MATH137

ENGINEERING
CALCULUS 1
CALCULUS 1
 THE DERIVATIVE
Definition:

∆𝑦 𝑑𝑦 The derivative of y with

lim =
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 𝑑𝑥 respect to x

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦 ′ = 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝐷𝑥
𝑑𝑥
 THE DERIVATIVE
Steps in finding the derivative
1) Given 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥
2) Replace x by the x+∆x and y by y+∆y
𝑦 + ∆𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥)
3) Solve for ∆y
∆𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 − 𝑦
∆𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 − 𝑓(𝑥)
4) Divide through by ∆x

∆𝑦 𝑓 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 − 𝑓(𝑥)
=
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥
5) Determine the limit as ∆x approached to zero

𝑑𝑦 ∆𝑦 𝑓 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 − 𝑓(𝑥)
= lim = lim
𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
 THE DERIVATIVE
Algebraic functions:
1) Derivative of a constant

𝑑
𝐶 =0
𝑑𝑥
2) Derivative of sum & difference

𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑢±𝑣 = ±
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3) Derivative of a product

𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
𝑢∗𝑣 =𝑢∗ +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 THE DERIVATIVE
4) Derivative of a quotient

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣∗ −𝑢∗
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2
5) Derivative of 𝑥 𝑛

𝑑 𝑛
𝑥 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
1
6) Special case 𝑛 =
2

𝑑𝑢
𝑑
𝑦= 𝑢= 𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑢
 CHAIN RULE

GENERAL POWER FORMULA:

𝑑 𝑛 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑢
𝑢 = 𝑛𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 Examples:
Differentiate;
𝑦 + ∆𝑦 = (𝑥 + ∆𝑥)3 − 2(𝑥 + ∆𝑥)
∆𝑦 = (𝑥 + ∆𝑥)3 − 2 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 − 𝑦
∆𝑦 = (𝑥 + ∆𝑥)3 − 2 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 − (𝑥 3 − 2𝑥)
∆𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 ∆𝑥 + 3𝑥∆𝑥 2 + ∆𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 − 2∆𝑥 − 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥

∆𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 ∆𝑥 + 3𝑥∆𝑥 2 + ∆𝑥 3 − 2∆𝑥
∆𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥∆𝑥 + ∆𝑥 2 − 2 ∆𝑥

∆𝑦 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥∆𝑥 + ∆𝑥 2 − 2 ∆𝑥
=
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥
 Examples:
Differentiate 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥;
𝑑𝑦 ∆𝑦
= lim = lim 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥∆𝑥 + ∆𝑥 2 − 2
𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥→0
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 0 + (0)2 −2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 2 − 2
𝑑𝑥
 Examples:
1
Differentiate 𝑥 = ;
𝑡

1
𝑥 + ∆𝑥 =
𝑡 + ∆𝑡
1
∆𝑥 = −𝑥
𝑡 + ∆𝑡

1 1 𝑡 − (𝑡 + ∆𝑡)
∆𝑥 = − =
𝑡 + ∆𝑡 𝑡 𝑡(𝑡 + ∆𝑡)

𝑡 − 𝑡 − ∆𝑡
∆𝑥 = 2
𝑡 + 𝑡∆𝑡
 Examples:
1
Differentiate 𝑥 = ;
𝑡

∆𝑥 −∆𝑡 1
= 2
∆𝑡 𝑡 + 𝑡∆𝑡 ∆𝑡

∆𝑥 −1
lim = lim 2
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡→0 𝑡 + 𝑡∆𝑡

∆𝑥 −1
lim = 2
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 𝑡 + 𝑡(0)

∆𝑥 1
lim =− 2
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 𝑡
 Examples: (Using the rules)
Differentiate 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥;
(Using the difference rule and power rule)

𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑢±𝑣 = ±
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑛
𝑥 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥

Solution:
𝑢 = 𝑥3
𝑣 = 2𝑥
 Examples: (Using the rules)
Solution:
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 3 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑥 3−1 = 3𝑥 2
𝑣 = −2𝑥; 𝑑𝑣 = −2𝑥 0 = −2
Therefore;

𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 2 − 2
𝑑𝑥
 Examples: (Using the rules)
1
Differentiate 𝑥 = ;
𝑡

(Using Quotient rule)

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣∗ −𝑢∗
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2

𝑑𝑣
𝑑 𝐶 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
For =− where C is constant
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2
 Examples: (Using the rules)
1
Differentiate 𝑥 = ;
𝑡

Solution:

1
𝑥=
𝑡

𝑑𝑥 (1)(𝑡 0 )
=−
𝑑𝑡 𝑡2

𝑑𝑥 1
=− 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑡
 Examples: (Using the rules)
1
Differentiate 𝑥 = ;
𝑡

Solution:

1
𝑥=
𝑡

𝑑𝑥 (1)(𝑡 0 )
=−
𝑑𝑡 𝑡2

𝑑𝑥 1
=− 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑡
 CHAIN RULE: Example

Differentiate 𝑦 = (3𝑥 2 + 1)4 ;

Solution:

𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = 𝑛𝑢𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 4(3𝑥 2 + 1)3 ∗ (6𝑥)
𝑦 ′ = 24𝑥(3𝑥 2 + 1)3
 CHAIN RULE: Example

Differentiate 𝑦 = (2 + 𝑥)2 (1 − 𝑥)3 ;

Solution: (Chain rule and product rule)
𝑢 = (2 + 𝑥)2 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 2(2 + 𝑥)(1)
𝑣 = (1 − 𝑥)3 ; 𝑑𝑣 = 3(1 − 𝑥)2 (−1)
Then:
𝑦 ′ = 𝑣𝑑𝑢 + 𝑢𝑑𝑣
𝑦 ′ = (2 + 𝑥)2 (3)(1 − 𝑥)2 −1 + (1 − 𝑥)3 (2)(2 + 𝑥)(1)
𝑦 ′ = (2 + 𝑥)(1 − 𝑥)2 [−3 2 + 𝑥 + 2 1 − 𝑥 ]
𝑦 ′ = (2 + 𝑥)(1 − 𝑥)2 [−6 − 3𝑥 + 2 − 2𝑥]
𝑦 ′ = (2 + 𝑥)(1 − 𝑥)2 [−4 − 5𝑥]
 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION

𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 → 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 → 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
Rule: To differentiate f(x,y) with respect to x, differentiate
each term with respect to x, bear in mind that y is a function
of x.

𝑑 𝑛 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑦
(𝑦 ) = 𝑛𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑛
(𝑦 ) = 𝑛𝑦 𝑛−1 𝑦 ′
𝑑𝑥
 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒:
𝑑 𝑑𝑦
1) 𝑦 = = 𝑦′
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2) Differentiate 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2

𝑑 2 2−1 ′
𝑑 2
𝑦 = 2𝑦 𝑦 ; 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2−1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Then, 2𝑦𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥
′ 𝑥
Isolate y’, 𝑦 =
𝑦
 OTHER DERIVATIVE
DERIVATIVE OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS:

𝑑 𝑢 𝑢
𝑑𝑢
1) 𝑎 = 𝑎 𝑙𝑛𝑎
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Where a is any constant

𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2) 𝑒 =𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 REVIEW
PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHM
1) log 𝑎 𝑥𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥 + log 𝑎 𝑦

𝑥
2) log 𝑎 = log 𝑎 𝑥 − log 𝑎 𝑦
𝑦
3) log 𝑎 𝑥 𝑝 = 𝑝 log 𝑎 𝑥
4) log 𝑎 𝑎 = 1
𝑥
5) log 𝑎 𝑎 = 𝑥
6) 𝑎log𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥
 OTHER DERIVATIVE
DERIVATIVE OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS:

𝑑𝑢
𝑑
1) ln(𝑢) = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑢
Where a is any constant

𝑑𝑢
2) 𝑑 𝑀
log 𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑀 = 0.43429
𝑑𝑥 𝑢
 OTHER DERIVATIVE
Examples:
2𝑥 2
1) 𝑦 = 𝑒
Solution:

𝑢 = 2𝑥 2 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑥
2𝑥 2
𝑦= 4𝑥𝑒
 OTHER DERIVATIVE
Examples:
2) 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 1 + 3𝑥
Solution:
1
𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛(1 + 3𝑥)2
1
𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛(1 + 3𝑥) property of logarithm
2

𝑢 = 1 + 3𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 3

1 3 3
𝑦′ = ∗ =
2 1 + 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥
 OTHER DERIVATIVE
Examples:

𝑧 3 (𝑧 2 − 1)2
3) 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛
(𝑧 2 + 1)2
Solution:
𝑥 = 3 𝑙𝑛 𝑧 + 2 𝑙𝑛(𝑧 2 − 1) − 2 𝑙𝑛(𝑧 2 + 1)

3 2𝑧 2𝑧
𝑥′ = +2∗ 2 −2∗ 2
𝑧 𝑧 −1 𝑧 +1
2 2 2 2
′
3 𝑧 − 1 𝑧 + 1 + 4𝑧 𝑧 + 1 + 4𝑧(𝑧 − 1)
𝑥 =
𝑧(𝑧 2 − 1)(𝑧 2 + 1)
OTHER DERIVATIVE
Continuation:

3𝑧 4 − 3 + 4𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 4 − 4𝑧 4 + 4𝑧 2
𝑥′ =
𝑧(𝑧 2 − 1)(𝑧 2 + 1)

3𝑧 4 + 8𝑧 2 − 3
𝑥′ =
𝑧(𝑧 2 − 1)(𝑧 2 + 1)
 OTHER DERIVATIVE
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions:

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
1) 𝑑𝑥 (sin 𝑢) = cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑥

2) 𝑑 cos 𝑢 = − sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2
𝑑𝑢
3) 𝑑𝑥 (tan 𝑢) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
4) (cot 𝑢) = − 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢
2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
5) 𝑑𝑥 (sec 𝑢) = sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
6) (csc 𝑢) = − csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
OTHER DERIVATIVE
Examples:
1) Differentiate 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑥 2
Solution:
𝑢 = 4𝑥 2 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 8𝑥
𝑦 ′ = cos 4𝑥 2 ∗ 8𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 8𝑥 cos 4𝑥 2
OTHER DERIVATIVE
Examples:
1
2) Differentiate 𝑧 = tan 𝑦
2

Solution:

′
1 2
1
𝑧 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑦 ∗
2 2
1 1
𝑧′ 2
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑦
2 2
OTHER DERIVATIVE
Examples:
3) Differentiate 𝑟 = (2 + 3 cot 4𝜃)5
Solution:
𝑢 = 2 + 3 cot 4𝑢 ; 𝑑𝑢 = −12𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 4𝜃
Then:
𝑟 ′ = 5(2 + 3 cot 4𝜃)4 ∗ (−12𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 4𝜃)
𝑟 ′ = −60𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 4𝜃(2 + 3 cot 4𝜃)4
 OTHER DERIVATIVE
Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions:

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑥
1) (𝐴𝑟𝑐 sin 𝑢) = 𝑑𝑥 5) (Arc𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑢2 − 1

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑 − 𝑑 −
𝑑𝑥 6) (Arccsc 𝑢) = 𝑑𝑥
2) 𝑑𝑥 Arccos 𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑢2 − 1
1 − 𝑢2

𝑑𝑢
𝑑 𝑑𝑥
3) 𝑑𝑥 (Arctan 𝑢) =
1 + 𝑢2

𝑑𝑢
𝑑 −
(Arccot 𝑢) = 𝑑𝑥
4) 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢2
OTHER DERIVATIVE
Examples:
𝑥
1) Differentiate y = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑎

Solution:

𝑑𝑢 1 1
𝑦 ′ = 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑎
2 = 2𝑎 2
1+𝑢 𝑥 𝑎 +𝑥
1+
𝑎 𝑎2
𝑎
𝑦′ = 2
𝑥 + 𝑎2
HIGHER DERIVATIVE
DEFINITION:

Given: 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦 ′ → 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 ′′ → 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑥

= 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑛′
𝑛
= 𝑦 → 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
OTHER DERIVATIVE
Examples:
1) 𝑦 ′′ 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2
Solution:
2𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0
2𝑥 = 2𝑦𝑦 ′

′
𝑥
𝑦 =
𝑦
OTHER DERIVATIVE
Continue:

𝑥
𝑦′ =
𝑦

𝑥
𝑦 ∗ 1 − 𝑥 ∗ 𝑦 ′ 𝑦−𝑥∗𝑦
𝑦 ′′ = 2
=
𝑦 𝑦2

𝑥2 𝑦2 − 𝑥2
𝑦− 𝑦 𝑦 2 − 𝑥2 −(𝑥 2 − 𝑦2)
𝑦
𝑦 ′′ = 2
= 2
= 3
=
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦3

−𝑎 2
𝑦 ′′ = 3
𝑦