫
17 (i) sin(1 − 4 x )d x
= 8 = − cos(1 − 4 x ) × − 1 + c
15 4
1
= cos(1 − 4 x ) + c
dy −1
= 1 × ln x + 1 (ln x ) 2 × − 1 × x
16 (i) 4
dx 2 x
e 2 x dx
= ln x − 1
2 ln x
(ii) ∫e 2x + 1
2x
When x = 2, = 1 22 xe
∫ dx
2 e +1
dy 1 = 2ln2 − 1 = 0.232 (3 s.f.)

dx
= ln2 −
2 ln2 2 ln2 = 1 ln e 2 x + 1 + c
2
9781510458444_Answer.indb 24 11/8/18 10:35 AM

2 Further calculus
∫x e
2 1− x 3 x −5
(iii) dx ≡ −2 + 3
( x − 1)( x + 1) x − 1 x + 1
∫( )
du x − 5 dx = 3 − 2 dx
u = 1 − x3 ⇒
dx
= −3x 2 ∫ x2 − 1 x +1 x −1
du = 3ln x + 1 − 2ln x − 1 + c
∫x e ∫ x e −3x 2
2 1− x 3 2 u
dx =
ln x
= − 1 ∫ e u du
3
(viii) ∫ x 2 dx
= − 1 eu + c u = ln x v ′ = x −2
3
1 3 u′ = 1 v = − x −1
= − e1− x + c x
3
∫( )
ln x dx = − 1 ln x − 1 × − x −1 dx
∫
∫
(iv) 2 x cos2 x d x x2 x x
u = 2 x v ′ = cos2 x = − 1 ln x + x −2 dx ∫
x
u′ = 2 v = 1 sin2 x = − 1 ln x − 1 + c
2 x x
∫ 2x cos2x dx = 2x ( 2 sin2x ) − ∫ ( 2 × 2 sin2x ) dx

1 1
Past exam questions (Page 29)
= x sin2 x − ∫ sin2 x dx 1 (i) 2 ≡ A + B

( x + 1)( x + 3) x + 1 x + 3
= x sin2 x + 1 cos2 x + c 2 ≡ A(x + 3) + B(x + 1)
2
x = −1 ⇒ 2 ≡ 2A ⇒ A = 1
1
(v) ∫ x 2 + 25 dx x = −3 ⇒ 2 ≡ −2B ⇒ B = −1
= 1 tan −1 x + c
5 5 () So 2 = 1 − 1
( x + 1)( x + 3) x + 1 x + 3
( )
2
2x dx 2
(vi)
∫ ( 4 − x )5
(ii)
( x + 1)( x + 3)
( x 1+ 1 − x 1+ 3)
2
u = 4 − x ⇒ du = − dx =
2x dx
∫ ( 4 − x )5 = 1
2
− 2 + 1
( x + 1) ( x + 1)( x + 3) ( x + 3) 2
2(4 − u)
= ∫ u5
( −du ) = 1
( x + 1) 2 (
− 1 − 1 + 1
x + 1 x + 3 ( x + 3) 2
)
∫ ( 4u )du
−5 −4
= −2 −u 1
= − 1 + 1 + 1
( −4
= −2 4u − u
−4 −3
−3
)
+c
( x + 1) 2 x + 1 x + 3 ( x + 3) 2
1
4
= −2( − 1 + 1 ) + c
(iii)
∫0 (x + 1)2 (x + 3)2 dx
4 3
u 3u 1
= ∫0 (x + 1)
−2
− 1 + 1 + ( x + 3) −2  dx
= 24 − 2 3 + c x +1 x + 3 
( )
u 3u 1
2 2 =  − 1 − ln( x + 1) + ln( x + 3) + − 1 
= − +c  x + 1 x + 3  0
( 4 − x ) 3( 4 − x )3
4
x − 5 dx
(
2 4 )(
= − 1 − ln2 + ln4 − 1 − −1 − ln1 + ln3 − 1
3 )
(vii) ∫
x2 − 1 ( )(
= − 3 + ln2 − − 4 + ln3 )
4 3
x −5 ≡ A + B
( x − 1)( x + 1) x − 1 x + 1 7
= + ln 2
12 3
x − 5 ≡ A( x + 1) + B( x − 1)
7
= − ln 3
x = 1 ⇒ −4 = 2 A ⇒ A = −2 12 2
x = −1 ⇒ −6 = −2 B ⇒ B = 3
9781510458444_Answer.indb 25 11/8/18 10:35 AM

2 Further calculus
2 (i) y = x 3 ln x (ii) cos2θ = 1 − 2sin 2 θ

dy
= 3x 2 ln x + 1 × x 3 = x 2 ( 3ln x + 1) sin 2 θ = 1 (1 − cos2θ )
dx x 2
π
dy 1
= 0 when 3ln x + 1 = 0 ⇒ ln x = − 1 So I = ∫0 4  2 (1 − cos2θ ) dθ
6
dx 3
π
−1
or 31 ∫0 (1 − cos2θ ) dθ
6
x=e 3 =2
e
π
= 2 θ − 1 sin2θ  0
3 6
(ii) y = x lnx
 2 
y = 0 when ln x = 0 so x = 1
= 2π − 3  − 0
u′ = x 3 v = ln x  6 4 

4 =π− 3
u= x v′ = 1 3 2
4 x
3
∫0 x
2 2
e − x dx
So A = ∫1 x 3 lnx dx 4 (i) A =
2 2 4
u = x 2 v ′ = e−x
=  x ln x  −
4 x × 1 dx
 4 1 ∫1 4 x u ′ = 2x v = −e − x
3
= [ − x 2 e − x ]0 − ∫0 −2x e dx
2 3 −x
=  x ln x  −
4 2
x 3 dx
 4 1 ∫1 4 3
= [ − x 2 e − x ]0 + ∫ 2 x e − x dx
3
2
 4 4
 0
=  x ln x − x  u = 2x v ′ = e −x
 4 16 1
( )( )
4 4 4 4 u′ = 2 v = −e − x
= 2 ln 2 − 2 − 1 ln1 − 1 3
4 16 4 16
∫
= [ − x 2 e − x ]0 +  −2 x e − x − −2e − x d x 
3
( )
 0
= (4ln2 − 1) − − 1 3
16 =  − x 2 e − x − 2 x e − x − 2e − x 
0
= 4 ln 2 − 15 3
−x
16 =  −e ( x + 2 x + 2)
2
0
−3
= (−e (3 + 2 × 3 + 2)) − (− e 0 (0 2 + 2 × 0 + 2))
2
3 (i) x = 2sinθ 1 = 2sinθ ⇒ θ = π
6 = −e −3 (17) + 2
0 = 2sinθ ⇒ θ = 0
dx = 2cosθ = 2 − 173
dθ e
dx = 2cosθ dθ (ii) Maximum point when
dy
=0
1
x 2 dx
So ∫0 4− x2
dx
⇒ 2 x e − x + (−e − x )x −2 = 0
π
4sin 2 θ 2cosθ dθ x e − x (2 − x ) = 0
∫0
6
=
4 − 4sin 2 θ x=2
π
4sin 2 θ 2cosθ dθ (iii) Equation of tangent is y = mx = c and c = 0
∫0
6
=
4(1 − sin 2 θ ) x 2e − x = x e − x (2 − x ) × x
π
4sin 2 θ 2cosθ dθ x 2 e − x = 2 x 2 e − x − x 3e − x
∫0
6
=
4(cos 2 θ )
0 = x 2 e − x − x 3e − x
π 2
6 4sin θ
= ∫0 2cosθ
2cosθ dθ 0 = x 2e − x (1 − x )
So x = 1
π
∫0 4sin θ dθ
6 2
=
9781510458444_Answer.indb 26 11/8/18 10:35 AM

2 Further calculus
5 (i) u = tan x 2
∫1 1+x x 3 dx = 1
p
(ii)
u = tan π = 1 u = tan 0 = 0
4
1 p
3x 2
2
du = sec x dx
3 ∫1 1 + x 3 dx = 1
dx = du2 ⇒ dx = cos 2 x du p
sec x  1 ln 1 + x 3  = 1
π  3 1
∫0 (tan
4 n+ 2
x + tan n x )dx 1 ln 1 + p 3 − 1 ln 1 + 13 = 1
π
3 3
∫0 tan x(tan x + 1)dx 1 ln 1 + p 3 − 1 ln 2 = 1

4 n 2
=
3 3
1
= ∫ u n (sec 2 x )cos 2 x dx
1 ln 1 + p 3 = 1
0 3 2
1
= ∫ u ndu 3
0 ln 1 + p = 3
1 2
 n+1 
= u  1 + p3
n + 10 = e3
n +1 n +1 2
=1 −0 1 + p 3 = 2e 3
n +1 n +1
= 1 p = 3 2e 3 − 1 = 3.40 (3 s.f.)
n +1
π 1π
∫0 ∫0
2
(ii) (a) 4
(sec 4 x − sec 2 x ) dx 7 x 2 sin2 x dx
π
u = x 2 v ′ = sin 2 x
∫0 sec
4 2
= x (sec 2 x − 1) dx
π u′ = 2 x v = − 1 cos 2 x
2
∫0 (1 + tan
4 2
= x ) tan 2 x dx
∫x
2
sin x d x
π
∫0 (tan = x 2 (− 1 cos 2 x ) − 2 x (− 1 cos 2 x ) dx

4
∫
4
= + tan 2 x ) dx
2 2
= 1 (n = 2) 1
∫
2
3 = − x cos 2 x + x cos 2 x dx
2
9 7 5 3
(b) tan x + 5tan x + 5tan x + tan x u = x v ′ = cos 2 x
= tan 9 x + tan 7 x + 4(tan 7 x + tan 5 x ) u′ = 1 v = 1 sin 2 x
2
+ tan 5 x + tan 3 x
π
∫
So x 2 sin x dx
∫0 (tan
4 9 7
I= x + tan x ) dx
= − 1 x 2 cos 2 x +  1 x sin 2x − 1 sin 2 x dx 
∫
π 2 2 2 
∫0
4
+4 (tan 7 x + tan 5 x )dx
= − 1 x 2 cos 2 x + 1 x sin 2x + 1 cos 2x
π 2 2 4
∫0 (tan
4 5
+ x + tan 3 x )dx 1π
∫0
2
So x 2 sin x dx
= 1 + 4 × 1 + 1 = 25 1π
8 6 4 24
=  − 1 x 2 cos 2x + 1 x sin 2x + 1 cos 2x 
2
2
6 (i) y = x 3
 2 2 4 0
1+ x
dy 2 x (1 + x 3 ) − 3x 2 ( x 2 )
=
( ( ) 2
= − 1 1 π (−1) + 1 (−1) − 0 + 1 (1)
2 2 4 4 ) ( )
dx (1 + x 3 ) 2
= 2 x − 3x 2
4 ( )()
2
= π −1 − 1
8 4 4
2
(1 + x ) =π −1
2x − x 4 = 0 ⇒ 2x − x 4 = 0 8 2
(1 + x 3 ) 2

x (2 − x 3 ) = 0
⇒ x = 0 or 3 2
Since clearly the x -coordinate is > 0,
x=32
9781510458444_Answer.indb 27 11/8/18 10:35 AM

2 Further calculus
(iii) Area = area of triangle + area under curve

∫1 2(xx+−1x ) d x
4
8 I=
( )
e
= 1 e + 2 − e ×1+ ∫1 (ln x ) dx
2
2 e
(i) u = x ⇒ du = 1 ⇒ dx = 2 x du = 2u du
dx 2 x e
=1+ ∫1 (ln x ) dx
2
x = 4 ⇒ u = 2, x = 1 ⇒ u = 1 e
2
u − 1 2u du Let e u = x ⇒ dx = e u
I= ∫1 2(u 2 + u) e
du
1
∫1 (ln x ) dx = ∫0 u e du
2 2 u
2
u − 1 2u du
= ∫1 2u(u + 1) Integrate by parts (twice)
2
u − 1 du
= ∫1 u +1 u = u 2 v′ = eu
u′ = 2u v = e u
∫1 uu +−11 du
2
(ii) I = 1 1
2 u 1
∫0 u e du = u e 
∫0 2u e du
2 u u
−
Using division, 0
∫1 ( )
2 u = 2u v ′ = e u
I= 1 − 2 du
u +1 u′ = 2 v = eu
2
= u − 2ln(u + 1)
−  2u e u − 
1 1
2 u 1
∫0 u e du = u e 
∫0 2e du 
1 2 u u
= (2 − 2ln3) − (1 − 2ln2) 0 
1 1
= 1 − 2ln 3 + 2ln 2 = u 2e u  −  2u e u − 2e u 
0 0
= 1 − ln 9 + ln 4 1
= u 2e u − 2u e u + 2e u 
= 1 + ln 4 − ln 9 0
1
= 1 + ln 4
u 2
= e (u − 2u + 2)
9 0
2 =e−2
9 y = (ln x )
Area = 1 + e − 2
dy e
(i) = 2ln x × 1
dx x
Stretch and challenge (Page 31)
dy 2
When x = e, =
dx e 1 (i) u = 1 + x ⇒ du = dx
When x = e, y = 1 x = 1 ⇒ u = 2, x = 0 ⇒ u = 1
Gradient of normal at P = − e x 3 dx
1
e
2 ∫
0 1+ x
y = mx + c ⇒ 1 = − × e + c u= 2
2 (u − 1)3
2
= ∫u=1 u
du
c = 1+ e 2 3
2 u − 3u 2 + 3u − 1 du
2 = ∫1 u
So Q is when 0 = − e x + 1 + e
= ∫ (u 2 − 3u + 3 − 1 ) du
2 2 2
0 = −ex + 2 + e 2 1 u
2
2  3 2

x = 2 + e ≈ 3.45 (3 s.f.) =  u − 3u + 3u − ln u 
e  3 2 1
(ii)
∫ ∫
ln x d x = 1 × ln x d x
=
(
 23 3 × 2 2
 3 − 2 + 3 × 2 − ln 2 


)
u = ln x v ′ = 1
u′ = 1 v = x
 3
3
(2
2
 − 1 − 3 × 1 + 3 × 1 − ln 1 
 )
x
1 ( )(
= 8 − 6 + 6 − ln 2 − 1 − 3 + 3 − 0
3 3 2 )
∫ ln x d x = x ln x − ∫ x × x d x
= x ln x − ∫ 1d x
(
= 8 − ln 2 − 11
3 6 )( )
= x ln x − x + c
= 5 − ln 2
6
9781510458444_Answer.indb 28 11/8/18 10:35 AM

u′ = nx n−1 v = sin x
1π 1π 1π
∫0 ∫0 nx n−1 sin x dx
2 2
x n cos x d x =  x n sin x  2 −
0
1π
1π ( x n−1 × − cos x ) 2
=  x n sin x  2 −n 2 Further 
calculus
0
 ∫
 − (n − 1)x n− 2 × − cos x d x 
0
dy 2 1π 1π
(ii) (a) = 2 x ln(1 + x ) + x =  x n sin x + nx n−1 cos x  2 − n(n − 1) ∫0
2
nx n− 2 cos x dx
dx 1+ x 0
( )
n 1π
= 1π
1
∫0 x ∫ x n− 2 cos x d x
2
(b) Area =
2
ln(1 + x )d x + 0 − n(n − 1)
2 0
( ) − n(n − 1)I
n

u = ln(1 + x ) v ′ = x 2 = 1π n− 2
2
3
u′ = 1 v=x
(ii) I = ( 1 π ) − 4 × 3 × I
4
1+ x 3 4 2
1
2
∫0 x I = (1 π) − 2 ×1× I
2
ln(1 + x )d x 2
2 2 0
3 1 1 3
=  x ln(1 + x ) − 1
∫0 1 + x × 3 d x
x 1π 1π
 3  0 I0 = cos x dx =  sin x  02 = sin 1 π − sin0 = 1
∫
2
0 2
( )
3 1 1 3 2
=  x ln(1 + x ) − 1 ∫0 1 + x d x
x
I2 = 1 π − 2 ×1×1 = 1 π2 − 2
 3  0 3 2 4
( ) ( )
4
( ) I4 = 1 π − 4 × 3 × 1 π2 − 2
3 1
=  x ln(1 + x ) − 1 5 − ln 2 2 4
 3  0 3 6
= 1 π 4 − 3π 2 + 24
(
= 1 ln 2 − 0 − 1 5 − ln 2
3 3 6 ) ( ) OR
16
2 5
= ln 2 − ≈ 0.184
( )
4
3 18 I 4 = 1 π − 4(4 − 1)I 4 − 2
2
2 (i) u = x n v ′ = cos x
1
= π 4 − 12 I 2
n−1
u′ = nx v = sin x 16
(( ) )
2
= 1 π 4 − 12 1 π
1π
− 2(2 − 1)I 0
∫0 x n cos x d x
2
In = 16 2
=  x n sin x  2 −
1π
∫0
1π
2
nx n −1 sin x d x 16 4 (
= 1 π 4 − 12 1 π 2 − 2 I 0 )
( (( ) ))
0
0
u = nx n −1
v ′ = sin x = 1 π 4 − 12 1 π 2 − 2 1 π −0
16 4 2
u′ = n(n − 1)x n − 2 v = − cos x
 nx n −1
(− cos x ) 
4 (
= 1 π 4 − 12 1 π 2 − 2(1)
16 )
1π
=  x sin x  − 
 n
 2 1π  = 1 π 4 − 3π 2 + 24
− 16
∫ n(n − 1)x n − 2 (− cos x )d x 
0 2
 a
∫0 f (a − x ) d x .
0
3 (i) Consider I =
π
=  x n sin x + nx n −1 cos x  2
0 Let u = a − x,then du = −1,
1π dx
∫0 and when x = 0, u = a; when x = a, u = 0, so
2 n− 2
− n(n − 1) x cos x d x
0
 πn
 ()
sin π + n π
n −1

cos π  ()
I= ∫a −f (u)du
= 2 2 2 2 − n(n − 1)I n − 2 a a
 n n −1
 = ∫ f (u)du = ∫ f ( x )d x
 − 0 sin0 + n0 cos0  0 0
()
n OR
= π − n(n − 1)I n − 2 LetF( x ) be an antiderivative of f
2
a a
OR
∫0 f (x )d x = F(x ) 0 = F(a) − F(0)
u = xn v ′ = cos x a a
u′ = nx n−1 v = sin x ∫0 f (a − x )d x = −F(a − x ) 0 = −F(0) + F(a)

1π 1π 1π and hence result.
∫0 ∫0 nx n−1 sin x dx
2 2
x n cos x d x =  x n sin x  2 −
0
1π
1π ( x n−1 × − cos x ) 2
=  x n sin x  2 −n 
0
 ∫
 − (n − 1)x n− 2 × − cos x d x 
0
1π 1π
=  x n sin x + nx n−1Cambridge ∫0
n− 2
− n(n − 1) 2ASnx
cos x  2 International cos x dx
29 & A Level Mathematics – Pure Mathematics 3 Question & Workbook © Greg Port 2018
0
( ) + 0 − n(n − 1)∫
n 1π
= 1π 2 n− 2
x cos x d x
2 0
( ) − n(n − 1)I
n
= 1π n− 2
9781510458444_Answer.indb 292 11/8/18 10:35 AM
2 Further calculus
(ii) Using the result in 3 (i) with a = π , 1

2 dy 128 1
When x = 1 , = 2
2 = 289 < 2
4 dx
( )
π
sin n x 1+ 1
∫0
2
dx 16
sin x + cos n x
n
π
( 2 − x)
π
sin n and when x = 1 , =
dy 1 16 1
2 = 25 > 2
=∫
( )
2
dx 2 dx 1
0 sin n ( π − x ) + cos n ( π − x ) 1+
2 2 4
( )
π
cos n x dy 1
= in the interval 1 , 1 .
∫0
2
= dx Hence there is a value of
cos x + sin n x
n dx 2 4 2
dy 1
= for some 1 < x < 1
π
cos n x
∫0 sinn x + cosn x d x
2
= dx 2 4 2
since sin ( π2 − x ) = cos x and so (ii) First translate the function1 unit in the negative
2
x direction to get y = x 2 .
π
sin n x
∫0
2
dx 1+ x
sin n x + cos n x
The volume of revolution is then
(∫ )
π π
=1 sin n x cos n x
∫0
2 2
dx + dx 1
2
∫0 πx dy
2
sin x + cos n x
n
sin x + cos n x
n 2
0 V=
= 1(∫ ) ()
π
2 sin n x + cos n x d x = 1 π = π 2 y
and y = x 2 , so rearrange to get x 2 =
2 0 sin n x + cos n x 2 2 4
1+ x 1 − y
∫0 (1 − y − 1) dy
1
dy 2 x (1 + x 2 ) − 2 x 3 and V = π
2 1
4 (i) = = 2 x2 2
dx (1 + x 2 ) 2 (1 + x ) 1
dy 1 V = π  − ln |1 − y | − y  2
When = 0
dx 2
2x = 1
(1 + x 2 ) 2 2
( () )
= π − ln 1 − 1
2 2
x 4 + 2x 2 − 4 x + 1 = 0 (
= π ln(2) − 1 units 3
2 )
But x = 1 is a solution, so by division or otherwise OR to integrate using substitution,
( x − 1)(x 3 + x 2 + 3x − 1) = 0 1
y
∫0 π 1 − y dy
2
V= Let u = 1 − y
3 2
and any other solutions are from x + x + 3x − 1 = 0
du = −dy
Let g( x ) = x 3 + x 2 + 3x − 1, then y = 1− u
()
g 1 = 1 + 4 + 48 − 64 = − 11 < 0
4 64 64 V=
1
2 1− u
∫1 π u (−du)
()
g 1 = 1 + 2 + 12 − 8 = 7 > 0
2 8 8 = ∫ π ( 1 − 1) du
1
u
( )
1
Hence there is a root in the interval 1 , 1 .

2
1
4 2 = π  ln | u | −u  1
g( x ) = 0 for some 1 < x < 1 .
2
OR
4 2
( () )
= π (0 − 1) − ln 1 − 1 
 2 2 
f (x )= x 4 + 2x 2 − 4 x + 1
(
= π ln2 − 1 units 3 )
()
2
f 1 = 33 = 0.1289 > 0
4 256
()
f 1 = − 7 = −0.4375 < 0
2 16
Hence there is a root in the interval 1 , 1 .
4 2 ( )
OR
dy
= 2 x2 2
dx (1 + x )
9781510458444_Answer.indb 30 11/8/18 10:35 AM

dy
= y (1 − sin x )
dx
∫ 1y dy = ∫ (1 − sin x )d x 3 Differential equations
ln y = x + cos x + c
3 Differential equations
y = e x +cos x +c
y = e x +cos x × e c
3.1 Forming differential equations from rates y = A e x +cos x
of change (Page 32)
dy
2 (i) = ex+ y
1 (i) dv = k
dx
dt dy
= ex × e y
dx
(ii) dB = kB
dt
∫ e − y dy = ∫ e x d x
(iii) dh = k 3 t
dt − e− y = e x + c
(iv) dV = k V x = 0, y = 2 ⇒
dt
− e −2 = e 0 + c ⇒ c = −e −2 − 1
dr = k
(v) − e − y = e x − e −2 − 1
dt r
(vi)
dP = k( N − P ) e − y = −e x + e −2 + 1
dt
− y = ln(−e x + e −2 + 1)
(vii) dV = kS y = − ln(−e x + e −2 + 1)
dt
(viii) A = kr 2
d
(ii) (1 + x 2 )
dy
= 2 xy
dt dx
3.2 Solving differential equations (Page 33) ∫ 1 dy =

y ∫
2 x dx
(1 + x 2 )
dy ln y = ln(1 + x 2 ) + c
1 (i) = 1 − 2x
dx x = 0, y = 2 ⇒
ln2 = ln(1 + 0 2 ) + c ⇒ c = ln2
∫ dy = ∫ (1 − 2x ) dx
ln y = ln(1 + x 2 ) + ln2
y = x − x2 +c
ln y = ln(2(1 + x 2 ))
dy 4 x
(ii) = 2
= e ln(2(1+x
ln y ))
dx y e
y = 2(1 + x 2 )
∫ y dy = 4 x d x ∫ sec 2 y dy
y2 3 (i) =2
= 2 x 2 + c1 cos 2 2 x dx
2
y 2 = 4x 2 + c2

∫ sec 2 y dy = ∫ 2cos 2 2x d x
y = ± 4x 2 + c2 ∫ sec 2 y dy = ∫ (cos4 x +1)d x
(iii) dA = 0.01A tan y = 1 sin4 x + x + c
dt 4
1 1
∫ A1 d A = ∫ 0.01dt (ii) tan π = sin0 + 0 + c ⇒ c = 1
4 4

ln A = 0.01t + c tan y = 1 sin 4 x + x + 1
4
A = e 0.01t +c
A = e 0.01t × e c
(
y = tan −1 1 sin 4 x + x + 1
4 )
A = K e 0.01t x=π
6
(iv)
dy
dx
= y − y sin x
4 (
So y = tan −1 1 sin 4 π + π + 1
6 6 )
= 1.05 (3.s.f )
dy
= y (1 − sin x )
dx
∫ ∫
1 dy = (1 − sin x )d x
y
ln y = x + cos x + c
y = e x +cos x +c
31 y = e x +cos x ×Cambridge
ec International AS & A Level Mathematics – Pure Mathematics 3 Question & Workbook © Greg Port 2018
y = A e x +cos x
9781510458444_Answer.indb 31 11/8/18 10:36 AM

4 (i) dh = 6 − h
()
2
dt 20 6 (i) dy = y
dx x
20 dh = dt
∫∫
20
66 −
−hh
dh = dt ∫∫ ∫
1 dy = 1 d x
∫
− − y2 x2
−20ln 6 − h
20ln 6 h= = tt ++ cc11
11 t + c − 1 = −1 +c
ln 66 −
ln −h h= =− − 20 t + c 22 y x
20
tt = 0, h
= 0, h== 11 ⇒⇒
− 1 = −1 + cx
ln 6 −
ln 6 − 11 == cc 22 ⇒ ⇒ cc 22 =
= ln5
ln5 y x
1
ln 66 −
ln −h h= =− − 20 1 tt +
+ ln5
ln5 −y= x
20 −1 + cx
1
ln 66 −
ln −h h− ln5 =
− ln5 =− − 20 1 tt
y= x
20 1 − cx
ln 66 −
ln −h h= =− − 20 11 tt
55 20 (ii) 1 = 2 ⇒ 1 − 2c = 2 ⇒ c = − 1
tt = 20ln 66 − −h 1 − 2c 2
=− −20ln h
55 y= x = 2 x
1+ 1 x 2 + x
2
(ii) t = −20ln 6 − 2 = 4.46 years
5 y= 2 × 8 = − 16 = − 8
2+8 10 5
(iii) 10 = −20ln 6 − h
5 7 (i) dx = k x
dt
− 1 = ln 6 − h dy 10 000
2 5 (ii) =
−1
dt y
e 2 = 6−h
5

−1
∫ ∫
y dy = 10 000dt
5e 2 = 6−h 3
y2
−1 = 10 000t + c
h = 6 − 5e
= 2.97 m 2 3
2
(iv) t = −20ln 6 − h 2 y3
5
= 10 000t + c
−t 3
e 20 = 6 − h
5 3
t = 0, y = 900 ⇒ c = 2 900 = 18 000
−t 3
h = 6 − 5e 20
2 y3
As t → ∞ , h → 6 = 10 000t + 18 000
3
Maximum possible height is 6 m.
y 3 = 15 000t + 27 000
5 dθ = k(160 − θ )
dt y = 3 (15 000t + 27 000)2
1
∫ 160 − θ dθ = ∫ k dt After 10 minutes,
ln 160 − θ = kt + c y = 3 (15 000 × 10 + 27 000)2 = 3152.45 ≈ 3150

t = 0, θ = 20 ⇒ ln140 = c − t 1
8 dv = 10e 2
ln 160 − θ = kt + ln140 dt
− 1t
t = 5, θ = 65 ⇒ ln95 = 5k + ln140 (i) v = 10e ∫ 2 dt
k = ln95 − ln140 − 1t
5 = −20e 2 +c
= − 0.0776
When t = 0, v = 0 ⇒ 0 = −20 + c ⇒ c = 20
ln 160 − θ = −0.0776t + ln140
− 1t
−0.0776t + ln140 So v = 20 − 20e 2
160 − θ = e
160 − θ = e −0.0776t × e ln140 − 1t
(ii) As t → ∞ , e 2 → 0 ⇒ v → 20
160 − θ = 140e −0.0776t
So long term speed is 20 m s−1
−0.0776t
θ = 160 − 140e
1 = 1 − 1
(iii)
t = 10 ⇒ θ = 160 − 140e −0.0776×10 = 95.5 ° C (w − 4)(w + 5) 9(w − 4) 9(w + 5)
9781510458444_Answer.indb 32 11/8/18 10:36 AM

1
(iv) dw = − 1 (w − 4)(w + 5) V 2 = kt + c
dt 2
1
dw 1
⇒ ∫ (w − 4)(w + 5) = ∫ − 2 dt 2
2 V = kt + c
∫ ( 9(w − 4) − 9(w + 5) ) dw = ∫ − 2 dt
⇒ 1 1 1 t = 0,V = 900 ⇒ 2 900 = kt + c ⇒ c = 60
1 ln(w − 4) − 1 ln(w + 5) = − 1 t + c t = 1,V = 841 ⇒ 2 841 = k + 60 ⇒ k = −2

⇒
9 9 2 2 V = −2t + 60
⇒ 1 ln w − 4 1
= − t +c 2 0 = −2t + 60
9 w +5 2
1 2t = 60
When t = 0, w = 10 ⇒ c = ln = 1 ln 2 6
9 15 9 5 t = 30
⇒ ln w − 4 9
= − t + ln 2
w +5 2 5 The tank would empty in 30 days.
⇒ w − 4 = e 2 5 = 2 e 2 = 0.4e −4.5t
9 t + ln 2
− − 9t
11 y: amount of substance A in grams
w +5 5 dy
= ky 2
−4.5t dt
(v) As t → ∞ , e →0 ⇒w − 4→0
So long term speed is 4 m s −1 .

∫ y12 dy = ∫ k dt
9 θ : temperature, ∫ y −2 dy = ∫ k dt
t : time in hours from 4 p.m.
y −1
dθ = k(θ − 6) = kt + c
−1
dt
1 − 1 = kt + c
∫ (θ − 6) dθ = ∫ k dt y
ln θ − 6 = kt + c y =− 1
kt + c
t = 0, θ = 16 ⇒ ln 16 − 6 = c ⇒ c = ln10 t = 0, y = 60 ⇒ 60 = − 1 ⇒ c = − 1
c 60
t = 1, θ = 8 ⇒ ln 8 − 6 = k + ln10 ⇒ k = ln 1 1
5 t = 1, y = 10 ⇒ 10 = − ⇒k=− 1
1 12
5 ( )
ln θ − 6 = ln 1 t + ln10
1
k−
60
y =− = 60
( ) ×e − 1 t − 1 5t + 1
t
ln 1 ln10
θ −6 = e 5
12 60
When t = 2, y = 60 = 5.45 g
()
t
θ = 10 1 + 6 5 × 2 +1
5
37 = 10 ( 1 ) + 6
t Further practice (Page 39)
5
1 (i) dx = x e 2t
31 = 10 ( 1 )
t dt
5 1 dx = e 2t dt
∫ x ∫
3.1 = ( 1 )
t
5 ln x = 1 e 2t + c
2
ln3.1 = t ln ( 1 )

1 e 2t + c
5 e ln x = e 2
t = ln3.1 = −0.703 1 e 2t
ln 1
5 () x = Ae 2
dy cos 2 y
i.e. 42 minutes ago = 3.18 p.m. (ii) = t
dt e
10 dV = k V 1 1
dt ∫ cos 2 y dy = ∫ et dt
1 dV = kdt
∫ V ∫ ∫ sec
2
∫
y d y = e − t dt
−1
tan y = −e −t + c
∫ V 2 dV ∫
= kdt
y = tan −1 (−e −t + c )
9781510458444_Answer.indb 33 11/8/18 10:36 AM

2 (i) (x − 5x + 6) ÷ (x − 1) = ( x − 4) + 2
2 2
x −1 3( x − 8) 3
(ii) t = 6 −
( )
8
x −1 dy
(ii) (a) 2
= y −5 When x = 0,
x − 5 x + 6 dx 2
2 3(0 − 8) 3
1 x − 5x + 6 d x t =6− = 4.5 mins
∫ y − 5 dy = ∫ x −1 8
∫ y − 5 dy = ∫ ( x − 4 + x − 1) d x
1 2 4 (i)
1 = 2 − 1
(2 x + 1)( x + 1) 2 x + 1 x + 1
2 dy y
ln y − 5 = x − 4 x + 2ln x − 1 + c (ii) =
dx (2 x + 1)( x + 1)
2
y −5= e
x 2 − 4 x + 2ln x −1 + c
2 ∫ 1 dy =
y ∫ 1
(2 x + 1)( x + 1)
dx
y −5= e
x 2 − 4 x + ln( x −1)2 + c
2 ∫ 1y dy = ∫ ( 2x2+1 − x 1+1)d x
x 2 − 4x 2 ln y = ln 2 x + 1 − ln x + 1 + c
y −5= e 2 × e ln( x −1) × e c
2x +1
x 2 − 4x ln y = ln +c
y = A( x − 1) 2 e 2 +5 x +1
x = 0, y = 2 ⇒ ln2 = ln1 + c ⇒ c = ln2
82 − 4×8
2
(b) 7 = A(8 − 1) +5
e2 ln y = ln 2 x + 1 + ln2
x +1
7 = 49 Ae 0 + 5
ln y ln 2 x +1 +ln2
x +1
e =e
A= 2
49 ln 2 x +1
x 2 − 4x y =e x +1
× e ln2
2 ( x − 1) 2 e 2
y = 49 +5
62
(
y = 2 2x +1 = 4 x + 2
x +1 x +1 )
2 2 − 4×6
y= 2 (6 − 1) e +5
49 5 (i)
3 = A + B
( y − 2)( y + 1) y − 2 y + 1
= 5.00
A( y + 1) + B( y − 2)
=
1
3 (i) dx = −4 ( x − 8) 3 ( y − 2)( y + 1)
dt 3 = A( y + 1) + B( y − 2)
1
∫ 1 dx = −4 dt ∫ y = 2 ⇒ 3 = 3A ⇒ A = 1
(x − 8) 3 y = −1 ⇒ 3 = −3B ⇒ B = −1
−1
∫ (x − 8) 3 dx = ∫ −4 dt 3 = 1 − 1
( y − 2)( y + 1) y − 2 y + 1
2
( x − 8) 3 dy
= −4t + c (ii) = x 2 ( y − 2)( y + 1)
2
3 dx
3
∫ dy = 3x 2 d x ∫
2
⇒
3( x − 8) 3 ( y − 2)( y + 1)
= −4t + c
∫ ( y − 2 − y + 1 ) dy = ∫ 3x
2
2 ⇒ 1 1 2
dx
3(72 − 8) 3
t = 0, x = 72 ⇒ = c ⇒ c = 24
2 ⇒ ln( y − 2) − ln( y + 1) = x 3 + c
2
3( x − 8) 3
2
= −4t + 24
2

⇒ ln
y−2
y −1 ( )= x3 + c
3( x − 8) 3 y−2 3
4t = 24 −
2 ⇒ = ex + c
y +1
2
3 3
3( x − 8) 3 = e x × ec = Ae x
t =6−
8
When x = 35, 6 (i) y = cosec x = 1
2 sin x
3(35 − 8) 3 dy − cos x
t =6− = 21 = 2.625 mins = = − 1 × cos x
8 8 dx sin 2 x sin x sin x
= −cosec x cot x
9781510458444_Answer.indb 34 11/8/18 10:36 AM

6 − x = 2e ln( 4 )
5 2
(ii) dx = − sin x tan x cot t
dt 3− x
1
∫ − sin x tan x dx = ∫ cot t dt 6 − x = 2 × 25
3− x 16
cos t
∫ −cosec x cot x dx = ∫ sin t dt 6 − x = 25
3− x 8
cosec x = ln sin t + c 8(6 − x ) = 25(3 − x )
1 = ln sin t + c 48 − 8 x = 75 − 25 x
sin x 17 x = 27
sin x = 1
ln sin t + c x = 27 ≈ 1.59
17
dy
x = 1 π, t = 1 π ⇒ sin 1 π = 1
8 e 2 y + tan x = 0
6 2 6 ln sin 1 π + c dx
2 dy
1= 1 ⇒ e2y = − tan x
dx
2 ln1 + c c = 2
1 e 2 y d y = − sin x d x
∫ ∫
sin x = cos x
ln sin t + 2
1 e 2 y = ln cos x + c
x = sin −1 ( 1
ln sin t + 2 ) 2
x = 0, y = 0 ⇒ 1 e 0 = ln cos0 + c ⇒ c = 1
2 2
7 (i) 1 = 1 − 1 1 e 2 y = ln cos x + 1
(3 − x )(6 − x ) 3(3 − x ) 3(6 − x ) 2 2
2y
(ii) (a) dx = k(3 − x )(6 − x ) e = 2ln cos x + 1
dt
2 y = ln ( ln(cos 2 x ) + 1)
1
∫ (3 − x )(6 − x ) dx = ∫ k dt y = 1 ln ( ln(cos 2 x ) + 1)
2
 1 1 
∫ 3(3 − x ) − 3(6 − x ) dx = ∫ k dt 9 (i) dA = k 3 A − 2
dt
− 1 ln(3 − x ) + 1 ln(6 − x ) = kt + c 1
3 3
1 ( ln(6 − x ) − ln(3 − x )) = kt + c
(ii)
∫ 3A − 2 ∫
dA = k dt
3 −1
1 ln (6 − x ) = kt + c ∫ (3A − 2) 2 dA = ∫ k dt
3 (3 − x ) 1
(3 A − 2) 2 1
t = 0, x = 0 ⇒ ln 6 = k × 0 + c ⇒ c = 1 ln2
1 × = kt + c
1 3
3 3 3 2
1 5
t = 1, x = 1 ⇒ ln = k + ln2 1
3 2 3 2 3 A − 2 = kt + c
3
1 5
⇒ k = ln − ln2 1
3 2 3 t = 0, A = 6 ⇒ 2 3 × 6 − 2 = k × 0 + c ⇒ c = 8
3 3
3 2 (
⇒ k = 1 ln 5 − ln2 ) t = 4, A = 17 ⇒ 2 3 ×
3
17 − 2 = 4k + ⇒ k = 1
8
3 2
⇒ k = 1 ln 5 2 3A − 2 = 1 t + 8
3 4
3 2 3
(b) 1 ln (3 4) 3
(6 − x ) 1 5
= ln t + 1 ln2
3 (3 − x )
2 3A − 2 = 1 × 8 + 8
3 2 3
2 3 A − 2 = 20
3 (3 − x ) ( 3 4 )
1 ln (6 − x ) = 1 ln 5 × 2 + 1 ln2 3 3
3 2 3 A − 2 = 20
(6 − x )
ln = 2ln 5 + ln2 3 A − 2 = 10
(3 − x ) 4
3 A − 2 = 100
6 − x = e ( 2ln 4 )+ ln2
5
3− x
A = 34 m 2
6 − x = e ( 2ln 4 ) × e ln2
5
3− x
9781510458444_Answer.indb 35 11/8/18 10:36 AM

−1
∫ N 2
∫
dN = 1.2 e −0.02t dt
1
N2
= 1.2 × 1 e −0.02t + C
1 −0.02
2 3 Differential equations
2 N = −60e −0.02t + C
10 xy 2
dy
= y 3 −1
t = 0, N = 100 ⇒ 2 100 = −60e −0.20 × 0 + C
dx 20 = -60 + C ⇒ C = 80
y2
∫ 3 d y = 1 dx ∫ ⇒ 2 N = −60e −0.02t + 80
y −1 x
N = 40 − 30e −0.02t
1 ln y 3 − 1 = ln x + c
3 N = (40 − 30e −0.02t ) 2
x = 2, y = 0 ⇒ 1 ln 0 3 − 1 = ln 2 + c ⇒ c = − ln 2 (ii) As t → ∞ , e −0.02t → 0
3
1 ln y 3 − 1 = ln x − ln 2 So N = 40 2 = 1600
3 −t
(
ln y 3 − 1 = 3 ln x − ln 2 ) 3 (i) dx = xe −t
dt k+e
ln y − 1 = 3ln x
3
1 dx = e − t dt
2 ∫ x ∫
k + e −t
()
3
ln y − 1 = ln x
3
ln x = − ln(k + e −t ) + c
2
3 ln10 = − ln(k + e 0 ) + c
y3 = x +1
8 ln10 = − ln(k + 1) + c
c = ln10 + ln(k + 1) = ln10(k + 1)
⇒ ln x = − ln(k + e −t ) + ln10(k + 1)
dy
1 (i) = kxy OR
dx
x = 1, y = 2 ⇒ 4 = k × 1 × 2 ⇒ k = 2 ln x − ln10 = − ln(k + e −t ) + ln(k + 1)
dy −1
(ii) ln20 − ln10 = − ln(k + e ) + ln(k + 1)
⇒ = 2 xy
( )
dx
1 dy = 2 x d x ln2 = ln k + 1−1
∫ y ∫ k+e
ln y = x2 + C k +1 = 2
k + e −1
ln 2 =12 + C
k + 1 = 2(k + e −1 )
lC = ln 2 - 1
ln y = x2 + ln2 - 1 k + 1 = 2k + 2e −1
y = e(x
2
+ ln2 −1) k = 1 − 2e −1 = 1 − 2
e
(iii) As t → ∞ , e − t → 0
2
y = e x × e ln2 × e −1

dy So ln x − ln10 = − ln(k + 0) + ln(k + 1)
(ii) = 2 × (−1) × 2 = −4
dx ln x = − ln k + ln(k + 1) + ln10
y
( ) (
ln x = − ln 1 − 2 + ln 1 − 2 + 1 + ln10
e e )
ln x = 3.8679...
x = 47.844...
2 So x will never reach 48.
e
O x
4 (i) (3 + cos2θ ) dx = x sin2θ
dθ
2 (i) dN = 1.2e −0.02t N 0.5 1 dx = sin 2θ dθ
dt ∫x ∫
3 + cos2θ
1 d N = 1.2e −0.02t dt
∫ N 0.5 ∫ ln x = − 1 ln(3 + cos2θ ) + c
2
∫ N
−1
2 dN
∫
= 1.2 e −0.02t dt
2 (
ln3 = − ln 3 + cos2 × π + c
1
4 )
1
N 2 = 1.2 × 1 e −0.02t + C ln3 = − 1 ln ( 3) + c
2
1 −0.02
2 3
c = ln3
2
2 N = −60e −0.02t + C
so ln x = − 1 ln(3 + cos2θ ) + 3 ln3
t = 0, N = 100 ⇒ 2 100 = −60e −0.20 × 0 + C 2 2
36 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics – Pure Mathematics
− 1 ln(3+3cos2
x=e
Question
2
θ )+ 3 ln3& Workbook © Greg Port 2018
2
− 1 ln(3+ cos2θ ) 3 ln3

=e 2 × e2
−1 3
= e ln(3+cos2θ )
2 2
9781510458444_Answer.indb 36
× e ln3 11/8/18 10:36 AM
ln x = − ln(3 + cos2θ ) + c
2
(
ln3 = − 1 ln 3 + cos2 × π + c
2 4 )
ln3 = − 1 ln ( 3) + c
2
3 3 Differential equations
c = ln3
2
so ln x = − 1 ln(3 + cos2θ ) + 3 ln3 6 (i) x: amount of A
2 2 y: amount of B
− 1 ln(3+ cos2θ )+ 3 ln3
x =e 2 2 dy
= −0.2 × 10 2 × y
− 1 ln(3+ cos2θ ) 3 ln3 dt (1 + t )
=e 2 × e2 1 −2
−1
ln(3+ cos2θ ) 2
3
ln3 2
∫ y dy = ∫ (1 + t )2 dt
=e ×e
1
∫ y dy = −2 ∫ (1 + t )
−2
−1 3 dt
= (3 + cos2θ ) 2 × 32
33 ln y = 2 + c
= 1+t
3 + cos2θ When t = 0, y = 100
= 27
3 + cos2θ ln100 = 2 + c
1+ 0

(ii) Least value is when cos2θ = 1 c = ln100 − 2
x= 27 = 3 3 ≈ 2.60 (3 s.f.)
3 +1 2
c = ln100 − lne 2 = ln 100
e2
( )
5 (i) Since V = 2h,
dV = 2 ddhV dh
ln y = 2 + ln 100
1+t e2
( )
dt ddtt = 2 dt
y=e
( )
2 + ln 100
1+t e2
dV = volume
dV = volume
in − volume out
in − volume out
dt dt
= 1 − 0.2= 1h− 0.2 h
2
= e 1+t × e
( )
ln 100
e2
2
2 dhh = 2 dh
1 − 0.2 1h−=0.2 = 100 e 1+t
dt dt e2
d h
5 − h =510 − dht = 10 dh 2
dt = 100e −2e 1+t
10
∫ ∫∫
dt = dt = dh10 dh
5− h 5− h ∫ = 100e 1+t
2 −2
10 dh10
t= ∫
5 −t =h 5 − h dh ∫ = 100e 1+t
2 − 2(1+t )
1+t
t when
To find To = 4, h = 4,
find ht when − 2t
4 4
= 100e 1+t
10
T=

∫ T = dh10 dh
∫
0 5 − h0 5 − h
(ii) As t → ∞ , −2t → −2
1+ t
(ii) u = 5 − h ⇒
du = − 1
dh 2 h y = 100e −2 = 100
e2
dh = −2(5 − u) du
dh = (−10 + 2u) du The mass of B approaches 100 .
e2
h = 4 ⇒ u = 3, h = 0 ⇒ u = 5
As t → ∞ , 10 2 → 0
u=3
10 (−10 + 2u) du (1 + t )
T= ∫u=5 u The mass of A approaches 0.
u=3
5 − u du
= −20 ∫u=5 u Stretch and challenge (Page 41)
u −1
5 − u du 1 (i) x = a (1 + kt )
= 20 ∫u u
dx = − ka(1 + kt )−2
5
= 20 5ln u − u  3 dt
()
2
= 20 (5ln5 − 5 ) − (5ln3 − 3)  = − ka x
a
= 11.1 (3 s.f.) 2
= − kx
a
9781510458444_Answer.indb 37 11/8/18 10:36 AM

(ii) When t = 0, x = a ⇒ a = 2.5

When t = 1, x = 1.6
(
P 2 350 − 5 = dP
700 P 2 dt )
dP = P − P 2
⇒ 1.6 = 2.5 dt 2 280
1+ k
1 + k = 1.5625
dt 2 (
dP = P 1 − P
140 )
k = 0.5625
(iv) When t = 0, P = 100 ⇒
(iii) In the long term, x → 0
(iv) 1 = 1 = A+ B dt 2 140 (7 )
dP = 100 1 − 100 = 100 = 14.3
2 y − y 2 y (2 − y ) y 2 − y
dy
⇒ 1 = A ( 2 − y ) + By 3 = y m+1
dx

y = 0 ⇒ 2A = 1 ⇒ A = 1 ∫
y −m−1 dy = d x ∫
2
y = 2 ⇒ 1 = 2B ⇒ B = 1 y −m
2 −m
= x +c (as m ≠ 0)
So 1 = 1 + 1 ym = 1
2 y − y 2 2 y 2( 2 − y ) m(k − x )
y=m 1
1
(v) ∫ 2 y − y 2 d y = ∫ dt m(k − x )
Using the chain rule,
∫( )
1 + 1
⇒
2 y 2(2 − y )
d y = dt ∫ d n d n dy n −1 m +1
dx ( y ) = dy ( y ) dx = ny y = ny n+m ,
⇒ 1 ln y − 1 ln(2 − y ) = t + c as required.
2 2
2
When t = 0, y = 1 ⇒ 0 − 0 = 0 + c ⇒ c = 0 4 (i) d x2 = 0
⇒ ln y − ln(2 − y ) = 2t dt
y Integrating with respect to t, dx = C
⇒ ln = 2t dt
2− y
But when t = 0, v x = V cos α , so dx = V cos α
y dt
= e 2t 2
2− y d y
= −g ,
⇒ y = 2e 2t − ye 2t dt 2
⇒ y + ye 2t = 2e 2t dy
Integrating with respect to t , = − gt + K
dt
⇒ y (1 + e 2t ) = 2e 2t
2t But when t = 0, v y = V sin α , so K = V sin α
⇒ y = 2e 2t = 2 −2t dy
1+ e 1+ e and = − gt + V sin α
dt
(vi) As t → ∞, e −2t → 0 ⇒ y → 2 Integrating again,
So the long-term population is 2000. dx = V cos α so x = Vt cos α + M
dt
2 (i) P = 700 = 100 But x = 0 when t = 0 , so M = 0 and x = Vt cos α
−0
5 + 2e 2
dy − gt 2
= − gt + V sin α so y = + Vt sin α + N
−t dt 2
(ii) As t → ∞ , e →0 2
− gt 2
But y = 0 when t = 0, so N = 0 and y = + Vt sin α
So P → 700 = 140 2
5 From x = Vt cos α we get t = x
V cos α
700 −t
(iii) P = ⇒ 5 + 2e 2 = 700 − gt 2
−t P and substituting into y = + Vt sin α gives
5 + 2e 2 2
( ) (
2
−t x
= 350 − 5 −g
)
e 2
P 2 V cos α x
y= +V sin α so
Differentiating with respect to t , 2 V cos α
t gx 2
− 1 e 2 = − 350
− dP y = x tan α − sec 2 α or
2 P 2 dt 2V 2
(
2 P 2 )
1 350 − 5 = 350 dP
P 2 dt
y = x tan α −
gx 2
2V 2
(1 + tan 2 α )
9781510458444_Answer.indb 38 11/8/18 10:37 AM

(ii) (a) If the centre passes through the point (kh, h), (b) Use
then, from the above g ( kh ) 2 tan 2 α − 2V 2 kh tan α + 2V 2 h + g ( kh ) 2 = 0
g ( kh ) 2
h = kh tan α − (1 + tan 2 α ) Let tan α 1 , tan α 2 be the two roots, then by the
2V 2
which is a quadratic in tan α so, rearranging, sum and the product of the roots:
2 2
g ( kh ) 2 tan 2 α − 2V 2 kh tan α + 2V 2 h + g ( kh ) 2 = 0 tan α 1 + tan α 2 = 2V 2 kh = 2V
gk h 2 gkh
and, since h ≠ 0
and
ghk 2 tan 2 α − 2V 2 k tan α + 2V 2 + ghk 2 = 0
2V 2 h + gk 2 h 2 2V 2 + gk 2 h
This has two distinct real solutions if and only tan α 1 × tan α 2 = =
gk 2 h 2 gk 2 h
if b 2 − 4ac > 0 .
tan α 1 + tan α 2
(2V 2 k ) 2 − 4 ghk 2 (2V 2 + ghk 2 ) > 0 and, since tan(α 1 + α 2 ) = ,
1 − tan α 1 × tan α 2
4V 4 k 2 − 4 ghk 2 (2V 2 + ghk 2 ) > 0 2V 2
gkh
V 4 − 2 ghV 2 − g 2h 2 k 2 > 0 (k 2 > 0) tan(α 1 + α 2 ) =
2V 2 + gk 2 h
The LHS of this is a quadratic in V 2, and has 1−
gk 2 h
the form (V 2- a) (V 2- b) where a, b arise from
2kV 2
=
2 gh ± (2 gh) 2 + 4 g 2h 2 k 2 gk h − 2V 2 − gk 2 h
2
V2 =
2
= −k
gh ± gh 1 + k 2 and α 1 + α 2 = tan −1 (− k ).
V2 =
1
5 Let y be the number of tigers at time t.
V = gh(1 ± 1 + k 2 )
2
dy
But 1 − 1 + k 2 < 0 = ky ln 180
dt y
So 4V 2 − 8 ghV 2 − 4 g 2h 2 k 2 > 0 when dy
= ky (ln180 − ln y )
dt
V 2 > gh(1 + 1 + k 2 )
1
OR ∫
y (ln180 − ln y )
dy = k dt ∫
− gt 2 u = ln y ⇒ du = 1 dy ⇒ dy = y du
y= + Vt sin α and x = Vt cos α y
2
Since it passes through the point ( kh, h), 1
− gt ∫
y (ln180 − u)
y du = k dt ∫
h= + Vt sin α and kh = Vt cos α
2 1
gt 2 ∫
(ln180 − u)
du = k dt ∫
Vt sin α = h + − ln(ln180 − u) = kt + c1
2
( ) ln(ln180 − ln y ) = − kt + c 2
2
2 2 2 gt 2
V t sin α = h +
2 ln180 − ln y = e − kt + c 2
( ( )) ( )
2
2 gt 2 ln180 − ln y = A e − kt
V 2t 2 1 − kh = h+
Vt 2 t = 0, y = 10 ⇒ A = ln18
4(V 2t 2 − k 2 h 2 ) = 4h 2 + 4 ght 2 + g 2t 4
ln180 − ln y = ln18 e − kt
2 4 2 2 2 2
g t + 4( gh − V )t + 4h (1 + k ) = 0 t = 2, y = 30 ⇒ ln180 − ln30 = ln18 e −2 k
To get two different values of t we need ln6 = ln18 e −2 k
2
b − 4ac > 0 k = 0.239
16( gh − V 2 ) 2 − 16 g 2h 2 (1 + k 2 ) > 0 ln180 − ln y = ln18 e −0.239t
( gh − V 2 ) 2 − g 2h 2 (1 + k 2 ) > 0 ln y = ln180 − ln18 e −0.239t
−0.239t
gh − V 2 < − gh 1 + k 2 or gh − V 2 > gh 1 + k 2 y = e ln180 × e − ln18e
−0.239t
So V 2 > gh(1 + 1 + k 2 ) y = 180 e − ln18e
(Since V 2 < gh(1 − 1 + k 2 ) is not possible as When t = 8,
−0.239 × 8
1 − 1 + k 2 < 0). y = 180 e − ln18e ≈ 117
9781510458444_Answer.indb 39 11/8/18 10:37 AM

4 Vectors
6 A : amount of alcohol (litres) in the tank at time t .  2

dA = amount in − amount out (iii) (a) a + b =  
 1
dt
= 2− A ×4
40
= 2− A
10
= 20 − A
10
10 d A = dt
∫
20 − A ∫
−10ln 20 − A = t + c1
ln 20 − A = − 1 t + c 2
10
− 1 t + c2
20 − A = e 10

−1t
20 − A = K e 10  1
(b) b − 2c =  
−1t  8
A = 20 − K e 10
t = 0, A = 8 ⇒ 8 = 20 − K e 0 ⇒ K = 12
−1t
A = 20 − 12e 10
− 1 ×15
A = 20 − 12e 10 = 17.3 litres
4 Vectors
4.1 Vectors in two dimensions (Page 44)
1 (i)
(c)
1 c + 2a =  −5
c 2  0
 −6  −5
(ii) (a) 2a =   (b) − b =  
 2  0
 1
(c) − 1 c =  
2  −2 2 (i) 4i − 5j
(ii) −i + 2j
(iii) g = −6j
h = 4i − 5j
1
—c
2 g + h = − 6j + 4i − 5j = 4i − 11j
3 (i) l = (−3) 2 + 2 2 = 13 = 3.61 (3 s.f.)

−b (ii) l = 2 2 + (−1) 2 = 5 = 2.24 (3 s.f.)
 −4   2  −6
(iii) AB = b − a =   −   =  
 0  −1  1
2a
AB = (−6) 2 + 12 = 37 = 6.08 (3 s.f.)

9781510458444_Answer.indb 40 11/8/18 10:37 AM

4 Vectors
4 y 4.2 Vectors in three dimensions (Page 47)
C  2  3
   
1 (i)  8  (ii)  −8 
A    
−18   13
2 AB = b − a
O x
= (i + 2j − 3k) − (2i − 3j + k)
= −i + 5j − 4k
B 3 (i) OD = 3i + 4k
(ii) OF = 5i + 6j + 4k
 −3 (iii) CF = 5i + 4k
(i) OA =  
 2 (iv) BF = −3i + 4k
 0  4  −4  (v) GA = 5i − 6j − 4k
(ii) BC = c − b =   −   =  
 4   −3  7  (vi) DF = 2i + 6j
 −3  0  −3  −3  2  −5

(iii) CA = a − c =   −   =   4 CD = d − c =  2  −  0  =  2 
 2  4   −2      
 5   −3  8 
 −4   −12
(iv) AD = 3   =  CD = (−5) 2 + 2 2 + 8 2 = 93
 7   21
= 9.64 (3 s.f.)
 −3  −12
OD = OA + AD =   + 
 2  21
4.3 Vector calculations (Page 48)
 −15
=  1  1  0 
 23
1 (i) PQ = q − p =  2  −  −1 =  3
So D is (−15, 23).      
 −3  3  −6 
5 (i) OB = 2m +
1n
2  1  1  0 
(ii) QR = r − q =  −4  −  2  =  −6 
(ii) OE = 5 m + 5 n      
2 2  9   −3  12 
3
(iii) BD = 2m + n
2 (iii) Since QR = −2PQ
(iv) EC = m − 3 n
1
● they are parallel
2 2
● QR is twice the length
6 (i) l = (−4) 2 + 3 2 = 5
● QR goes in the opposite direction.
 4
1  −4   − 5   −0.8  1  1  0
Unit vector is   = = P = p − r =  −1 −  −4  =  3
5  3  3   0.6 (iv) R
 5      
 3  9  −6 
 −2  −6  4  0  0
(ii) EF = f − e =   −   =  
 1  2  −1 RS = 2RP = 2  3 =  6 
   
EF = 4 2 + (−1) 2 = 17  −6   −12 
 4   1  0   1
 4  17 
Unit vector is 1 = OS = OR + RS =  −4  +  6  =  2 
17  −1  − 1       
   9   −12   −3
17 
So S is (1, 2, −3).
or 1 ( 4 i − j)
17
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4 Vectors
 3   2   1 (ii)
 3  1
 7  •
 −6 = 3 × 1 + 7 × −6 = −39
2 EF = f − e =  −3 −  −1 =  −2 
     
 4   6   −2  l1 = 3 2 + 7 2 = 58
EF = 12 + (−2) 2 + (−2) 2 = 9 = 3 l 2 = 12 + (−6) 2 = 37
EG = 6 EF −39 = 58 × 37 × cosθ
cosθ = −39
 1  6  58 × 37
EG = 6  −2  =  −12  θ = 147.2° (1 d.p.)
   
 −2   −12 
 2  0
OG = OE + EG 2 a = −3 and b =  5
 
   
 2  6  8  −1  −2
=  −1 +  −12  =  −13
       2  0
 6   −12   −6   −3  5 = 2 × 0 + −3 × 5 + −1 × −2 = −13
•
So G is (8, −13, −6).    
 −1  −2
3 l = (−1) 2 + (−2) 2 + 2 2 = 3
l1 = 2 2 + (−3) 2 + (−1) 2 = 14
Unit vector is
1 (−i − 2j + 2k) = − 1 i − 2 j + 2 k l 2 = 0 2 + 5 2 + (−2) 2 = 29
3 3 3
3 −13 = 14 × 29 × cosθ
 5  2  3  cosθ = −13
4 AB = l − k =  −1 −  −1 =  0 
14 × 29
      θ = 130.2° (1 d.p.)
 10  6  4 
AB = 3 2 + 0 2 + 4 2 = 5  2  3
3  3 •  −2 = 2 × 3 + 3 × −2 + −5 × −1 = 5
 3   9    
 −5  −1
AM = 3AB = 3  0  =  0
   
 4   12 l1 = 2 2 + 3 2 + (−5) 2 = 38
 2  9  11 l 2 = 3 2 + (−2) 2 + (−1) 2 = 14

OM = OA + AM =  −1 +  0 =  −1 5 = 38 × 14 × cosθ
     
 6  12  18
cosθ = 5
38 × 14
OM = 112 + (−1)2 + (18)2 = 446
θ = 77.5° (1 d.p.)
 11  0.521
4 g.h = 0
The unit vector is 1  −1 =  −0.047 
446      8  c
 18  0.852  c  −3 = 0
•
   
4.4 The angle between two vectors (Page 49)
 −2  −1
8c + −3c + 2 = 0
 3  −1
1 (i)   •   = 3 × −1 + −4 × 2 = −11 5c + 2 = 0
 −4   2
c = −2
2 2 5
l1 = 3 + (−4) = 5
5 (i) OM = 14i + 20k
l 2 = (−1) 2 + 2 2 = 5
−11 = 5 × 5 × cosθ C′M = 30i − 20k
cosθ = −11 MB′ = −14i + 16j + 20k

5× 5
θ = 169.7°(1 d.p.) CB′ = 12i +16j + 40k
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4 Vectors
(ii) Angle between OM and C′M: 2 (i) We need to find λ such that
2 − 3λ = −7
 14   30
 0 −1 − 2λ = −7
•  0 = 14 × 30 + 0 × 0 + 20 × −20
    1 + λ = 4
 20  −20 = 20
When λ = 3, all equations are satisfied, hence the
2 2
l1 = 14 + 0 + 20 = 596 2 point lies on the line.
(ii) We need to find µ such that
l 2 = 30 2 + 0 2 + (−20) 2 = 1300
1+µ=0
20 = 596 × 1300 × cosθ
−2µ = 2
cosθ = 20
−6 + µ = −8
596 × 1300
θ = 88.7° (1 d.p.) If µ = −1, the first two equations are satisfied, but
the last equation is not. Hence the point does not
Angle between MB′ and CB′:
lie on the line.
 −14   12 3 r = 3i − 4j + 2k + t(i + 3j − k)
 16 •  16 = −14 × 12 + 16 × 16 + 20 × 40
     3  1
 20  40 = 888 = −4 + t  3
 
   
l1 = (−14) 2 + 16 2 + 20 2 = 852  2  −1
l 2 = 12 2 + 16 2 + 40 2 = 2000 3 + t = a ①
−4 + 3t = b ②
888 = 852 × 2000 × cos θ
2 − t = 0 ③
cos θ = 888
852 × 2000 From ③, t = 2
θ = 47.1° (1 d.p.) Hence a = 5, b = 2
4.6 The intersection of two lines (Page 52)
4.5 The vector equation of a line (Page 51)
1 (i) Equating i, j and k components,
1 (i) r = 3i − j + t(−2i + 5j)
4 + 2λ = 3 − 5µ ①
= (3 − 2t)i + (−1 + 5t)j
−1 − 2λ = −3 + 2µ ②
 3 −2  1 + 3λ = 7 ③
=   + t  
−1  5  From ③, λ = 2
 0  −2  2 From ②, −1 − 2 × 2 = −3 + 2 µ ⇒ µ = −1
(ii) AB =   −   =  
 8  1  7  Substituting into ①,
4 + 2 × 2 = 3 − 5 × −1
r = −2i + j + t(2i + 7j)
8=8
= (−2 + 2t)i + (1 + 7t)j So the lines intersect.
 −2  2 Position vector of point of intersection is
=   + t  
 1  7  4  2  8
     
(iii) r = 4i − 3j + k + λ(i − 4k) −1 + 2−2  = −5 
     
 4  1  1  3  7 
=  −3 + λ  0 Point is (8, −5, 7).
   
 1  −4  (ii) Equating i, j and k components,
 2  1  1 1 − 2λ = −1 + 4µ ①
(iv) AB =  0 −  9 =  −9
3λ = 1 − 5µ ②
      2 + λ = −3 + µ ③
 −1  −5  4 
Solving ① and ② simultaneously gives
r = 2i − k + λ(i − 9j + 4k)
λ = −3, µ = 2
= (2 + λ)i − 9λj + (−1 + 4λ)k
Substituting into ③,
 2  1
=  0 + λ  −9 2 + −3 = −3 + 2
    −1 = −1
 −1  4 So the lines intersect.
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4 Vectors
Position vector of point of intersection is Position vector of point of intersection is

 1 − 2 × −3  7   1  −1  −1
 3 × −3  =  −9 r = 2 + 2  2 =  6 
 
         
 2+ − 3   −1  −1  3   5 
Point is (7, −9, −1). Point is (−1, 6, 5).

(iii) Equating i, j and k components.
 13  3  10  2
−4 − s = 3 + 11t ①     
4 (i) PQ = 9 − 4 = 5 = 5  1

4 = 1 − 3t ②        
 2  7   −5  −1
−5 + 3s = 8 + t ③
Equation is
From ②, t = −1
 3  2
From ①, −4 − s = 3 + 11 × −1 ⇒ s = 4
r = 4 + λ  1
 
Substituting into ③,    
 7  −1
−5 + 3 × 4 = 8 + (−1)

7=7  10  1   9 
So the lines intersect.
RS =  k  −  2 =  k − 2
     
Position vector of point of intersection is  6  3   3 
r = (−4 − 4)i + 4j + (−5 + 3 × 4)k
Equation is
r = −8i + 4j + 7k  1  9 
or (−8, 4, 7 ) r = 2 + µ  k − 2
 
   
2 (i) (3i − 4j + 2k) • (2i − j − 5k)  3  3 
= 3 × 2 + −4 × −1 + 2 × −5 Equating i, j and k components,
=0 3 + 2λ = 1 + 9µ ①
(ii) Equating i, j and k components,
4 + λ = 2 + µ(k − 2) ②
5 + 3s = 2 + 2t ①
7 − λ = 3 + 3µ ③
−2 − 4s = −2 − t ②
Solving ① and ③ simultaneously gives
−2 + 2s = 7 − 5t ③
λ = 2, µ = 2
Solving ① and ② simultaneously gives 3
Substituting into ②,
s = 3 , t = 12
5 5
4 + 2 = 2 + 2 ( k − 2)
Substituting into ③, 3
3 12 2
4 = ( k − 2)
−2 + 2 × 5 = 7 − 5 × 5 3
k=8
− 4 ≠ −5
5
 3  2  7 
Hence there is no point of intersection.
(ii) r = 4 + 2  1 =  6 
 
The lines are not parallel so the lines are skew.      
 7  −1  5 
3 Equating i, j and k components,
A is (7, 6, 5).
1 − λ = µ ①
 2  2
2 + 2λ = 6 ②
5 (i)  a •  2 = 0
−1 + 3λ = 3 − 2µ ③    
1   −6
From ②, λ = 2
4 + 2a − 6 = 0
From ①, 1 − 2 = µ ⇒ µ = −1
a=1
Substituting into ③, (ii) Equating i, j and k components,
−1 + 3 × 2 = 3 − 2 × −1
2t = 3 + 2s ①
5=5
So the lines intersect. 1 + at = 2s ②
1 + t = −1 − 6s ③
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4 Vectors
Solving ① and ③ simultaneously gives  3  4

t = 1, s = − 1 2 (i)  b  •  0 = 0 ⇒ 12 + c = 0 ⇒ c = −12
2    
From ②,  c  1
1 + at = 2s ⇒ 1 + a = 2 × − 1 ⇒ a = −2  3  4
2
 b •  3 = 0 ⇒ 12 + 3b + 2c = 0
6 (i) Equating i, j and k components,    
−3 + λ = 7 + aµ ①  c  2
2 + 2λ = 3 + bµ ② ⇒ 12 + 3b + 2(−12) = 0
−12 + 3b = 0
3 + λ = 3 − 2µ ③
b=4
① − ③ gives
−6 = 4 + (a + 2)µ  4  4
(ii)  0 •  3 = 18
−10 = (a + 2)µ    
 1  2
µ = − 10
a+2
4 2 + 0 2 + 12 = 17
② − 2 × ③ gives 4 2 + 3 2 + 2 2 = 29
−4 = −3 + (b + 4)µ 18 = 17 29 cosθ
−1 = (b + 4)µ 18
cosθ =
17 29
µ=− 1 θ = 35.8° = 36° (nearest degree)
b+4
10 =− 1
So −
a+2 b+4 3 A (1, 3, − 2 ) , B (12, − 2, 4 ) and C (5, −1, a )
10(b + 4) = a + 2  5  1  4 
10b + 40 = a + 2 AC =  −1 −  3 =  −4 
     
a − 10b = 38  a  −2  a + 2
 1  a  5  8  −3 
(ii)  2  b = 0
BC =  −1 −  −2 =  1 
•
   
 1  −2      
 a  4   a − 4 
a + 2b − 2 = 0 ⇒ a + 2b = 2
 4   −3 
Solving simultaneously,
AC • BC = 0 ⇒  −4  •  1  =0
a = 8, b = −3    
 a + 2  a − 4
(iii) µ = − 10 = − 10 = −1 −12 − 4 + (a + 2)(a − 4) = 0
a+2 8+2
Position vector of the point is −12 − 4 + a 2 − 2a − 8 = 0
r = 7i + 3j + 3k + −(8i − 3j − 2k) a 2 − 2a − 24 = 0
= −i + 6j + 5k (a + 4)(a − 6) = 0
a = −4 or 6
4.7 The angle between two lines (Page 56)
4 OB = i + j, OD = 1 i + 1 j + k
 −1  1 2 2
1  2 •  0  = −7
 1  0.5
   
 3  −2  1 •  0.5 = 1
   
(−1) 2 + 2 2 + 3 2 = 14  0  1
12 + 0 2 + (−2) 2 = 5 OB = 2, OD = 0.5 2 + 0.5 2 + 12 = 6
−7 = 14 5 cosθ 2
cosθ = −7 1 = 2 6 cosθ
14 5 2
θ = 146.8° θ = 54.7°
Acute angle is 180° − 146.8° = 33.2°
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4 Vectors
4.8 The perpendicular distance from a point to a (iii) Equating i, j and k components,
line (Page 57)
5 − t = s ①
1 (i) Let M be the point on the line that gives the 2 + 2t = 2s ②
minimum distance.
−9 + 3t = −s ③
 1 − 3t   0  1 − 3t 
Solving ① and ③ simultaneously gives
AM =  −1 + 4t  −  −7  =  6 + 4t 
     
 1 + 2t   −3  4 + 2t  t = 2, s = 3
 1 − 3t   −3 Position vector of point of intersection is

 6 + 4t  •  4 = 0  0  1  3
   
 4 + 2t   2  0 + 3  2 =  6
     
−3 + 9t + 24 + 16t + 8 + 4t = 0  0  −1  −3
29t + 29 = 0
t = −1 (iv) 3 2 + 6 2 + 3 2 = 54
 1  −3  4  3 (i) Equation of plane's path is
M is −1 + (−1) 4  =  −5
 
       1.2   −2
 1  2  −1
r = 0.8 + t  −1
 
   
AM = (4 − 0) 2 + (−5 − −7) 2 + (−1 − −3) 2 = 24  0   1
(ii) Let M be the point on the line that gives the Let M be the point closest to O.
minimum distance.  −2
 4 + 2λ   −1  5 + 2λ  OM •  −1 = 0
 
BM =  −2 − λ  −  −6 =  4 − λ   1
     
 1 − 2λ   7   −6 − 2λ 
 1.2 − 2t   −2
 5 + 2λ   2  0.8 − t  •  −1 = 0
 4−λ   −1 = 0    
•  t   1
   
 −6 − 2λ   −2 −2.4 + 4t − 0.8 + t + t = 0

10 + 4 λ − 4 + λ + 12 + 4 λ = 0 −3.2 + 6t = 0
18 + 9λ = 0 t = 0.533 mins (32 s)
λ = −2  1.2 − 2 × 0.533  0.133
 4  2  0 M is  0.8 − 0.533  =  0.267 
   
M is −2 + (−2) −1 =  0
   0.533   0.533
     
 1  −2  5
OM = 0.133 2 + 0.267 2 + 0.533 2 = 0.611 km
2 2 2
BM = (−1 − 0) + (−6 − 0) + (7 − 5) = 41
(ii) Height is 0.533 km or 533 m.
2 (i) PQ = (4i + 4j − 6k) − (5i + 2j − 9k)
Time is 0.533 min or 32 seconds.
= −i + 2j + 3k
 5  −1  5  2
r =  2 + t  2 4 (i) Rabbit: r = 20 + t  1
 
       
 −9  3  0  0
 0  1  5  2  25
 20 + t  1 =  30
(ii) OT is r = 0 + s  2
       
     0  0  0
 0  −1
5 + 2t = 25 ⇒ t = 10
 −1  1 It would take the rabbit 10 seconds.
 2 •  2 = 0 ⇒ lines are perpendicular.
   
 3  −1
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4 Vectors
 −10  5  1  6
(ii) Eagle: r = 20 + t  1
  3 (i)  3 •  0 = 1 × 6 + 3 × 0 + −2 × 5 = −4
       
 50  −10  −2  5
Eagle reaches the ground when
l1 = 12 + 3 2 + (−2) 2 = 14
50 − 10t = 0 ⇒ t = 5

l 2 = 6 2 + 0 2 + 5 2 = 61
 −10  5  15
−4 = 14 × 61 × cos θ
Eagle is then at 20 + 5  1 =  25
 
      cos θ = −4
 50  −10  0 14 × 61
 5  2  15 θ = 97.9° (1 d.p.)
At t = 5 the rabbit is at 20 + 5  1 =  25
 
 6  1  5
     
 0  0  0 (ii) CD = d − c =  0 −  3 =  −3
     
So the eagle catches the rabbit.  5   −2  7 
Further practice (Page 60)  1  5

 3 •  −3 = 1 × 5 + 3 × −3 + −2 × 7 = −18
 2  4     
 −2  7
1 (i) OC = 2OA = 2  −2 =  −4 
   
 3  6 l1 = 12 + 3 2 + (−2) 2 = 14
 4   12 l 2 = 5 2 + (−3) 2 + 7 2 = 83
OD = 3OB = 3  0 =  0 −18 = 14 × 83 × cosθ
   
 −5  −15 −18
cosθ =
14 × 83
 12  4   8
θ = 121.9° (1 d.p.)
CD = d − c =  0 −  −4  =  4 
     
 −15  6  −21 (iii) If perpendicular, then CD • OF = 0
 5  a 
 4   2  2 CD OF =  −3 •  3 = 5a + −9 + 14a
•
   
(ii) AB = b − a =  0 −  −2 =  2  7   2a
     
 −5  3  −8
5a + −9 + 14a = 0
 2  1 19a − 9 = 0
AE = AB =  2 =  1
1 1
a= 9
2 2    19
 −8  −4 
4 First find the vector PQ:
 2  1   3 
OE = OA + AE =  −2 +  1  =  −1  10  2  8
     
 3  −4   −1 PQ =  1 −  −1 =  2 so
     
 12  4   8
 4   3  1
 8  4
EC = c − e =  −4  −  −1 =  −3
     
 6  −1  7  PR = PQ =  2 =  1
1 1
2 2   
 8   4 
 9  4   5
 2  4   6
2 GH = h − g =  −1 −  −1 =  0
      Now OR = OP + PR =  −1 +  1  =  0
 0  12  −12      
 4   4   8
GH = 5 2 + 0 2 + (−12) 2 = 169 = 13 OR = 6 2 + 0 2 + 8 2 = 100 = 10

 5 So the unit vector in the direction of OR is
 5  13 
6  0.6 
Unit vector is 1  0 =  0 or 1 (5i − 12 k ) 1 0  =  0 
13     13
 −12  − 12  10    
 13  8  0.8 
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4 Vectors
5 When two vectors are perpendicular then Substituting into ①,

a • b = 0 so 2 p − 6 − 3 p = 0 −5 + 3 × 2 = −1 + 2 × 1
−6 − p = 0
1=1
p = −6 So the lines intersect.
 −3  2  −5  −5  3 1 

6 (i) CD =  −4  −  3  =  −7  r = 3 + 2  0  =  3 
 
           
 5  0   5  4   −1  2
r = 2i + 3j + λ(−5i − 7j + 5k) Point of intersection is (1, 3, 2).

= (2 − 5λ)i + (3 − 7λ)j + 5λk  1   −5   6 
 2  −5 8 (i) PQ =  2  −  −1 =  3 
     
= 3 + λ  −7 
   4   3  1 
   
 0  5  1  6
(ii) r = 2i + 3j − 2k + λ(8i − 2j + k) PQ is r = 2 + s  3 
 
   
= (2 + 8λ)i + (3 − 2λ)j + (−2 + λ)k  4  1
2  8  1  1
= 3 + λ  −2
 
   
l is r = 3 + t  −2 
     
 −2  1   2 
 5
7 (i) Equating i, j and k components, To intersect,
1 + 2s = 5 − t ① 1 + 6s = 1 + t ①
−1 + 4s = 2 + 3t ② 2 + 3s = 3 − 2t ②
3 + s = 1 + 2t ③ 4 + s = 5 + 2t ③
6 + 4s = 8 ②+③
Solving ① and ② simultaneously gives
3
s = 2, t = 1 s=1
2
t= 1 −
Substituting into ③, 4
3+ 3 = 1+ 2×1 Substituting into ①,
2
( )

9≠3 ⇒ 1+ 6 × 1 = 1+ −1
2 2 4
So the lines do not intersect. 4≠ 3
4
S ince the direction vectors are not multiples,
So the lines do not intersect.
the vectors are skew.
(ii) Equating i, j and k components,  1   1 + t   −t 
1 + 4λ = 1 − 8µ ① (ii) AQ =  2  −  3 − 2t  =  −1 + 2t 
     
8 − λ = 2µ ②  4   5 + 2t   −1 − 2t 
2λ = 12 − 4µ ③ AQ • QP = 0
Solving ① and ② simultaneously gives  −t   6
 −1 + 2t   3 = 0
33 = 1 so no point of intersection.  
•
 
he direction vectors are multiples of each other
T  −1 − 2t  1
so the lines are parallel.
−6t − 3 + 6t − 1 − 2t = 0
(iii) Equating i, j and k components,
−4 − 2t = 0
−5 + 3t = −1 + 2s ①
t = −2
3 = 4 − s ②
⇒ (1 + (−2),3 + −2 × −2,5 + −2 × 2)
4−t=2 ③
A is (−1, 7, 1).
From ②, s = 1
From ③, t = 2
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4 Vectors
9 To intersect, 12 Second line has direction

2 + 3λ = 11 − µ ①  7   9  −2
k + 2λ = −4 + µ ②  8 −  7  =  1
1 + 2λ = −1 + 2 µ      
③  2  5  −3
5 + 8λ = 21 2×①+③

λ=2  3  −2
µ=3  −5 •
 1 = −6 + −5 + −6 = −17
   
k + 2 × 2 = −4 + 3  2  −3
k = −5
−17 = 38 × 14 × cos θ
Point is (11 + 3 × -1, -4 + 3 × 1, -1 + 3 × 2)
θ = 42.5°
= (8, -1, 5)
13 Let M be the point on the line that gives the
10 (i) −6i + 8j −2k = −2(3i + cj + k) minimum distance.
8 = −2c ⇒ c = −4  5s   1  −1 + 5s 
(ii) Equating i, j and k components, CM =  1 − s  −  1 =  − s 
     
 3 − 2s   −2  5 − 2s 
3 + t = 2 + 3u ①
−8 + 3t = 1 + cu ②  −1 + 5s   5
2t = 3 + u ③  −s  •
 −1 = 0
   
Solving ① and ③ simultaneously gives  5 − 2s   −2
t = 2, u = 1 −5 + 25s + s − 10 + 4 s = 0
Substituting into ②, −15 + 30s = 0
−8 + 3 × 2 = 1 + c × 1 s=1
−2 = 1 + c 2

c = −3  0  5  2.5
  1
M is 1 +  −1 =  0.5
 7   5  2    2   
 3  −2  2
11 (i) AB =  0  −  1  =  −1
      CM = (2.5 − 1) 2 + (0.5 − 1) 2 + (2 − −2) 2
 4   3  1 
= 4.30
Equation is
 5  2  3  3 1   14   4
r = 1 + λ  −1
   + 1 −+11 =−10 =
14 (i) P1 is  0
             
 3  1   1   1 2  23   3
(ii) The position vector for any point on AB is  4  4  1  1
 0      −110
• 0 −1• =
 = 10
 5  2   5 + 2λ       
r = 1 + λ  −1 =  1 − λ 
   3  3  2  2
     
 3  1   3 + λ  6 ×θ cosθ
5 ×= 56 ×× cos
10 = 10
OP • AB = 0 cosθ cos = 10
= θ 10
5 × 56 × 6
 5 + 2λ   2 θ =°35.3°
θ = 35.3
 1− λ  •
 −1 = 0  3+t 
   
 3 + λ   1 (ii) Q is  1 − t 
 
 1 + 2t 
10 + 4 λ − 1 + λ + 3 + λ = 0
12 + 6λ = 0  3+t   1
λ = −2  1−t  •
 −1 = 0
   
 5 + 2 × −2  1   1 + 2t   2
OP =  1 − (−2)  =  3 3 + t − 1 + t + 2 + 4t = 0
   
 3 + (−2)   1  4 + 6t = 0
So P is (1, 3, 1). t = −2
3
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4 Vectors
 3− 2   7  3  2
 3   3  7 (ii) BC = BO + OC = BO + pOA =  −2 + p  1
   5 1      
Q is  1 − − 2  =  3  = 3  5  4  −3
3
     −1  3 + 2p
1 + 2 − 2
 3 ( )   − 1
  3 =  −2 + p or (3 + 2 p)i + (−2 + p )j + (4 − 3 p )k
 
 4 − 3p
( 73 ) + (53) + (− 13)
2 2 2
(iii) OQ = =5 3  3 + 2 p  2
3
(iii)  −2 + p  •
 1 = 2(3 + 2 p) + (−2 + p) + −3(4 − 3 p)
   
 4 − 3p  −3
2(3 + 2 p) + (−2 + p) + −3(4 − 3 p) = 0
 1   3   4
6 + 4 p − 2 + p − 12 + 9 p = 0
1 (i) OB = OA + AB =  3 +  −1 =  2 
      − 8 + 14 p = 0
 3  1   4 
p= 8 =4
OB = 4 2 + 22 + 4 2 = 6 14 7
3 (i) PQ = 3i + 6j − 3k
 2
 4  3  RQ = −3i + 8j + 3k
 
Unit vector is 1  2  =  1  or 2 i + 1 j + 2 k (ii) PQ • RQ = 3 × −3 + 6 × 8 + −3 × 3 = 30
6  3 3 3 3
 4   
2
  PQ = 3 2 + 6 2 + (−3) 2 = 54
3
RQ = (−3) 2 + 8 2 + 3 2 = 82
 −1  3  2
30 = 54 × 82 × cos θ
(ii) AC = AO + OC =  −3 +  −1 =  −4 
      30
 −3  1  −2 cos θ =
54 × 82
AC = 2 2 + (−4) 2 + (−2) 2 = 24 θ = 63.2°
4 Lines are
 2  4
 3  −1  4  a
AC • OB =  −4  •  2  = 8 − 8 − 8 = −8
    r =  −2 + λ  2 and r =  4 + µ  b
 −2  4        
 1  1  2  −1
Angle between diagonals:
(i) At intersection,
−8 = 6 × 24 × cosθ
3 − λ = 4 + µa
①
cosθ = −8
−2 + 2λ = 4 + µb ②
6 × 24
θ = 105.8° 1+ λ = 2− µ ③
Acute angle is 180° − 105.8° = 74.2° Adding ① + ③,
(iii) OA = 12 + 3 2 + 3 2 = 19 4 = 6 + (a − 1)µ ⇒ µ = − 2
a −1
OC = 3 2 + (−1) 2 + 12 = 11 ②-2×③
4
Perimeter = 2 OA + 2 OC = 2 19 + 2 11 = 15.4 4 = (b + 2)µ ⇒ µ = − b + 2
= 2 OA + 2 OC
= 2 19 + 2 11 = 15.4 − 2 =− 4
a −1 b+2
2 (i) OA • OB = 2 × −3 + 1 × 2 + −3 × −4 = 8 2b + 4 = 4a − 4
8 = 4a − 2b
OA = 2 2 + 12 + (−3) 2 = 14
2a − b = 4
OB = (−3) 2 + 2 2 + (−4) 2 = 29  −1  a
(ii) Perpendicular lines ⇒  2 •  b  = 0
8 = 14 × 29 × cos θ    
8  1  −1
cos θ =
14 × 29 −a + 2b − 1 = 0 ⇒ −a + 2b = 1
θ = 66.6° Solving simultaneously, with 2a − b = 4,

a = 3, b = 2
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4 Vectors
(iii) Point of intersection is  −4 

µ = − 2 = −1 (iii) AG =  15
3−1  
 2
 4  3  1
r = 4 + (−1) 2 =  2
   −4   a 
      XQ = kAG = k  15 =  10
 2  −1  3    
 2  b 
Point is (1, 2, 3) or i + 2 j + 3k
⇒k= 2
5 (i) Perpendicular means 3
 8
 p−6  4 − 2 p  −4   − 3 
 2 p − 6 •
 p  =0 So XQ = 2  15 =  10 or − 8 i + 10 j + 4 k
    3    3 3
 2
 1   2   4
 3
( p − 6)( 4 − 2 p ) + ( 2 p − 6) p + 2 = 0
4 p − 2 p 2 − 24 + 12 p + 2 p 2 − 6 p + 2 = 0 Stretch and challenge (Page 64)
10 p − 22 = 0
 a  −1
p = 2.2
1  b  •
 1 = 0 ⇒ −a + b + 3c = 0 ①
(ii) If OAB is a straight line, one vector is a scalar    
c  3
multiple of the other.
Looking at the x-coordinates,  a  2
 b  0  = 0 ⇒ 2a + 5c = 0 ②
OB = 2OA  
•
 

⇒ 4 − 2 p = 2( p − 6) c  5
4 − 2 p = 2 p − 12 −2a + 2b + 6c = 0 ① × 2 − ③
4 p = 16 2b + 11c = 0 ② + ③
p=4 There are infinitely many solutions to this system of
 −2  −4  2 equations with 3 unknowns.
OA =  2 , OB =  4 Choosing the whole-number solutions,
   
 1  2 b = 11, c = −2, a = 5
2
OA = (−2) + 2 + 1 = 32 2  5
0  −4  The vector is  11 (or any scalar multiple).
 
 −2
6 (i) OP =  p  , XP =  p − 5
   
 2   2 
2 p = q ⇒ a 2 + b 2 + 32 = 4 2 + a 2 + 32
 0   −4  a 2 + b 2 + 9 = 16 + a 2 + 9
 p  •  p − 5 = 0
    b 2 = 16
 2   2 
b = ±4
p( p − 5) + 4 = 0
 4
 a
p2 − 5p + 4 = 0  
 b
• a = 0 ⇒ 4a + ab + 9 = 0
  
( p − 1)( p − 4) = 0  3
 3
p = 1 or 4
If b = 4, 4a + 4a + 9 = 0 ⇒ a = − 9
 −4  8
If b = −4, there are no solutions for a.
(ii) XP =  4  9
  So a = − and b = 4
 2 8
Unit vector is 3 vB = 120 2 + (−60) 2 + 40 2 = 140 m s −1
 − 2 vA = 140 + 35 = 175 m s − 1
 −4   −4   3 
1  4 = 1  4 =  2   120  120k 
(−4) + 4 + 2   6    3 
2 2 2
vA = k vB = k  −60 =  −60k 
 2  2  1     
   40  40k 
3
9781510458444_Answer.indb 51 11/8/18 10:39 AM

4 Vectors
5 Let Q be the point on the line that gives the

vA = (120k ) 2 + (−60k ) 2 + (40k ) 2 = 175
minimum distance.
19 600k 2 = 175 2
 −1 + 2t 
k 2 = 25 Q =  a−t 
16  
 3 − t 
k=5
4
 −2 + 2t 
 120  150
5 PQ =  −t 
vA =  −60 =  −75 = 150i − 75 j + 50 k  
4     −1 − t 
 40  50
 −1   −2 − s   2
 −1 = 0
4 (i) r1 =  −2 − t  r2 =  −4 − 3s  PQ •
 
     −1
 −1 − t   −1 − 3s 
 −1 − s   −2 + 2t   2
 −t   −1 = 0
PQ =  −2 + t − 3s   
•
   
 t − 3s   −1 − t   −1

 0 −4 + 4t + t + 1 + t = 0
PQ •  −1 = 0 −3 + 6t = 0
 
 −1 t=1
2
2 − t + 3s − t + 3s = 0

−2t + 6s = −2
①
(
Q = −1 + 2 × 1 , a − 1 , 3 − 1
2 2 2 )
t − 3s = 1
 −1

(
= 0, a − 1 , 5
2 2 )
 −3 = 0
( ) + (4 − 52 )
PQ • 2 2
  PQ = (1 − 0 )2 + a − 1 − a
 −3 2
1 + s + 6 − 3t + 9s − 3t + 9s = 0 = 14
7 + 19s − 6t = 0 2
−6t + 19s = −7 ② a is any real number.
Solving gives s = −1, t = −2
P is (−1, −2 − (−2), −1 − (−2) = (−1, 0,1)

Q is (−2 − (−1), −4 − 3(−1), −1 − 3(−1)) = (−1, −1, 2)
(ii) PQ = ( −1 − ( −1)) 2 + ( −1 − 0)2 + ( 2 − 1)2

= 2 ≈ 1.41 km
r1
P r2
9781510458444_Answer.indb 52 11/8/18 10:39 AM

5 Complex numbers
5 Complex numbers 2
(iv) z + 2iz − 5 = 0
−2i ± ( 2i )2 − 4 (1)( −5 )
5.1 Working with complex numbers (Page 65) z=
2(1)
1 (i) i 3 = i 2 × i = − i 2
= −2i ± 4i + 20
(ii) −2i = −2( i )
6 2 3 2
= −2( −1)3 = −2i ± 16

2
=2 −2i + 4
=
2
(iii) ( 3i 3 ) = ( −3i )
2 2
= −i ± 2
= 9i 2 So z = 2 − i or −2 − i
= −9 4 z = 5 − 2i, w = 3 + 7i
(iv) i − i + i − i = 1 − ( − i ) + ( −1) − i
4 3 2
(i) 4 z − 3w = 4 (5 − 2i ) − 3( 3 + 7i )
=0 = 20 − 8i − 9 − 21i
2 (i) 9i + 2 = 11 − 29i
2
(ii) 12i = −12 (ii) z * w = (5 + 2i )( 3 + 7i )
2
(iii) 7i + i = −1 + 7i
= 15 + 35i + 6i + 14i 2
2
= 15 + 41i − 14
(iv) 15 − 5i + 6i − 2i = 15 + i + 2
= 1 + 41i
= 17 + i
(iii) z * z = (5 + 2i )(5 − 2i )
2
3 (i) z + 9 = 0
= 25 − 10i + 10i − 4i 2
2
z = −9 = 25 + 4
z 2 = 9i 2 = 29
z = ± 3i (iv) Re ( z − z*) = Re (5 − 2i − (5 + 2i ))
2
(ii) z − 4 z + 8 = 0 = Re ( −4i )
4 ± ( −4 ) − 4(1)( 8 )
2 =0
z=
2(1) (v) Im ( w*)  = Im ( 3 − 7i ) 
2 2
4 ± −16
= = Im [ 9 − 42i + 49i 2 ]
2
4 ± 16i 2 = Im [ −40 − 42i ]
=
2 = −42
= 4 ±
2
4i [
(vi) ( z * + w )* ]2 = [(5 + 2i + 3 + 7i )*]2
= [( 8 + 9i )*]
2
= 2 ± 2i
(iii) 2z 2 − 6z + 5 = 0 = [ 8 − 9i ]
2
6 ± ( −6 )2 − 4 × 2 × 5 = 64 − 144i + 81i 2
z=
2×2 = −17 − 144i
= 6 ± −4
4 5 (i) Let z = a + bi, a,b ∈ 
2 zz * = (a + bi )(a − bi )
= 6 ± 4i
4 = a 2 − abi + abi − b 2i 2
= 6 ± 2i
4 = a2 + b2
= 3 ± 1i (ii) z + z * = a + bi + a − bi
2 2
= 2a
9781510458444_Answer_40-69.indd 53 11/8/18 10:57 AM

5 Complex numbers
5.2 Dividing and finding square roots of complex (ii) ( a + bi )2 = −24 + 10i
numbers (Page 67)
a 2 − b 2 + 2abi = −24 + 10i
2 × i = 2i = −2i
1 (i)
i i i2 ⇒ a 2 − b 2 = −24 and 2ab =10 ⇒ a = 5
b
(15i ) (b5 )
2 2
(ii) = 225 = −225 − b 2 = −24
i2
3 × 1 + i = 3 + 3i 25 − b 2 = −24
(iii) b2
1 − i 1 + i 1 − i2
25 − b 4 = −24b 2
= 3 + 3i
2
b 4 − 24b 2 − 25 = 0
3
= + 3i
2 2 (b 2 − 25)(b 2 + 1) = 0
(iv) 2i × 3 + i = 6i + 2i 2 ⇒ b 2 = 25 ⇒ b = 5 or − 5
3−i 3+i 9 − i2 a = 1 or −1
= −2 + 6i So (a, b) = (1, 5) or (−1, − 5)
10
= − + 3i
1 3 (i) 2z − z * = 3 + 6i
5 5
2
2( x + iy ) − ( x − iy ) = 3 + 6i
(v) 5 + 3i × 4 − 3i = 20 − 15i + 12i − 9i 2 x + 2 yi − x + yi = 3 + 6i
4 + 3i 4 − 3i 16 − 9i 2
x + 3 yi = 3 + 6i
= 29 − 3i
25 ⇒ x = 3, 3y = 6 ⇒ y = 2
= 29 − 3i So z = 3 + 2i
25 25
(ii) iz + (2 + i)z * = 10 − 2i
( 2 − 3i ) 2 2
(vi) = 4 − 12i + 9i i( x + iy ) + (2 + i)( x − iy ) = 10 − 2i
3+i 3+i
= −5 − 12i × 3 − i ix + i 2 y + 2 x − 2 yi + ix − i 2 y = 10 − 2i
3+i 3−i
ix − y + 2 x − 2 yi + ix + y = 10 − 2i
= −15 + 15i − 36i + 12i 2
2 x + (2 x − 2 y )i = 10 − 2i
9 − i2
2 x = 10 ⇒ x = 5
= −27 − 21i
10 2 x − 2 y = −2 ⇒ 2 × 5 − 2 y = −2
= −27 − 21 i −2 y = −12
10 10
y=6
So z = 5 + 6i
2
2 (i) (a + bi) = −5 − 12i 4 iz 2 = 4 z *
a 2 + 2abi + b 2i 2 = −5 − 12i i(a + bi) 2 = 4(a − bi)
(a 2 − b 2 ) + 2abi = −5 − 12i i ( a 2 + 2abi + b 2 i 2 ) = 4(a − bi)
⇒ a 2 − b 2 = −5 and 2ab = −12 ⇒ b = −6 i(a 2 − b 2 + 2abi) = 4a − 4bi
a
( )
2
2
a − −6 = −5 a 2 i − b 2 i + 2abi 2 = 4a − 4bi
a
−2ab + (a 2 − b 2 )i = 4a − 4bi
a 2 − 362 = −5
a −2ab = 4a and a 2 − b 2 = −4b
a 4 − 36 = −5a 2 ab = −2a
a 4 + 5a 2 − 36 = 0 b = −2
(a 2 + 9)(a 2 − 4 ) = 0 a 2 − (−2) 2 = −4(−2)

⇒ a 2 = 4 ⇒ a = 2 or − 2 a2 − 4 = 8
⇒ b = −3 or 3 a 2 = 12
So (a, b) = (2, −3) or (−2, 3) a = ± 12
9781510458444_Answer.indb 54 11/8/18 10:40 AM

5 Complex numbers
So z = 12 − 2i or − 12 − 2i Im(z)
5
−2ab = 4a ⇒ a = 0
4
So − b 2 = −4b 3
2 1 + 2i 3 + 2i
0 = b − 4b 2
−2 + i
0 = b(b − 4) 1
b = 0 or 4 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Re(z)
–1
1−i
So z = 0 + 0i or 4i –2 1 − 2i
4i × a + 3i −4 − 3i
–3
5 u =
a − 3i a + 3i –4
2
= 4a2i + 12i2 –5
a − 9i
2
= −122 + 4ai 3 (i) 3−i = 3 + (−1) 2
a +9 =2
−
= 2 12 + 24a i (ii) 3 − 4i = 3 2 + (−4) 2
a +9 a +9
=5
(iii) 5 + 12i = 5 2 + 12 2
5.3 Representing complex numbers geometrically
and finding the modulus (Page 69) = 13
Im(z)
(iv) −4i = 4
1
5
(v) − 2 + 5i = (− 2) 2 + ( 5) 2
4 4i 3 + 4i
3
= 7
−5 + 2i 2 (vi) − 12 = 12
1
−4 4 (i) u = 12 + 12 = 2
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Re(z)
–1 1−i (ii) u + v = −3 − 2i
–2
= ( −3)2 + ( −2 )2
–3
−4 − 3i
–4
= 13
–5 (iii) w* = −2i = 2
2 (i) z = 1 + 2i u
u
(iv)
(ii) z + 2 = 3 + 2i w*
w*
(iii) z − 3i = 1 − i 1+ i
= 1−+2ii
=
−2i
(iv) z* = 1 − 2i
1 + i 2i
(v) iz = −2 + i = 1−+2ii ×
= × 2i
−2i 2i 2i
(vi) iz 2 = i(1 + 4i + 4i 2 ) 2i + 2i 2
2
= 2i−+4i2i
= 2
= i(−3 + 4i) −4i 2
= −4 − 3i −2 + 2i
= −2 4+ 2i
=
4
− 1 1
= −21 +
= + 1 ii
2 22
( ) ( 1122 )
2 2
−1 2 2
= −21 +
= +
2
1 1 2
=
= 12 = = 12 = 22
=
2 2 2
9781510458444_Answer.indb 55 11/8/18 10:40 AM

5 Complex numbers
(iv) Im
5 (i) 3 − 4i = 3 2 + (−4) 2
4
=5
2
(ii) x − 1 + i = ( x − 1) 2 + 12
–4 –2 0 2 4 Re
= x 2 − 2x + 1 + 1 –2
= x 2 − 2x + 2 –4
(iii) ( x + 1) + i( y + 1)
2 (i) Im
= ( x + 1) 2 + ( y + 1) 2 4
2 2
= x + 2x + 1 + y + 2 y + 1 2
= x 2 + y 2 + 2x + 2 y + 2 –4 –2 0 2 4 Re
–2
(iv) cosθ + isinθ
–4
= cos 2 θ + isin 2 θ
= 1 (ii) Im
=1 4
2
5.4 Sets of points in an Argand diagram (Page 71)
0
1 (i) Im –4 –2 2 4 Re
4 –2
2 –4
–4 –2 0 2 4 Re
(iii) Im
–2
4
–4
2
0 Re
(ii) Im –4 –2 2 4
–2
4
–4
2
0 Re
–4 –2 2 4
(iv) Im
–2
4
–4
2
–4 –2 0 2 4 Re
(iii) Im
–2
4
–4
2
–4 –2 0 2 4 Re
3 If the < or > inequality signs had been used, the
–2
boundary curves or lines would need to be dashed,
–4
representing the fact that the actual boundary curve
or line is not included in the region.
4 w = 1 − 2i
(i) w 2 = (1 − 2i)(1 − 2i)
= 1 − 4i + 4i 2
= 1 − 4i − 4
= −3 − 4i
w 2 = ( −3)2 + ( −4 )2 = 5
9781510458444_Answer.indb 56 11/8/18 10:40 AM

5 Complex numbers
5.5 The modulus−argument form of complex numbers

(ii) z − w 2 w 2
(Page 74)

z − (−3 − 4i ) 5
Im
π
(
1 (i) −2i = 2 cos − + isin −
π
2 2 )
8
(ii) 4 − 3i = 5(cos − 0.644 + isin − 0.644)
( )
6
(iii) 1 + 3 i = 2 cos π + isin π

4 3 3
2
(iv) 8 = 8( cos0 + isin0 )
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 Re
–2 2 (i) 2( cos45° + isin45° ) = 2 + 2i
–4
–6
(ii) cos − ( 3)
π + isin − π =
( 3) 1 − 3i
2 2
–8 (iii) 0.5( cos − 90° + isin − 90° ) = −0.5 i
(iv) 2(cos135° + isin135°) = −1 + i

5 (i) Im
4 3 Im
4
2
3
C
–4 –2 0 2 4 Re 2
B
–2 1
–4
–4 –3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 4 Re
–1
A
–2
Minimum value of z is 13 − 2
–3
Maximum value of z is 13 + 2 –4
OABC is a parallelogram.
(ii) Im
4
(ii)
u* 2 + i
=
2
u 2−i
= 2+i × 2+i
–4 –2 0 2 4 Re 2−i 2+i
2
= 4 + 4i +2 i
–2
–4 4−i
= 3 + 4i
5
= 3 + 4i
5 5
Maximum value of z is 3 + 2
 u*
6 Im (iii) arg   = arg u* − arg u
 u
4
 4
2
0
tan −1 
 3
 5
2  ()
5  = tan −1 1 −  − tan −1 1 
2  ()
–4 –2 2 4 Re
() ()
–2
tan −1 4 = 2tan −1 1
–4 3 2
z = z − ( 2 + 2i )

Minimum value of z is 12 + 12 = 2
9781510458444_Answer.indb 57 11/8/18 10:40 AM

5 Complex numbers
5.6 Sets of points using the polar form (Page 76) 3 Im

7
6
1 (i) Im 5
4 4
3
2 2
1
–4 –2 0 2 4 Re –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1–10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Re
–2 –2
–3
–4 –4
–5
–6
–7
(ii) Im
4 4 (i) Im
2
4
3
–4 –2 0 2 4 Re
2
–2
1
–4
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 Re
–1
–2
Im
(iii) –3
–4
4
2 (ii) cos
π=x⇒x= 2
4 2
–4 –2 0 2 4 Re
5 (i) Im
–2 5
4
–4
3
2
1
Im
(iv)
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Re
–1
4
–2
2 –3
–4
–4 –2 0 2 4 Re
–5
–2
–4 (ii) (a) Maximum value of z is 10 + 2
2 (i) z − 4 − 2i = 2
(b) Maximum value of z − 3 is 3
(ii) arg ( z − 4 − 2i ) = 0
Minimum value of z − 3 is 1
π
(iii) a = 4 − 2cos = 4 − 2 2 ⇒ θ = 39.23°
4 (c) sinθ =
10
b = 2 + 2sin π = 2 + 2
4 tan α = 1 ⇒ α = 18.43°
3
P is ( 4 − 2, 2 + 2 )
Maximum value of arg(z) is
(iv) 0 < arg ( z − 4 − 2i ) < 3π and z − 4 − 2i < 2 39.23° − 18.43° = 20.8°
4
Minimum value of arg(z) is
−(39.23° + 18.43°) = −57.7°
9781510458444_Answer.indb 58 11/8/18 10:40 AM

5 Complex numbers
( ( ) ( ))
5.7 Working with complex numbers in polar form
2 cos − 5 π + i sin − 5 π
6 6
(iv) α =
(Page 80)
1 u = 4 cos 30°, v = 2cos60°, w = cos(−90°) β

( 1 1
4 cos π + i sin π
2 2 )
= 1 ( cos ( − 4 π ) + i sin ( − 4 π ))
(i) u* = 4 [ cos(−30°) + i sin(−30°)]
2 3 3
(ii) v × w = 2[ cos(−30°) + i sin(−30°)]
(iii) u × w* = 1 ( cos ( 2 π ) + i sin ( 2 π ))

2 3 3
= 4 [ cos30° + i sin30° ] × [ cos90° + i sin90° ] α =1
= 4 [ cos120° + i sin120° ] β 2
(iv) v = 1 [cos30° + isin30° ]

u 2
()
arg α = 2 π
β 3
4 [ cos30° + i sin30° ] Im
(v) u =
v* 2cos(−60°) + i sin(−60°) 7
= 2[ cos 90° + i sin90° ] 6

5
(ii)
1 1[cos0° + isin0° ] 4
(vi) =
v 2[cos60° + isin60° ] 3
4 2
(vii) w = cos(−90°) + i sin(−90°)
1
= cos(−360°) + i sin(−360°) (iv)
=1 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Re
–1
(i)
iv = 2i(cos 60° + i sin60°) –2
(viii)
u 4(cos 30° + i sin30°) –3
1
= (cos 30° + i sin30°) –4
2 –5
1
= (icos 30° − sin30°) –6
2 (iii)
–7
2 (i) T (ii) F
4 Let z = x + iy
(iii) T (iv) T
(v) T (vi) T 1= 1 x − iy
×
( ( 56π ) + i sin(− 56π ))
z x + iy x − iy
3 α = − 3 − i = 2 cos − x − iy
= 2 2 2
(
β = 4 cos 1 π + i sin 1 π = 4 i
2 2 ) x −i y
x − iy
= 2
(i) α = 2 x + y2
z*
arg α = − 5 π = 2
6 z
(ii) β = 4
5 z 2 = 5 − 12i
arg β = 1 π
(i) z = 13[ cos(−1.176) + i sin(−1.176)] or 13 cis(−67.4°)
2 2
(iii) αβ
(ii) z 2 = 5 − 12i = 13[ cos(−1.176) + i sin(−1.176)]
( ( ) ( )) (
= 2 cos − 5 π + i sin − 5 π × 4 cos 1 π + i sin 1 π
6 6 2 2 ) z = (13 cos(−1.176) + i sin(−1.176)) 2
1
= 8 ( cos ( − 1 π ) + i sin ( − 1 π )) (iii) z = 13 [cos ( −0.588 ) + i sin(−0.588)]

3 3
(iv) z = 13cos2.554 + i sin2.554
αβ = 8
arg αβ = − 1 π (v) z = −3 + 2i or 3 − 2i
3
9781510458444_Answer.indb 59 11/8/18 10:40 AM

5 Complex numbers
3 − πi
6 u = (iv) −5i = 5e 2
2 + ai
(i) u = 3 × 2 − ai π
2 + ai 2 − ai 2 (i) e 3 = 1 +
i 3
i
2 2
= 6 − 3ai
4 − a 2i 2 (ii) 2e − i = 1.08 − 1.68i
= 6 − 3ai
4 + a2 (iii) 4e i π = −4
= 6 − 3a i −πi
4 + a2 4 + a2 3 3 3
(iv) 3e 6 = − i
2 2
(ii) (a) u* = 6 2 + 3a 2 i
4+a 4+a Im
5
 3a + a 2 
arg u * = tan −1  4  4
 6 + a2  3
 4 
( )
2
= tan −1 3a 1
(i)
6 (iii)
= tan −1 a
2 () –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0
–1
1 2 3 4 5 Re
() –2 (iv)
tan −1 a =π
(ii)
2 4 –3
a = tan π –4
2 4 –5

a =1
( ( π6 ) + i sin( π6 ))
2 πi
a= 2 3 (i) 4e 3 × 3 cos
( ) ( )
2 2
u = 6 + 3a πi πi
(b) = 4e 3 × 3e 6
4 + a2 4 + a2
πi
= 36 + 9a 2 = 12e 2
(4 + a 2 ) 2
(ii) (a) −2i + 3 + i = 3 − i
36 + 9a 2 = 2
(4 + a 2 ) 2
36 + 9a 2 = 2(4 + a 2 ) 2
(b)
 6 ( )
3 − i = 2 cos −π + i sin −π 
6  ( )
36 + 9a 2 = 2(16 + 8a 2 + a 4 ) 5.9 Complex numbers and equations (Page 85)
36 + 9a 2 = 32 + 16a 2 + 2a 4
4 2
1 2z 3 − z 2 + 4 z + k = 0
0 = 2a + 7a − 4
z = 1 + 2i is a root
0 = (2a 2 − 1)(a 2 + 4) So 1 − 2i is a root.
⇒ 2a 2 − 1 = 0 or a 2 + 4 = 0 ( z − (1 + 2i ))( z − (1 − 2i ))( 2z − c ) = 0
a 2 = 1 (no solution) ( z − 1 − 2i )( z − 1 + 2i )( 2z − c ) = 0
2
1 ((z − 1) 2 − 4i 2 )( 2z − c ) = 0
So a = ±
2 (z 2 − 2z + 5)(2z − c ) = 0
5.8 Complex exponents (Page 83) 2z 3 − cz 2 − 4 z 2 + 2cz + 10z − 5c = 0
πi 2z 3 + ( −4 − c )z 2 + ( 2c + 10 )z − 5c = 0
1 (i) 2e 2 −4 − c = −1 ⇒ c = −3
3π i
(ii) −1 + i = 2 e4 2c + 10 = 4 ⇒ c = −3
k = −5 × −3 = 15
(iii) 2 − 3i = 13 e −0.983i
9781510458444_Answer.indb 60 11/8/18 10:41 AM

5 Complex numbers
2 z 3 − 10z 2 + 37 z + p = 0 5 x 4 + Ax 3 + Bx 2 + Cx + D = 0
6 3 − 10 × 6 2 + 37 × 6 + p = 0 (i) Roots 2 + i , 2 − i, −2i, 2i

p = −78 (ii) ( x − (2 + i))( x − (2 − i))( x − (−2i))( x − 2i) = 0
3 2 ( x − 2 − i)( x − 2 + i)( x + 2i)( x − 2i) = 0
⇒ z − 10z + 37 z − 78 = z 2 − 4 z + 13
z−6 (( x − 2) 2 − i 2 )( x − 4i 2 ) = 0
2
4 ± (4) − 4 × 1 × 13
z 2 − 4 z + 13 = 0 ⇒ z = (x 2 − 4 x + 5)( x 2 + 4) = 0
2
4 ± 6i x 4 + 4 x 2 − 4 x 3 − 16 x + 5 x 2 + 20 = 0
=
2
x 4 − 4 x 3 + 9 x 2 − 16 x + 20 = 0
= 2 ± 3i
A = −4, B = 9, C = −16, D = 20
The other roots are 2 + 3i and 2 − 3i
6 (i) 3 3 + 3 2 − 7 × 3 − 15
3 (i) iz 2 − z + 2i = 0
= 27 + 9 − 21 − 15
1 ± (−1) 2 − 4 × i × 2i
z= =0
2i
1 − 8i 2 So z = 3 is a root.
= ±
1
2i By long division or synthetic division,
= 1 ± 3
2i 3 1 1 −7 15
= 4 or −2 3 12 15
2i 2i
2 1 4 5 0
= or − 1 × i
i i i
= −2i or i the quotient is x 2 + 4 x + 5 .
(ii) The coefficients of the polynomial are not real −4 ± 4 2 − 4 × 1 × 5
numbers. x=
2×1
= −4 ± −4
4
4 (i) z − 16 = 0
2
(z 2 − 4)(z 2 + 4) = 0 2
z2 = 4 z 2 = −4 = −4 ± 4i
2
z = ±2 z = ± −4
= −4 ± 2i
= ± 4i 2 2
= ±2i = −2 ± i
⇒ z = 2, −2, 2i, −2i Im
(ii)
(ii) Im
3 1.0
2 0.5
1
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 Re
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 Re –0.5
–1
–2 –1.0
–3
The solutions are all 90° apart. 7 13π − π = 12 π = π

24 24 24 2
(iii) 4
z =k π
So the roots are apart.
2
(1 + i) 4 = (1 + i) 2 (1 + i) 2 2 π
⇒n= =4
π
=(1 + 2i + i 2 )(1 + 2i + i 2 ) 2
= 2i × 2i
( ) ( ) ( )
4
cos + isin π = cos 4 × π + isin 4 × π
π
= 4i 2 24 24 24 24
π
= cos + isin π
= −4 6 6
⇒ k = −4 = 3 1
+ i
2 2
Other solutions are −1 + i, −1 − i, 1 − i a = 3, b = 1
2 2
9781510458444_Answer.indb 61 11/8/18 10:41 AM

5 Complex numbers
Further practice (Page 88) 2 u − w = 6i uw = 13

1 (i) (a) z − 3w = (1 − 2i) − 3(3 − i) u(u − 6i) = 13
= 1 − 2i − 9 + 3i u 2 − 6iu − 13 = 0
= −8 + i
6i ± (−6i) 2 − 4 × 1 × −13
(b) zw = (1 − 2i)(3 − i) u=
2
= 3 − i − 6i + 2i 2 2
= 6i ± 36i + 52
= 3 − 7i − 2 2
6i ± 16
= 1 − 7i =
2
(c)
1 = 1 × 3+i 6i ± 4
w 3−i 3+i =
2
= 3 + i2 = 3i ± 2
9−i ⇒ u = 2 + 3i, w = 2 − 3i
= 3+i and u = −2 + 3i, w = −2 − 3i
10
= 3 + 1i
10 10 3 (i), (ii) and (iii) (a)
Im
(d) w = 3 − i × 1 − 2i
z* 1 + 2i 1 − 2i
4
2
= 3 − 6i − i +2 2i
1 − 4i 2
= 1 − 7i
5 –4 –2 0 2 4 Re
1
= − 7i
–2
5 5
–4
(ii) (a) u = z
2 (1 − 2i )2
=
w 3−i
(iii) (b) sinθ =
2 ⇒ θ = 41.8°
= 1 − 4i + 4i 2 3
3−i
⇒ α = 90° − 41.8° = 48.2°
= − 3 − 4i × 3 + i
3−i 3+i
= −9 − 3i − 12i − 4i 2
2
9−i
= −5 − 15i 3i
10 2
= − 1 − 3i 3
2 2
Im θ
(b) α
4
3
2 4 u = 1 + 2i
1 (i) (1 + 2i) 2 = 1 + 4i + 4i 2 = −3 + 4i
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 Re
(1 + 2i)3 = (1 + 2i)(−3 + 4i)
–1
= (−3 − 2i + 8i 2 ) = −11 − 2i
–2
–3 (1 + 2i) 4 = (−3 + 4i)(−3 + 4i)
–4 = 9 − 24i + 16i 2 = −7 − 24i − 7 − 24i
−3(−11 − 2i) + 5(−3 + 4i) − (1 + 2i) − 10
= −7 − 24i + 33 + 6i − 15 + 20i − 1 − 2i − 10
=0
So u = 1 + 2i is a root.

Also 1 − 2i is a root.
9781510458444_Answer.indb 62 11/8/18 10:41 AM

5 Complex numbers
(ii) ( x − (1 + 2i))( x − (1 − 2i)) (ii) (a) z − (3 − 3i) 2

= ( x − 1 − 2i)( x − 1 + 2i) Im
= ( x − 1) 2 − (2i) 2 5
2 2
= x − 2 x + 1 − 4i 4
3
= x 2 − 2x + 5
2
⇒ p( x ) = ( x 2 − 2 x + 5)Q( x ) 1
4 3 2
Q( x ) = x − 3x 2 + 5 x − x − 10 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0
–1
1 2 3 4 5 Re
x − 2x + 5
–2
= x2 − x − 2
–3
⇒ p( x ) = ( x 2 − 2 x + 5)( x 2 − x − 2) –4
= ( x 2 − 2 x + 5)( x + 1)( x − 2) –5
The other two roots are x = −1 and 2

(b)
5 (i) If one of the roots is z = 3, then p(3) = 0
p(z ) = z 3 + z 2 + 4 z − 48
p(3) = 33 + 3 2 + 4 × 3 − 48
θ γ
= 27 + 9 + 12 − 48
18
=0 2
So the real root is 3.
2
Using synthetic or long division,
p(z )
= z 2 + 4 z + 16
z −3
Solving z 2 + 4 z + 16 = 0,
3 2 + 3 2 = 18
2
z = −4 ± 4 − 4 × 1 × 16 p = 18 − 2, q = 18 + 2
2 ×1
= −4 ± −48 sinθ = 2 ⇒ θ = 28.1°
2 18
2 3
= −4 ± 48i tan γ = ⇒ γ = 45°
3
2
−4 ± 4 3i ⇒ β = − (γ − θ ) = − ( 45° − 28.1° ) = −16.9°
=
2 α = − ( 45° + 28.1° ) = −73.1°
= −2 ± 2 3i
So 18 − 2 z 18 + 2
So β = −2 + 2 3i and γ = −2 − 2 3i
and − 73.1° arg z −16.9°
(ii) and (iii) Im 3 2
7 p(z ) = z − z + kz − 27
5
4 (i) z − 3 is a factor ⇒ p(3) = 0
3 33 − 3 2 + 3k − 27 = 0
2 27 − 9 + 3k − 27 = 0
1 3k = 9
k =3
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Re
–1 (ii) (a) By long division or synthetic division,
–2 3 1 −1 3 −27
–3 3 6 27
–4 1 2 9 0
–5
⇒ p(z ) = (z − 3)(z 2 + 2z + 9) = 0
2 2
6 (i) iw = (−3 + 3i) 2
2 2 z = −2 ± 2 − 4 × 1 × 9
iw = 9 − 18i + 9i 2
iw 2 = −18i 2
= −2 ± 32i
w2 = −18 2
w2 = 18i 2 = −1 ± 2 2i
w = ± 18i So z = 3, −1 + 2 2i, −1 − 2 2i
9781510458444_Answer.indb 63 11/8/18 10:41 AM

5 Complex numbers
(b) p(z 2 ) = 0
⇒ z2 = 3 or z 2 = −1 + 2 2i or z 2 = −1 − 2 2 i
z=± 3 (a + bi) 2 = −1 + 2 2i (a + bi) 2 = −1 − 2 2i
a 2 − b 2 = −1 a 2 − b 2 = −1
2ab = 2 2 2ab = −2 2
b= 2 b=− 2
a a
( ) ( )
2 2
⇒ a2 − 2 = −1 ⇒ a2 − − 2 = −1
a a
a 2 − 22 = −1 a 2 − 22 = −1
a a
a − 2 = −a 2
4
So a = ±1 and b =  2
a4 + a2 − 2 = 0
(a 2 + 2)(a 2 − 1) = 0
a 2 = −2 ⇒ no solution

So a = ±1 and b = ± 2
So the roots are 3, − 3, 1 + 2 i, − 1 − 2 i, 1 − 2 i, − 1 + 2 i
1 (i) u = 2 + 2i (ii) Im
3
22 + 22 = 8 = 2 2
u =

arg u = π 2
4
(ii) Im w
1
4
3 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 Re
2 u
1 –1
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 Re
–1 –2
w2
–2
–3
–3
–4
2
(iii) a + 1 =
2
( 8) 2 (
2 2 ) (
midpoint = −1 + 0 , −2 + 1 = − 1 , − 1
2 2 )
a= 7 w to w 2 = 12 + 3 2 = 10

2 (i) w = −1 + i = (
2 cos 3π + i sin 3π
4 4 ) ⇒ radius =
10
2

w2 = ( 2 (cos 34π + isin 34π ))
2
(
= 2 cos 3π + isin 3π
2
2
2 ) 2 2 (
Equation of the circle is z − − 1 − 1 i =
10
2 )
= 2 cos + isin 3π
3
2
π
(2 )
( 2 (cos 34π + isin 34π )) ( )
3
= 2 cos 9 π + isin 9 π
3
w3 =
4 4
= 2 2 cos π + isin π
4 4( )
⇒ w =2 arg w = − π
2 2
2
3 3
w = 2 2 arg w = π
4
9781510458444_Answer.indb 64 11/8/18 10:41 AM

5 Complex numbers
3 (i) iz 2 + 2z − 3i = 0 W is the midpoint between (0, 0) and (4, 3)
Hence W is (2, 1.5)

−2 ± 2 2 − 4i(−3i)
z=
2i w = 2 2 + 1.5 2 = 2.5
( )
= −2 ± 4 + 12i 2
2i arg(w ) = tan −1 1.5 = 36.9° or 0.64
2
−2 ± −8
=
2i 4 z = ( 2) − ( 6)i
−2 ± 8i 2
= (i) z =
2 2
2 + 6 = 8 ≈ 2.83
2i
−2 ± 8i
=
arg(z ) = − tan −1   = −60° or − π
2i 6

1 8  2 3
= − ±
i 2
(ii) (a) z + 2z* = ( 2) − ( 6)i + 2 (( 2) + ( 6)i )
= −1 × i ± 2 2
i i 2 = (3 2) + ( 6)i
= i± 2
z* ( 2) + ( 6)i
So z = 2 + i or − 2 + i (b) =
iz i (( 2) − ( 6)i )
(ii) (a) z = z − 4 − 3i ( 2) + ( 6)i
=
z = z − (4 + 3i) ( 2)i − ( 6)i 2
( 2) + ( 6)i ( 6) − ( 2)i
which is the perpendicular bisector between = ×
( 6) + ( 2)i ( 6) − ( 2)i
(0, 0) and (4, 3)
( 12) + 4i − 12i 2
Im =
6 − 2i 2
6
(2 12) + 4i
5 =
8
4
4 + 3i (4 3) + 4i
3 =
8
2 3 1
= + i
1 2 2
(iii) z * = ( 2) + ( 6)i, iz = ( 6) + ( 2)i
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Re
–1 Im(z)
–2 3
A
–3
–4 2
B
–5
–6 1
(b) The point where z is least is the point W on

–1 0 3 Re(z)
the diagram. 1 2
Im
–1
6
5 ∠AOB = arg A − arg B
4
4 + 3i = arg z * − argiz
3
6
2 = tan −1 − tan −1 2
W 2 6
1 −1 1
= tan −1 3 − tan
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Re 3
= π−π
–1
–2 3 6
–3 =π
6
–4
–5
–6
9781510458444_Answer.indb 65 11/8/18 10:41 AM

5 Complex numbers
5 (i) u = 2 − i, u* = 2 + i is also a root z n − 1n = z n − z − n

z
x 3 + ax 2 − 3x + b = 0 = cos nθ + i sin nθ − (cos nθ − i sin nθ )
( x − (2 − i))( x − (2 + i))( x − k ) = 0 = 2 i sin (nθ )

( x − 2 + i))( x − 2 − i))( x − k ) = 0
( ) () () ()
4 2 3
(ii) z + 1 = z 4 + 4 z 3 1 + 6z 2 1 + 4 z 1 + 14
( x 2 − 2 x − ix − 2 x + 4 + 2i + ix − 2i − i 2 )( x − k ) = 0 z z z z z
( x 2 − 4 x + 5)( x − k ) = 0 = z 4 + 4 z 2 + 6 + 42 + 14
z z

Looking at the x term,
4 k + 5 = −3 ⇒ k = −2
4 1
= z + 4 +4 z + 2 +6
z
2
z
1
( )
4
(2cosθ ) = 2 cos 4θ + 4(2cos2θ ) + 6
So (x 2 − 4 x + 5)(x + 2) = 0
16 cos 4θ = 2 cos 4θ + 8cos 2θ + 6
a = −2, b = 10
cos 4θ = 1 cos 4θ + 1 cos 2θ + 3
(ii) z − u < 1 ⇒ z − (2 − i) < 1 8 2 8
1
= (cos 4θ +4cos 2θ + 3)
⇒ inside of a circle, centre 2 − i, radius 1 8
z < z + i ⇒ z < z − (−i) z− 1
z = 2i sinθ
( )
(iii) (a)
⇒ all points closer to (0, 0) than −i
i z+1 i ( 2cosθ )
Im z
1 = 2sinθ
2cosθ
= tan θ
0
( )
–2 –1 1 2 3 4 Re 2
1− z − z −1
–1 1 − tan 2 θ = i(z + z −1 )
(b)
1 + tan 2 θ
( )
2
1+ z − z −1
–2 i(z + z −1 )
 z 2 + 12 − 2 
–3 z
1−  
 i 2 (z 2 + 1 + 2)
 z2 
Stretch and challenge (Page 90) =
 z + 2 −2 
2 1
1 e x + iy = 3 1+  z 
 i 2 (z 2 + 1 + 2)
e x × e iy = 3  z2 
e x (cos y + i sin y ) = 3
=
(
1 + 2cos2θ − 2
2cos2θ + 2 )
e x cos y + ie x sin y = 3
e x cos y = 3 and e x sin y = 0 ⇒ y = k π, k ∈
1− (
2cos2 θ−2
2cos2θ + 2 )
2cos2θ + 2 + 2cos2θ − 2
Solving e x cos y = 3, 2cos2θ + 2
=
• If y = ... − 3π, − π, π, 3π, 5 π... then cos y = −1 2cos2θ + 2 − (2cos2θ − 2)
2cos2θ + 2
⇒ −e x = 3 which has no solutions
• If y = −4 π, − 2 π, 0, 2 π, 4 π, 6 π... then cos y = 1 = 4cos2θ
4
⇒ e x = 3 ⇒ x = ln3 = cos 2θ
2 (i) z n + 1n = z n + z − n
z n −n
3 (i)  6 ( ) ( )
w = 3 − i = 2 cos − π + i sin − π 
6 
= (cosθ + i sinθ ) + (cosθ + i sinθ )
=  2 cos ( − π ) + i sin ( − π ) 
12
w 12
= cos nθ + i sin nθ + cos (−nθ ) + i sin(−nθ )   6 6 
= cos nθ + i sin nθ + cos nθ − i sin nθ = 2 cos (12 × − π ) + i sin (12 × − π ) 
12
= 2 cos nθ  6 6 
= 4096 [ cos (−2π) + i sin(−2π)]
= 4096
9781510458444_Answer.indb 66 11/8/18 10:41 AM

5 Complex numbers
(ii) 32 32 2 (
1 i = 1 cos π + i sin π
2 ) (ii) The equation has real coefficients, so c = 2 − 3i
( )
i s also a root. Since all the terms are even powers
5
z = i=1 1 cos + i sin π
π
of x, so are
32 32 2 2
( ( ))
1
−c = − 2 − 3i and − c = − 2 + 3i
z = 1 cos π + i sin π
5
32 2 2 These roots give factors of the polynomial
( ) ( ) ( )
1
( x − 2 − 3i)( x − 2 + 3i)( x + 2 + 3i)
= 1 cos 1 × π + i sin 1 × π 
5
32  5 2 5 2 
( x + 2 − 3i)
1
(π
= cos + i sin
2 10
π
10 ) = ( x 2 − 2 2x + 5)( x 2 + 2 2x + 5)
The other four solutions are 2 π apart = x 4 + 2 x 2 + 25
5
( ) ( )
B
y observation, we find that
⇒ 1 cos π + i sin π , 1 cos π + i sin π , ( x 4 + 2 x 2 + 25)( x 2 − k ) = 0
2 10 10 2 2 2
( 2 10 )
1 cos 9π + i sin 9π ,
10

is a factorisation of the original equation.
The roots are c , −c , − c , k and − k .
2 ( ( 10 ) ( 10 )) 2 ( ( 10 ) ( 10 ))

1 cos − 3π + i sin − 3π , 1 cos − 7 π + i sin − 7 π
I t is possible to find the last two roots by
inspection, by substituting x 2 = k .
(iii) (a) (cosθ +isinθ )5
(iii) Some quick geometry gives that the distance
= cos 5θ + 5cos 4 θ (isinθ ) + 10cos 3 θ (isinθ ) 2
between two roots is 2 and the centre is at
( )( )
+ 10 cos 2θ (isinθ )3 + 5cosθ (isinθ ) 4 + (isinθ )5
5 4 3 2 C = a + bi = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 i
= cos θ + 5icos θ sinθ − 10cos θ sin θ 2 2
− 10icos 2 θ sin 3 θ + 5cosθ sin 4 θ + isin 5 θ S hifting the points to be centred on the origin,
the new points are the roots of x 8 + r 8 = 0 .
5
isinθθ +)5isin
θ +(cos
(cos(b) θ ) θ=+cos5
= cos5 isinθ5+
θ isin 5θ
( ) ( )
2 2
1 + 1+ 1 1 +1+ 2 + 1
⇒ sin5⇒ θ =sin5
5cos sinθ 4−θ 10cos
θ 4=θ 5cos sin 3 θ2 θ+sin
sinθ −2 θ10cos sin3 θ5θ+ sin 5θ r= 2 2
=
2 2
= 5 (1 −=sin 2 2
5 (1 sin2θθ )−210(1
θ−) sin sinθ −−sin
10(12
sin32θθ )+sin
θ−) sin sin3θ5θ+ sin 5θ
= 2+ 2
= 5 (1 −=2sin + sin2θ4θ+)sin
5 (12θ− 2sin sinθ4θ−)sin θ −3 θ10sin
10sin 3 5
+ sin5 5θθ+ sin 5 θ
θ +θ10sin
+ 10sin
3 5 5 3 3 5 From the diagram we find
= 5sinθ=−5sin θ −3θ10sin
10sin + 5sin θ +θ 5sin θ −θ10sin
− 10sin + 10sin + sin5 5θθ+ sin 5 θ
θ +θ10sin
x 8 + (2 + 2 ) = 0
4
5 3
= 16sin=5 θ16sin
− 20sinθ −3θ20sin
+ 5sinθθ+ 5sinθ
Now shift the centre from the origin to
(c) 16x 5 − 20 x 3 + 5 x − 1 = 0
( )( )

1 + 1+ 1 i
Let x = sinθ C = 1+
2 2
16sin 5 θ − 20sin 3 θ + 5sinθ = 1 p(z ) = (z − (a + bi))8 + r 8
( ( )( ) ) + (2 +
sin5θ = 1 8
= z − 1+ 1 − 1+ 1 i 2)
4
−1 2 2
5θ = sin (1)
5θ = π , 5 π , 9 π , − 7 π , − 3π I n the original question, as well as the obvious
2 2 2 2 2
n = 8, we have
π 5 π 9 π −7 π , π
− 3
θ= , , ,
10 10 10 10 10 a + bi = 1 +( )( )
1 + 1 + 1 i = (1 + i ) 1 + 1
2 2 2 ( )

⇒ x = sin π , sin π , sin 9 π , sin −7 π , sin −3π
10 2 10 10 10 ( ) ( ) and
q = ( 2 + 2 ) = 68 + 48 2
4
(2) ( 2)
4 (i) Γ 1 Γ 1 − 1 = π
sin 1 π
2
()
2
Γ 1  = π
 2 
()
Γ 1 = π
2
Γ 5
2 ()
= 3Γ 3 = 3 × 1Γ 1 = 3 π
2 2 2 2 2 4 () ()
9781510458444_Answer.indb 67 11/8/18 10:41 AM

5 Complex numbers
5 z 5 − 1 = 0,
(z − 1)(z 4 + z 3 + z 2 + z + 1) = 0
Roots of z 5 − 1 = 0 are

 5 ( )
5  ( )
z = cos 2k π + i sin 2k π  , k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
and k = 0 gives z = 1, so
z4 + z3 + z2 + z + 1

  ( ) ( )
5  5 ( ) ( )  5 ( ) ( )
=  z − cos 2π + i sin 2π   z − cos 4 π + i sin 4 π   z − cos 6π + i sin 6π   z − cos 8π + i sin 8π 
5   5   5    5 5  ( ) ( )
=  z − cos ( 2π ) i sin ( 2π )   z − cos ( 4 π ) + i sin ( 4 π )   z −  cos ( − 4 π ) + i sin ( − 4 π )   z −  cos ( − 2π ) + i sin ( − 2π ) 
  5 5    5 5    5 5    5 5 

(z − ( cos( 25π ) + i sin( 25π ) + cos(− 25π ) + i sin(− 25π )) z + cos( 25π ) + i sin( 25π ) cos(− 25π )i sin(− 25π ))
2
= ( z − ( cos ( 4 π ) i sin ( 4 π )  + cos ( − 4 π ) + i sin ( − 4 π )  ) z + cos ( 4 π ) + i sin ( 4 π )  cos ( − 4 π ) + i sin ( − 4 π )  )

2
 5 5   5 5   5 5  5 5 
But

 5 ( ) 5  ( ) 5 ( )
cos 2π + i sin 2π  + cos − 2π + i sin − 2π  = 2cos
5  ( ) ( 25π ) and
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
 cos 4 π + i sin 4 π  + cos − 4 π + i sin − 4 π  = 2cos
 5 5   5 5  ( 45π )
Also
 5 ( ) ( )  cos(− 25π ) + i sin(− 25π ) = cos(0) = 1

cos 2π + i sin 2π
5
 5 ( ) ( 45π ) cos(− 45π ) + i sin(− 45π ) = 1

and cos 4 π + i sin
So
z4 + z3 + z2 + z + 1 =
(z 2
( ) )(
5 5 ( ) )
− 2cos 2 π z + 1 z 2 − 2cos 4 π z + 1
Comparing coefficients of z2,

( ) ( )
1 = 1 + 1 + 4cos 2π cos 4 π and
5 5
5 ( ) ( )
cos 2π cos 4 π = − 1
5 4
2
6 (i) z =
2 ( 2 ) (
1 a + a 2 + b 2 − 1 −a + a 2 + b 2
)
(
+ 2i 1 a 2 + b 2 − a 2
4 )
b
z 2 = a + a + 2i = a + i b
2 2 2
(ii) (a) For c = 1 + i ,

2
( ) + (1 + 2i )
2
f 2 (0) = c 2 + c = 1 + i
2
7
= + 3i
4 2
f 2 (0) = 1 ( 49 + 36) = 85 > 2,

4 4
so z = 1 + i is not part of the set.
2
9781510458444_Answer.indb 68 11/8/18 10:41 AM

5 Complex numbers
For c = i,
2
f 2 (0) = c 2 + c = (i ) + i = −1 + i
and f 2 (0) = 2 < 2, so OK so far.
f 3 (0) = (−1 + i) 2 + i = −2i + i = −1

and f 3 (0) = 1 < 2, so OK so far.
2
f 4 (0) = (−i ) + i = −1 + i
and so the process will loop continually, with
f n (0) < 2 for all n, and z = i is part of the set.
2 2
(b) f (0) = c , f (0) = c + c = a + ib + c
c= ( ) (
1 a + 4a 2 + i 1 − a + 4a 2
2 2 )
= 1 ( 3a ) + i 1 ( a ) = a ( 3 + i )
2 2 2
a
2
f (0) = a + ib +
2
( 3 + i)
(
= a + 3a + i a 3 + a )
2
8 8
2
and when a = 1 , f 2 (0) = 1 + 3 + i
16 ( )
3 1
8 4
+
+ i(
8 )
1+ 2 3 3+2
=
8
So f 2 (0) = 1 (1 + 2 3) 2 + ( 3 + 2) 2
8
= 1 (13 + 4 3) + (7 + 4 3)
8

= 1 20 + 8 3
8
= 1 5+2 3
4
9781510458444_Answer.indb 69 11/8/18 10:42 AM

Answers: 1 Further Algebra

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Cambridge Assessment International Education bears no responsibility for the example answers to questions taken

= 1 (1 − 2 x + 5 x + ...) 2 0 = 50b 2 + 100b

9781510458444_Answer.indb 1 11/8/18 10:33 AM

Just considering the x 2 terms,

9781510458444_Answer.indb 3 11/8/18 10:33 AM

x = 4 ⇒ 10 = 20 A ⇒ A = 1 Valid for x < 1

9781510458444_Answer.indb 4 11/8/18 10:33 AM

9781510458444_Answer.indb 5 11/8/18 10:33 AM

9781510458444_Answer.indb 6 11/8/18 10:33 AM

9781510458444_Answer.indb 7 11/8/18 10:33 AM

9781510458444_Answer.indb 8 11/8/18 10:33 AM

4 − 2x + 1 Past exam questions (Page 12)

9781510458444_Answer.indb 9 11/8/18 10:33 AM

Valid for 2 x < 1 ⇒ x < 1 Stretch and challenge (Page 13)

9781510458444_Answer.indb 10 11/8/18 10:34 AM

x 2 terms are 3k 2 x 2 + 6 x × −2kx + 9 x 2 dx = cos y × cos y − (− sin y )(sin y )

(ii) Valid for 3x < 1 ⇒ x < 1

9781510458444_Answer.indb 11 11/8/18 10:34 AM

9781510458444_Answer.indb 12 11/8/18 10:34 AM

9781510458444_Answer.indb 13 11/8/18 10:34 AM

2.3 Integrals involving exponentials and natural

= 1 [(3 − ln3) − (1 − ln1)]

x = ln2 ⇒ u = 1 + e 2ln2 = 1 + e ln4 = 5

= e1− cos x + c e4x

9781510458444_Answer.indb 14 11/8/18 10:34 AM

= 1 ∫ sin(u) du 3 x = 2sinθ ⇒ dx = 2cosθ dθ

(ii) u = cos x ⇒ du = − sin x dx

9781510458444_Answer.indb 15 11/8/18 10:34 AM

d x = −2 ( cosθ ) −2 × − sinθ = 2sinθ

9781510458444_Answer.indb 16 11/8/18 10:34 AM

7 (i) ∫ 1 +2x 2 dx = 2tan −1 x + c 3 (i) 2 x + 12 =

(ii) ∫ 9 +1x 2 dx = ∫ 9 1 +11 x 2 dx

9781510458444_Answer.indb 17 11/8/18 10:34 AM

9781510458444_Answer.indb 18 11/8/18 10:34 AM

∫0 cos x sin x e cos x dx

∫0 cos x × sin x e cos x dx 6

9781510458444_Answer.indb 19 11/8/18 10:34 AM

9781510458444_Answer.indb 20 11/8/18 10:35 AM

4 (i) u = 3x − 1 ⇒ du = 3dx (ii) u = cos4 x ⇒ du = −4sin4 x dx

9781510458444_Answer.indb 21 11/8/18 10:35 AM

9781510458444_Answer.indb 22 11/8/18 10:35 AM

9781510458444_Answer.indb 23 11/8/18 10:35 AM

9781510458444_Answer.indb 24 11/8/18 10:35 AM

∫ 2x cos2x dx = 2x ( 2 sin2x ) − ∫ ( 2 × 2 sin2x ) dx

= x sin2 x − ∫ sin2 x dx 1 (i) 2 ≡ A + B

9781510458444_Answer.indb 25 11/8/18 10:35 AM

2 (i) y = x 3 ln x (ii) cos2θ = 1 − 2sin 2 θ

9781510458444_Answer.indb 26 11/8/18 10:35 AM

∫0 tan x(tan x + 1)dx 1 ln 1 + p 3 − 1 ln 2 = 1

∫0 (tan = x 2 (− 1 cos 2 x ) − 2 x (− 1 cos 2 x ) dx

9781510458444_Answer.indb 27 11/8/18 10:35 AM

(iii) Area = area of triangle + area under curve

9781510458444_Answer.indb 28 11/8/18 10:35 AM

u′ = nx n−1 v = sin x ∫0 f (a − x )d x = −F(a − x ) 0 = −F(0) + F(a)

(ii) Using the result in 3 (i) with a = π , 1

Hence there is a root in the interval 1 , 1 .

9781510458444_Answer.indb 30 11/8/18 10:35 AM

3.2 Solving differential equations (Page 33) ∫ 1 dy =

9781510458444_Answer.indb 31 11/8/18 10:36 AM

ln 160 − θ = kt + c y = 3 (15 000 × 10 + 27 000)2 = 3152.45 ≈ 3150

9781510458444_Answer.indb 32 11/8/18 10:36 AM

1 ln(w − 4) − 1 ln(w + 5) = − 1 t + c t = 1,V = 841 ⇒ 2 841 = k + 60 ⇒ k = −2

9781510458444_Answer.indb 33 11/8/18 10:36 AM

5 Let Q be the point on the line that gives the

(ii) ( x − (1 + 2i))( x − (1 − 2i)) (ii) (a) z − (3 − 3i) 2