SUBJECT:ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I

SUBJECT CODE :SMT1101

UNIT –IV ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Exact differential equation.

A first order differential equation of type M ( x, y)dx  N ( x, y)dy  0
is called an exact differential equation if there exists a function of two variables u(x,y) with
continuous partial derivatives such that du( x, y)  M ( x, y)dx  N ( x, y)dy

The general solution of an exact equation is given by u ( x, y )   f ( y )dy  c ,where c is an arbitrary

constant
Test for Exactness
Let functions M ( x, y) and N ( x, y) have continuous partial derivatives in a certain domain D.
M N
The differential equation M ( x, y)dx  N ( x, y)dy  0 is an exact equation if and only if 
y x

Algorithm for Solving an Exact Differential Equation

1. First it's necessary to make sure that the differential equation is exact using the test for exactness:

M N

y x

2. Integrate M with respect to x keeping y constant ie  Mdx

  
3. Integrate those terms in N not containing x with respect to y.ie   N  y  Mdx  dy
 
  
4. The general solution of the exact differential equation is given by  Mdx    N  y  Mdx  dy  c
 

Example1. Solve (5 x  3x y  2 xy )dx  (2 x y  3x y  5 y )dy  0

4 2 2 3 3 2 2 4

M  5 x 4  3 x 2 y 2  2 xy 3 N  2 x3 y  3x 2 y 2  5 y 4
M N M N
  6 x 2 y  6 xy 2 and  6 x 2 y  6 xy 2   the given equation is exact.
y x y x
The required solution is given by  Mdx   terms of N not containing x  dy  c
 (5x  3x 2 y 2  2 xy 3 )dx   (5 y )dy  c
4 4

x5  x3 y 2  x 2 y 3  y 5  c
Equations Reducible to Exact equations.
1 M N
) is function of x alone ,say f  x  then I .F  e 
f ( x ) dx
Rule1. If ( 
N y x
1 M N
) is function of y alone ,say f  y  then I .F  e 
f ( y ) dy
Rule2. If ( 
M y x
1
Rule3. If M is of the form M  yf1 ( xy ) N is of the form N  xf 2 ( xy ), then I .F 
Mx  Ny
1
Rule4. IfMdx  Ndy  0 is a hom ogeneous equation in x and y then I .F 
Mx  Ny

Example2. Solve (2 x log x  xy)dy  2 ydx  0.

Solution . Given (2 x log x  xy)dy  2 ydx  0. (1)
Here M = 2y, N = 2xlogx-xy.
M N

 2 and  2(1  log x)  y 
y x
1 M N 2 log x  y 1
(  )     f ( x) .
N y x 2 x log x  xy x
1
 x dx
I .F  e 
f ( x ) dx 1
e  e  log x  x 1 
x
2y
(1) I .F  dx  (2 log x  y )dy  0  mdx  ndy  0 which is exact.
x
The required solution is given by  mdx   terms of n not containing x  dy  c
2y
 The required solution is given by  dx   ( y )dy  0 .
x
y2
 The required solution is given by 2 y log x   0.
2
Example3. Solve ( y  2 y)dx  ( xy  2 y  4 x)dy  0.
4 3 4

Solution . Given ( y  2 y)dx  ( xy  2 y  4 x)dy  0.

4 3 4
(1)
Here M  y  2 y N  xy  2 y  4 x
4 3 4

M N 1 M N (4 y 3  2)  ( y 3  4) 3
  4 y 3  2 and  y3  4  (  )    f ( y ).
y x M y x y  2y
4
y
3
 dy
I .F  e
f ( y ) dy 1
 e y  e3log y  y 3  3
y
2 4x
(1) I .F  ( y  2 )dx  ( x  2 y  3 )dy  0  mdx  ndy  0 which is exact.
y y
The required solution is given by  mdx   terms of n not containing x  dy  c
 2
 The required solution is given by  ( y  )dx   (2 y )dy  c .
y2
2
The required solution is given by x( y  )  y2  c
y2
Example4. Solve y( xy  2 x 2 y 2 )dx  x( xy  x 2 y 2 )dy  0.

Solution . Given y( xy  2 x 2 y 2 )dx  x( xy  x 2 y 2 )dy  0. (1)

 y(1  2 xy)dx  x(1  xy)dy  0

M  y (1  2 xy )  yf1 ( xy ) and N  x(1  xy )  xf 2 ( xy ) ,

1 1 1
Then I.F=   2 2
Mx  Ny y(1  2 xy) x  x(1  xy) y 3x y

1 2 1 1
(1) I .F  ( 2
 )dx  ( 2
 )dy  0  mdx  ndy  0 which is exact.
3x y 3x 3xy 3 y
The required solution is given by  mdx   terms of n not containing x  dy  c
1 2 1
 The required solution is given by  ( 2
 ) dx   (  ) dy  c .
3x y 3x 3y
1 2log x log y
 The required solution is given by     c.
3xy 3 3

dy x 3  y 3
Example5. Solve  .
dx xy 2

Solution . Given ( x  y )dx  ( xy )dy  0.

3 3 2
(1)

Here M  ( x3  y 3 ) and N  ( xy 2 ) which are hom ogeneous in x and y.

1 1 1
then I .F   3  4
Mx  Ny ( x  y ) x  ( xy ) y x
3 2

1 y3 y2
(1) I .F  (  4 )dx  ( 3 )dy  0  mdx  ndy  0 which is exact.
x x x

The required solution is given by  mdx   terms of n not containing x  dy  c

1 y3
 The required solution is given by  x  x 4 )dx   (0)dy  c .
(

y3
 The required solution is given by log x  3  c.
3x

Example6. Solve ( y  2 x y )dx  (2 xy  x )dy  0

3 2 2 3
Solution . Given ( y 3  2 x 2 y)dx  (2 xy 2  x3 )dy  0.

dy y 3  2x 2 y
Here  f ( x, y )   (1) which are homogeneous in x and y.
dx 2 xy 2  x 3

dv v 3 x 3  2 x 2 vx 2v  v 3
put y  vx in 1 , v  x   2
dx 2 xv 2 x 2  x 3 2v  1

dv 2v  v 3 3v  3v 3
x  2 v 
dx 2v  1 2v 2  1
2v 2  1 2v 2  1 A B C  dx
 dv  xdx  dv      dv  3
3v(v  1)
2
v(v  1)
2
 v v  1 v 1 x
 1 1/ 2 1/ 2  dx
     dv    3 c
 v v  1 v  1 x
 log(v v2  1)   log x3  log c
 x3 (v v 2  1)  c
 x2 y 2 ( x2  y 2 )  c

LINEAR EQUATIONS OF HIGHER ORDER

A linear equation of nth order with constant coefficients is of the form

dny d n 1 y d n2 y
 a  a  .....a n y  X (1)
dx n 1 dx n  2
1 2
dx n

where a1, a2,…….an are constants and X is a function of x. This equation can also be written in the form

D n
 a1 D n 1
 a2 D n2

 .....  a n y  X where D 
d d2
, D 2  2 ,…….. D n 
dn
dx dx dx n


Consider D n  a1 D n1  a 2 D n2  .....  a n y  0  (2)

The general solution of equation (2) is given by Y  c1 y1  c 2 y 2  .......c n y n

where y1 , y 2 ,......y n are n independent solutions and c1 , c 2 ,.......c n are arbitrary constants.

Y is called the complementary function (C.F) of equation (1).

Suppose u is a particular solution (particular integral) of equation (1)

Then the general solution of equation (1) is of the form y=Y+u where Y is the complementary function

and u is a particular integral (P.I).

Thus y=C.F + P.I

To find Complementary functions

Case (1)

Roots of the A.E are real and distinct say m1 and m2

y= c1e m1 x  c 2 e m2 x

Case (2)

Roots of the A.E are imaginary then

y= e x c1 cos x  c 2 sin x 

Case (3)

Roots of the A.E are real and equal say m1 = m2 then

y  e m1 x c1 x  c 2 

d2y dy
1.Solve 2
2  3y  0
dx dx

d
Put D
dx

D 2
y  2 Dy  3 y  0
D 2

 2D  3 y  0

The auxiliary equation is m 2  2m  3  0

 (2)   22  (4)(1)(3)

m
(2)(1)

8
m2
2

2  i2 2
m
2

m 1 i 2
   
C.F = e x c1 cos 2 x  c2 sin  2x
The general solution is y = C.F+P.I

  
y= e x c1 cos 2 x  c2 sin  2x+0

To find Particular integral

When the R.H.S of the given differential equation is a function of x , we have to find particular

Integral.

Case (i)

1
If f ( x)  e ax , then P.I  e ax . Replace D by a in F(D), provided F(D)  0.
F ( D)

x
If F(a) = 0 then P.I  e ax provided F (a)  0
F ( D)

x
If F’(a) = 0 then P.I  e ax provided F (a)  0 and so on
F ( D)

Case (ii)

1
If f(x) = sinax or cosax then P.I  sin axor cos ax
F ( D)

Replace D 2 by  a 2 in F(D), provided F(D)  0.

If F(D) = 0, when we replace D2 by –a2 then proceed as case (i)

Case (iii)

1
If f(x) = an then P.I  xn
F ( D)

P.I  F ( D) x n , Expand F ( D) by using binomial theorem and then operate on xn.
1 1

Case (iv)

If f(x)=eaxx, where X is sinax (or) cosax (or) x then

1 1
P.I  e ax X  e ax X
F ( D) F ( D  a)
 1
Here X can be evaluated by using anyone of the first three types.
F ( D  a)

Problems

 
1.Solve D 2  6 D  9 y  5e 3 x

m 2  6m  9  0

m  32  0
m=-3,-3

C.F  c1 x  c 2 e 3 x

 1  3x
 2 5e
 
P.I =
 D  6D  9 

 1  3x
 2 
=
 3  63  9 5e
 

5 3x
= e
36

The general solution is y = C.F + P.I

y= c1 x  c 2 e 3 x +
5 3x
e
36


2. Solve D 2  6 D  5 y  e  x 
m 2  6m  5  0

m  5m  1  0
m=-1,-5

C.F = c1 e  x  c 2 e 5 x

 1  x
 2 e
 
P.I =
 D  6D  5 

 1  x
 
=   12  6 1  5 e
 
 x x
= e x = e x
2D  6 2(1)  6

x x
= e
4

The general solution is y = C.F + P.I

x x
y= c1 e  x  c 2 e 5 x + e
4

 
2.Solve D 2  D  1 y  sin 2x

Solution:

The auxiliary equation is m 2  m  1  0

 1 i 3
m
2

x
  3x   
C.F= e 2
c 1 cos   c 2 sin 3 x 
  2 
  2   

 1 
=   sin 2 x
 
P.I
 D  D 1 
2

 1 
=   sin 2 x
  4  D  1 

 1 
=  sin 2 x
D 3

 D3 
=  sin 2x
D 9
2

D 3
=  sin 2 x
  13 

2 cos 2 x 3 sin 2 x
=- 
13 13
The general solution is y = C.F + P.I

x
  3x   
y= e 2
c 1 cos   c 2 sin 3 x  - 2 cos 2 x  3 sin 2 x
  2 
  2    13 13


3.Solve D 2  3D  2 y  x 2 
Solution:

The auxiliary equation is m 2  3m  2  0

(m + 2) ( m + 1) = 0

Hence m = -2, -1

C.F = c1e 2 x  c 2 e  x

 1  2
=   x
 
P.I
 D  3D  2
2

1
1 3D  D 2 
= 1   x 2
2 2 

1   3D  D 2 
2
  3D  D 2  x 2
= 1      
2  2   2  
 

1  3D 7 D 2  2
= 1   x
2  2 4 

1 2 7
=  x  3x  
2 2

The general solution is y = C.F + P.I

1 2 7
y = c1e 2 x  c 2 e  x +  x  3x  
2 2

 
4. Solve D 2  4D  3 y  e x cos 2x

Solution:

The auxiliary equation is m 2  4m  3  0

(m -1) ( m -3) = 0
Hence m = 1, 3

C.F = c1e x  c 2 e 3 x

 1  x
 2 e cos 2 x
 
P.I =
 D  4D  3 

 ex 
 
=
 D  12  4D  1  3  cos 2 x
 

 ex 
=  2  cos 2 x
 D  2D 

 ex 
=   cos 2 x
  4  2D 

1  ex 
=    cos 2 x
2  D  2 

ex  D  2 
=    cos 2 x
2  D2  4 

e x  D  2 cos 2 x 
= 
2  8 


ex
=  2 sin 2x  2 cos 2x 
16

ex
=  sin 2x  cos 2 x 
8

The general solution is y =C.F+ P.I

ex
y = c1e  c 2 e
x 3x
 sin 2x  cos 2 x 
8

 
5. Solve D 2  2D  2 y  e x sin x

The auxiliary equation is m 2  2m  2  0

m  1 i

C.F = e x c1 cos x  c 2 sin x 

  1  x
 2 e sin x
 
P.I =
 D  2D  2 

 ex 
=   sin x
 D  1  2D  1  2 
2

 ex 
=  2  sin x
 D  1

 ex 
=   sin x
 D  i D  i 

 1  ix
= e x Imaginary part of  e
 D  i D  i 

1 
= e x Imaginary part of  xe ix 
 2i 

 1 
= e x Imaginary part of  ixcos x  i sin x 
 2 

1 x
=  xe cos x
2

The general solution is y = C.F + P.I

y = e x c1 cos x  c 2 sin x  

1 x
xe cos x
2

 
6. Solve D 3  3D 2  3D  1 y  x 2 e x

The auxiliary equation is m 3  3m 2  3m  1  0

m  13 0

m=1 (thrice)

C.F = 
e x c1  c2 x  c3 x 2 
1
P.I = x 2e x
D  3D  3D  1
3 2

 ex  2
=  x
 D  1  3D  1  3D  1  1
3 2
  1 
= e x  3 x 2
D 

exx5
= ( By integrating x2 thrice with respect to x )
60

The general solution is y = C.F + P.I

 
y= e x c1  c2 x  c3 x 2 +
exx5
60

Linear Differential Equations with variable coefficients

An equation of the form

n 1 n2
dny n 1 d y n2 d y
a0 x n
n
 a1 x n 1
 a2 x n2
 .....a n y  X
dx dx dx

Where a0 , a1 ,…….an are constants and X is a function of x is called Euler’s homogeneous linear
differential equation.

Equation can be reduced to constant coefficient by means of transformation z = log x.Then

d
xD   , x 2 D 2     1 , x 3 D 3     1  2 where   .
dz

1.Solve x 2 y   xy   4y  cos(logx )  x sin(log x )

Solution:

d
Put z = log x and  
dz

The given equation reduces to

   1    4y  cos z  e z sin z

 2

 2  4 y  cos z  e z sin z

The auxiliary equation is m2 -2m + 4=0

m 1 i 3


Hence C.F  e z c1 cos 3z  c 2 sin 3z 
   
 x c1 cos 3 log x  c2 sin 3 log x  

P.I =  2


1
cos z   2



e z sin z
1 
 
  2  4    2  4 

 1   
 sin z 
1
=  cos z  e z 
 3  2     1  2(  1)  4 
2

 1   1 
=  cos z  e z  2 sin z 
 3  2    3 

 3  2  e z sin z
= 2 
cos z 
 9  4   1  3

 3  2  e z sin z
1
3 cos z  2 sin z   1 e z sin z
=  cos z  = 13 2
 13  2

=
1
3 coslog x   2 sin log x   1 x sin log x 
13 2

The solution is y = C.F + P.I

 
y  x c1 cos 3 log x  c 2 sin   3 log x + 1
13
3 coslog x   2 sin log x   1 x sin log x 
2

2.Solve ( x 2 D 2  2 xD  4) y  x 2  2 log x

Solution:

d
Put z = log x and  
dz

The given equation reduces to

   1  2  4y  e 2 z  2 z
 2

   4 y  e 2z  2z

The auxiliary equation is m2+m+4=0

 1  1  16  1  i 15
m =
2 2
 
z
  15   15  
C.F = e 2
c1 cos  z  c 2 sin 


 2 z
  2    


1
  15   15  
= x 2
c1 cos  log x  c 2 sin 
  2 
 log z 
  2    


P.I =  2
1 

 e  2 z  P.I 1  P.I 2
2z

     4 


P.I 1   2
1  2z
e  
    4 

e 2z x 2
= 
10 10

 
2 z 
1
P.I 2   2
    4 

 
 
1 1 z 

2     2 
1    
  4  

1
1    2  1 
= 1   z = 1   z
2 4  2  4

1 1
=  z 
2 4

1 1
= log x 
2 8

The general solution is y= C.F+ P.I1  P.I 2


1
  15   15   x2 1 1
Y= x 2
c1 cos  log x  c 2 sin 
 
 log z  +
 + log x 
  2   2   10 2 8

SIMULTANEOUS FIRST ORDER EQUATIONS

 dx dy
Example 1 Solve the simultaneous equations  2x  3y  5t ,  3x  2 y  0 given
dt dt
that x(0) = 0, and y(0) = -1

Solutions: The given equation can be written as

(D+2)x-3y=5t …(1)

(D+2)y-3x=0 …(2)

(1) x 3  3(D+2) x-9y=15t

(2) x (D+2)  3(D+2)x-(D+2)2y=0

(-) (+)
-9y+(D+2)2y = 15t

 D 2  4D  5 y  15t

A.E is m2  4m  5  0 m=-5, m=1

C.F  Ae-5t  Bet

1
P.I  15t
D  4D  5
2

1
 15t
 D2  4D 
5 1  
 5 
1
 D2  4D 
 3 1   t
 5 
 4 21 
 3 1  D  D 2  ..  t
 5 25 
12
 3t 
5

12
y (t )  Ae 5t  Bet  3t  (4)
5
To find x(t) sub(4) in (2)

dy
3x   2y
dt

13
x(t )   Ae 5t  Bet  2t  (5)
5

13
x 0  0   A  B  (6)
5
 7
y (0)  1  A  B  (7)
5
from (6) & (7)

3
A ,B  2
5

3 13
 x(t )  e 5t  2et  2t 
5 5

3 5t 12
y (t )  e  2et  3t 
5 5
Example :2
dx dy
Solve  2 y  5e t ;  2 x  5e t given that x(0)=-1 and y(0)=3.
dt dt
Solution
dx dy
Given:  2 y  5et ;  2 x  5et
dt dt
i.e Dx+2y=5et …(1)

-2x+Dy=5et …(2)

(1) x –2  -2Dx-4y=-10et …(3)

(2) x D  -2Dx+D2y=5et …(4)

(+) (-) (-)

from (3) –(4) (D2+4) y=15et

A.E is 
C.F = Acos2t + Bsin2t.

1 1
P.I = 15et = 15et = 5
D 42
1  4
2

y(t)= Acos2t + Bsin2t +5 (5)

dy
To find X(t),Sub (5) in (2) 2x   5et  x(t )   A sin 2t  B cos 2t (6)
dt

Given that x(0)=-1  x(0)  1  B  B  1and y(0)=3  y(0)  3  A  5  A  2

x(t )  2sin 2t  cos 2t and y (t )  2cos 2t  sin 2t  5et

Example :3
Solve the simultaneous equations  D  5 x  y  e ;  D  3 y  x  e
t 2t
Solution: Given that

(D+5)x+y=et …(1)

-x+(D+3)y=e2t …(2)

(1)  (D+5)x+y=et

(2) x (D+5)  -(D+5)x+(D+3)(D+5) y=2e2t+5e2t …(3)

(1) + (3)  ((D+3) (D+5) +1) y=et+7e2t

ie., (D2+8D+16)y=et+7e2t

A.E is m2+8m+16=0

m=-4,-4

C.F is y(t)=(At+B)e-4t

1 et 7e 2 t
P. I = [ e t
 7 e 2t
]  
D 2  8 D  16 25 36
Complete solution is

e t 7e 2t
y( t )  ( At  B )e 4 t  
25 36

dy e t 14 e 2 t
 4( At  B )e 4 t  Ae 4 t  
dt 25 36

e t 7e2t
 4( At  B )e 4 t  Ae 4 t  
25 18
To find x(t) sub (4) in (2)

e t 7e2t
 x  4( At  B )e 4 t  Ae 4 t  
25 18

3e t 21e 2 t
 3( At  B )e 4 t    e 2t
25 36

4 t 4 t 4et 35e 2t
 x  (1  t ) Ae  Be    e 2t
25 36

4 t 4 t 4e t e 2 t
x(t )  (1  t ) Ae  Be  
25 36

e t 7e 2 t
y (t )  ( At  B )e 4t  
25 36
 METHOD OF VARIATION OF PARAMETERS

Example:1
Use the method of variation of parameter to solve (D2+4)y = cot2x.

Solution:
A.E is m2+4=0 ; m=  2i

The C. F = eox[Acos2x+Bsin2x]

Now,

f1  cos 2 x f 2  sin 2 x
f  2 sin 2 x
1
'
f 2'  2 cos 2 x
f1 f 2'  f1' f 2  2(cos 2 2 x  sin 2 2 x) 2

P.I = P f1  Q f 2

f2 X
P =- f f  f1' f 2
1 2
'
dx

sin 2 x cot 2 x
  dx
2
1
P    cos 2 xdx
2
1
  sin 2 x
4

f' X
Q dx
f f  f1' f 2
1 2
'

cos 2 x cot 2 x
= dx
2

1 cos 2 2 x
2  sin 2 x
 dx

1 1  sin 2 2 x
  dx
2 sin 2 x
1
  (cos ec 2 x  sin 2 x)dx
2
1 1 1
  log( cos ec 2 x  cot 2 x)  cos 2 x 
2 2 2
P.I=Pf1+Qf2
1 1
 sin 2 x[cos 2 x  log(cos ec 2 x  cot 2 x)]  cos 2 x sin 2 x
4 4

1
=-  sin 2 x log(cos ec 2 x  cot 2 x )
4
 The complete solution is

1
y  ( A cos 2 x  B sin 2 x)  sin 2 x log(cos ec 2 x  cot 2 x)
4
Examples :2
Solve (D2+a2)y = secax by the method of variation of parameters.

Solution:
Given (D2+ a2)y = secax

A.E is m2+ a2 = 0

m=  ai

 C.F  A cosax  Bsinax

f1  cos ax f 2  sin ax
f1'   a sin ax f 2'  a cos ax
f1 f 2'  f1' f 2  a cos 2 ax  a sin 2 ax  a

f2 X
P=  f f  f1' f 2
1 2
'
dx

sin ax sec ax
=-  dx
a

1 1

a  sin ax
cos ax
dx

1 sin ax 1
  dx  2 log[cos ax]
a cos ax a

f1 X
Q dx
f f  f1' f 2
1 2
'

cos ax sec ax
 dx
a
1 1 1
  cos ax dx  x
a cos ax a
 1 1
 P.I  P f1  Qf 2  2
log(cos ax) cos ax  x sin ax
a a
Complete solution y=C.F+P.I.
Example :3
d2y dy
Solve 2
 2  y  e x log x by using method of variation of parameter.
dx dx
Solution:
A.E is m2-2m+1=0

C.F is (Ax+B)ex

Where f 1  xe f2  ex
x

f1'  xe x  e x f 2'  e x
f1 f 2'  f1' f 2  xe 2 x  ( xe x  e x )e x  e 2 x

P.I=Pf1+Qf2 Where

f2 X
P = f 1 2
'
f  f1' f 2
dx

e x e x log x
  dx
 e 2x

  log x dx

 x log x  x

f1 X
Q= f1 2f  f1' f 2
'

xe x .e x log x
 dx    x log x dx
e 2 x

 x2 
   log xd  
 2 

x2 x2
 log x 
2 4
 P.I  Pf 1  Qf 2

  x 2 log x x 2  x
 ( x log x  x )xe x    e
 2 4 
s
2 x 2 x
x e log x x e
 x 2 e x log x  x 2 e x  
2 4

x 2 e x log x 3 x 2 e x 1 2 x
   x e ( 2 log x  3 )
2 4 4
The complete solution is

x 2ex
y  ( Ax  B )e  x
( 2 log x  3 )
4
Example:4

Use the method of variation of parameter to solve D 2  a 2 y  cotax . 
Solution:

A.E is m 2  a 2  0 m   ai
Then C.F  eox  Acosax  Bsinax 
Now,

f1  cos ax f 2  sin ax
f1'  a sin ax f 2'  a cos ax
f1 f 2'  f1' f 2  a (cos 2 ax  sin 2 ax) a

P.I = P f1  Q f 2

f2 X
P =- f f  f1' f 2
1 2
'
dx

sin ax cot ax
  dx
a
1
P    cos axdx
a
1
  2 sin ax
a

f' X
Q dx
f f  f1' f 2
1 2
'

cos ax cot ax
= dx
a
 1 cos 2 ax
a  sin ax
 dx

1 1  sin 2 ax
a  sin ax
 dx

1
a
 (cos ecax  sin ax)dx

1 1 1
  log( cos ecax  cot ax)  cos ax 
a a a

P.I=Pf1+Qf2

1 1
 2
sin ax[cos ax  log(cos ecax  cot ax)]  2 cos ax sin ax
a a

1
=-  sin ax log(cos ecax  cot ax)
a2
 The complete solution is

1
y  ( A cos ax  B sin ax)  sin ax log(cos ecax  cot ax)
a2
Example:5
1
Solve ( D 2  1) y  by using method of variation of parameter.
1  ex
Solution:
A.E is m2-1=0

C.F is Ae x  Be x

Where f1  e x f 2  e x

f1'  e x f 2'  e  x
f1 f 2'  f1' f 2  e x e  x  e  x e x  2

P.I=Pf1+Qf2 Where

f2 X
P = f 1 2
'
f  f1' f 2
dx

e x
  dx
2(1  e x )
put e x  t  e x dx  dt

1 1
 
2 t (1  t )
2
dt
 1 1 1 1

2  (  2
t t 1 t
)dt

1 1 
=   log t   log(1  t )
2 t 

=
1
2

 x  e  x  log(1  e x ) 
f1 X
Q= f1 2f  f1' f 2
'

ex
 dx
2(1  e x )

put 1  e x  t  e x dx  dt

1 1
2t
 dt

1
  log (1  e x )
2

P.I = Pf1+Qf2 =
ex
2
 
 x  e  x  log(1  e x ) -
ex
2
log(1  e x )

y( x)  Ae x  Be x 
ex
2
 
 x  e  x  log(1  e x ) -
ex
2
log(1  e x )
The complete solution is