Differential equations of first order and first degree

The types of differential equations are :

1) Variables separate type
2) Homogeneous equations
3) Non homogeneous equations
4) Exact differential equations
5) Linear differential equations

I) Variable separate type:

It can be written as
dy f  x 
 ;  g  y  dy  f  x  dx
dx g  y 
Integrating
 g  y dy   f  x dx  c
Ex1
dy
solve  e x y  x 2e  y
dx
Sol
The equations can be written as
dy e x x 2
 
dx e y e y
e y dy   e x  x 2  dx
  e y dy    e x  x 2 dx  c
x3
e  e  c
y x

3
 the solution is x3  3e x  3e y  c  0
Exact Differential eqn
The differential equation which is obtained from its primitive by differentiation
only and without any operation of elimination or reduction is called exact
differential equation.

If u=c where u is a function of x and y, then

u u
du  dx  dy
x y
Equating du=0, we get the equation (1), which is exact.
u u
dx  dy  0     1
x y

Ex
u u
u  x 2  y 2  c, then du  dx  dy  2 xdx  2 ydy
x y
Equation du=0, we get the equation xdx + ydy=0; which is exact.

The necessary and sufficient condition for Mdx + Ndy = 0 to be exact is

M N

y x
Ex1
solve  tan y  x  dx   x sec2 y  3 y  dy  0
Sol
Here M  tan y  x; N  x sec2 y  3 y
M N
now  sec2 y   the eqn is exact
y x
x2
 Mdx    tan y  x dx  x tan y  2  treat y as cons tan t 
3y2
  termin N free from x  dy   3 y dy   2
x2 3 y 2
 the solution is x tan y    c1
2 2
ie 2 x tan y  x 2  3 y 2  c
Ex2
solve  2 xy cos x 2  2 xy  1 dx   sin x 2  x 2  dy  0
Sol
here M  2 xy cos x 2  2 xy  1; N  sin x 2  x 2
M
  2 x cos x 2  2 x;
y
N
  2 x cos x 2  2 x
x
M N
sin ce  ; the equation is exact
y x
 Mdx    2 xy cos x  2 xy  1dx
2
now

 2 y  x cos x 2 dx  2 y  x dx   dx

1
put x 2  t , x  t1/2 , dx  t 1/2 dt in first integral (I1)
2
2 y 1/21/2
 I1  2 y  x cos x 2 dx  t cos t dt
2
 I1  y  cos t dt  y sin t
 Mdx  y sin x  x y  x
2 2

and   termin N free from x  dy  0

 the solution is y sin x 2  x 2 y  x  c

Ex3

  
solve 2 1  x 2 y y dx  x 2 y  2 x dy 
Sol
here M  2 y  2 x 2 y 3/2 ; N  x3 y  2 x
 M N
  2  3x 2 y1/2 ;  3x 2 y1/2  2
y x

M N
  ; the equation is exact
y x

 Mdx    2 y  2 x y dx  2 xy  3 x
2 3/2 2 3
now y 3/2
and   term s in N free from x dy  0
2 3 3/2
 the solution is 2 xy  x y c
3
Ex5

y  y 1  y
Solve cos   dx  cos   dy  2 xdx  0
x2 x x x
Sol
We have
 y  y   1  y 
 2 x  cos   dx  
 x cos    dy  0
   x 
2
 x x 

 y y  1 y
here M   2 x  2 cos  ; N    cos 
 x x  x x
M 1  y y  y 1
  2 cos    2 sin   .  
y x x x  x x
N 1 y 1  y y
 2 cos  sin   . 2
x x x x x x
M N
sin ce  ; The equation is exact
y x
 y y
  Mdx    2 x  2 cos  dx
 x x
 y y
  2 xdx   cos  . 2 dx  x 2  I 2
x x
 y y
for I 2 ; put  t ; 2 dx  dt
x x
 y
  Mdx  x 2   cos t dt  x 2  sin t  x 2  sin  
x
  termin N free of x dy  0
y
 the solution is x 2  sin  c
x
Ex6
 x
solve 1  e x/ y  dx  e x / y 1   dy  0; given y  0   4
 y
Sol
 x
here M  1  e x/ y ; N  e x / y 1  
 y
M  x  N 1 x 1
  e x/ y   2  ;  e x / y . 1    e x / y  
y  y  x y y  y
N  x 
  e x/ y   2 
x  y 
M N
  ; The equation is exact
y x
 Mdx   1  e dx  x  ye
x/ y x/ y

and   term in N free from x dy  0

 the solution is x  ye x/ y  c
Given when x=0; y=4 hence c=4
 the solution is x  ye x/ y  4

EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO EXACT FORM

(INTEGRATING-FACTOR)
Sometimes the given equation is not exact, but is rendered exact if it is multiplied by a suitable
factor. Such a factor is called integrating-factor.
for example the equation ydx - xdy=0 is not exact.
1 x
if we multiply by 1/ y 2 ; then it becomes dx  2 dy  0
y y
1 x
M ;N 2
y y
M 1 N
 2  ; the equation Is exact.
y y x
1 x
 Mdx  y dx  ;   ternin N free from x dy  0
y
x
The solution is  c
y
1
 2 is an integrating factor of the equation.
y
EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO EXACT BY INTEGRATING FACTORS
(RULES of finding integrating factor)
RULE 1
 M N 
If    / N is a function of x only, say f  x  ;
 y  x 
then e 
f  x dx
is an int egrating factor .

Ex1
Solve  x 2  y 2  1 dx  2 xydy  0
Sol
 M  N
We have    2 y ;  2 y
 y   x
 M N  4y 2
   / N     f  x
 y x   2 xy x
   2/ x  2log x log1/ x 2  1
 IF  e dx  e e  2
x
multiplying by int egrating factor; we get
 y2 1   2y 
1  2  2  dx     dy  0; which is exact
 x x   x 
 y2 1  y2 1
 Mdx   1  x 2  x 2 dx  x  x  x
 
  terms in N free of x dy  0
y2 1
the solution is x   c
x x
Ex2
solve  4 xy  3 y 2  x  dx  x  x  2 y  dy  0

Sol
M  4 xy  3 y 2  x; N  x 2  2 xy
M N
  4 x  6 y;  2x  2 y
y x
 M N  4x  6 y  2x  2 y
   / N 
 y x  x x  2y
2x  4 y 2
   f  x
x x  2y x
 IF  e  e
f  x dx 2/ xdx
 e2log x  elog x  x 2
2

Multiplying by x2 , we get
 4x3 y  3x2 y 2  x3  dx   x4  2x3 y  dy  0, which is exact
x4
  Mdx    4 x y  3x y  x dx  x y  x y 
3 2 2 3 4 3 2

4
  termin N free from x dx  0
x4
 the solution is x y  x y   c
4 3 2

4
RULE 2
 N M 
If    / M is a function of y only say f  y  then
  x y 
e
f  y dy
is an int egrating factor

Ex1
Solve  2 xy 4e y  2 xy 3  y  dx   x 2 y 4e y  x 2 y 2  3x  dy  0

Sol
M
 2 x  y 4e y  4 y 3e y   6 xy 2  1
y
N
 2 xy 4e y  2 xy 2  3
x
 N M  8 xy 2  4  8 xy 3e y
  /M 
 x y  y  2 xy 3e y  2 xy 2  1

4  2 xy e  2 xy  1 4
3 y 2

 .   f  y
y  2 xy e  2 xy  1 y
3 y 2

 f  y dy  ( 4/ y ) dy 4log y log1/ y 4  1

 IF  e e e e  4
y
Multiplying by IF we get
 2x 1   2 y x 2 3x 
 2 xe   3  dx   x e  2  4  dy  0; which is exact
y

 y y   y y 
 2x 1  x2 x
 Mdx    2 xe  y  y3 dx  x e  y  y 3
y 2 y

 
  termin N free from x dy  0
x2 x
 the solutionis x e   3  c
2 y

y y
RULE 3
If the equation is of the form f1  xy  y dx  f 2  xy  x dy  0; and
1
Mx  Ny  0, then is an int egrating factor.
 Mx  Ny 
Ex3
Solve y 1  xy  dx  x 1  xy  x 2 y 2  dy  0
Sol
The eqn is of the form f1  xy  ydx  f 2  xy  xdy  0; and

Mx  Ny  xy  x 2 y 2  xy  x 2 y 2  x3 y 3   x3 y 3

Multiplying by IF 1/ ( x3 y 3 ); we get

 1 1   1 1 1
 3 2  2 
dx   2 3  2
  dy  0; which is exact
 x y x y   x y xy y 
 1 1  1 1
  Mdx    3 2  2 dx  2 2 
x y x y 2x y xy
1
  Terms in N free from x dy   y dy   log y
1 1
 the solution is 2 2   log y  c
2x y xy
Ex4
Solve  xy sin xy  cos xy  y dx   xy sin xy  cos xy  xdy  0
Sol
The equation is of the above form and
Mx  Ny  x 2 y 2 sin xy  xy cos xy  x 2 y 2 sin xy  xy cos xy  2 xy cos xy
Multiplying by IF 1/ ( 2 xy cos xy); we get

1 1 1 1
 y tan xy   dx   x tan xy   dy  0; which is exact
2 x 2 y

 1
 Mdx    y tan xy  dx  log sec xy  log x
x

1
  terms in N free from x dy  
y
dy   log y

The solution is log sec xy  log x  log y  log c;

ie (sec xy)( x)  yc ie x sec xy  cy

RULE 4
If the equation Mdx  Ndy  0 is hom ogeneous and Mx  Ny  0
1
Then is an int egrating factor
 Mx  Ny 
Ex5
Solve y  x  y  dx  x  y  x  dy  0

Sol
The eqn is homogeneous and
Mx  Ny  x 2 y  xy 2  xy 2  x 2 y  2 x 2 y

1 1
 2 is an int egrating factor
Mx  Ny 2 x y

Multiplying by IF, we get

y  x  y x  y  x
2
dx  2
dy  0
2x y 2x y

 1 y   1 1 
  2 
dx     dy  0
 2x 2x   2x 2 y 

 1 y  1 y
  Mdx     2 dx  log x 
 2x 2x  2 2x

1 1
  termin N free from x dy  
2y
dy  log y
2
1 1 y y
The solution is log x  log y   c;  log xy  c
2 2 2x 2x

Ex5
Solve  x 2  y 2  dx   x 2  xy  dy  0
Sol
The eqn is homogeneous and
Mx  Ny  x  x 2  y 2   y  x 2  xy   x3  x 2 y  x 2  x  y 
Multiplying by IF, we get
x 2
 y2 
dx 
x 2
 xy 
dy  0 which is exact
x2  x  y  x2  x  y 

 x2  y 2  dx dx
  Mdx    2 dx    y2  2
 x  x  y  x y x  x  y
 

B C A  x   Bx  x  y   c  x  y 
2
1 A
 2    
x  x  y  x  y x x2 x2  x  y 

1 1 1
A , B  , C 
y2 y2 y

dx 1 dx 1 dx 1 dx 
  Mdx    y2  2   2    2
x y y x y y x y x 

By using partial fractions treating y as constant.

dx dx dx
  Mdx 2    y 2
x y x x

  Mdx 2log  x  y   log x  y / x

  termin N free from x dy  0

The solution is
y
 logx  2log  x  y   c
x