UNIT-II

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF FIRST ORDER

Differential equation:

A differential equation is an equation which involves differential coefficients or differentials.

Example: 1. e x dx  e y dy  0.

u u
2. x y  2u
x y

d2y
3.  sin x  4 etc
dx 2

Ordinary Differential equation:

An ODE is that in which all the differential coefficients have reference to a single independent
variable.

Example: 1. e x dx  e y dy  0.

d2y
2.  sin x  y.
dx 2

dy x
3. y  x 
dx dy
dx

Partial Differential equation:

A PDE is that in which there are two or more independent variables and partial differential
coefficients with respect to any of them.

u u
Example: 1. x y  2u
x y

2 y 2  y
2
2. 2  c
t x 2

 2u  2u
3.  0
x 2 y 2

Order:

The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest derivative appearing in it.
Degree:

The degree of a differential equation is the degree of the highest derivative occurring in it, after
the equation has been expressed in a form free from radicals and fractions as far as the derivatives are
concerned.

Example:

1. e x dx  e y dy  0. Order=1; Degree=1.
d2y
2.  sin x  4 Order=2; Degree=1.
dx 2
dy x
3. y  x 
dx dy
dx
2
dy  dy 
y  x   x Order=1; Degree=2
dx  dx 
3
  dy 2  2

1    
 dx  
4.  c
d2y
dx 2
3
  dy 2 
2
 d2y 
 1      c 2  2  Order= 2; Degree=2
  dx    dx 

Formation of a differential equation:

An Ordinary differential equation is formed in an attempt to eliminate certain arbitrary constants

from a relation in the variables and constants.

Problems:

1. Form the differential equation of simple harmonic motion given by x  A cos  nt    .

Solution: Given differential equation is x  A cos  nt    1

To eliminate the constants A and α, differentiate equation 1 w.r.t. t, we get

dx
  A sin  nt    n 
dt

dx
  nA sin  nt   
dt
 d 2x
 2  n 2 A cos  nt     n 2 x
dt

d 2x
 2
 n2 x  0
dt

2. Form the differential equation from x  a sin  at  b  .

Solution: Given differential equation is x  a sin  at  b  1

Differentiate equation 1 w.r.t. t, we get

dx
 a 2 cos  at  b 
dt

d 2x
 2
 a3 sin  at  b   a 2 x
dt

d 2x
 2  a2 x  0
dt

3. Form the differential equation from y  c1 cos 2 x  c2 sin 2 x .

Solution: Given differential equation is y  c1 cos 2 x  c2 sin 2 x

 y1  2c1 sin 2 x  2c2 cos 2 x

 y11  4c1 cos 2 x  4c2 sin 2 x

 y11  4 y

 y11  4 y  0

4. Form the differential equation from xy  Ae x  Be x  x 2 .

Solution: Given differential equation is xy  Ae x  Be x  x 2

 xy1  y  Ae x  Be x  2 x

 xy11  y1  y1  Ae x  Be x  2

 xy11  2 y1  xy  x 2  2

5. Obtain the differential equation of all circles of radius a and centre (h,k).
 Solution: The circle with centre (h,k) and radius a is  x  h    y  k   a 2 ....  1
2 2

Where h and k, the coordinates of the centre, and a are the constants.

Differentiate equation 1 twice, we have

dy
 x  h   y  k   0   2
dx
2
d 2 y  dy 
 1  y  k     0
dx 2  dx 

 dx 
2
1  dy
 yk  
d2y
dx 2

dy   dy  
2

1    
dy dx   dx  
From equation 2, we have x  h    y  k  
dx d2y
dx 2

Substituting these in equation 1 and simplifying, we get 1   dy dx    a 2  d 2 y dx 2  , which is

2 3 2

 
the required differential equation.

6. Obtain the differential equation of the coaxial circles of the system x 2  y 2  2ax  c 2  0
where c is a constant and a is a variable.

Solution: we have x2  y 2  2ax  c 2  0   1

dy
Differentiating w.r.t. x , 2 x  2 y  2a  0
dx

 dy 
 2a  2  x  y 
 dx 

 dy  dy
Substitutng in equation 1, x 2  y 2  2  x  y  x  c 2  0  2 xy  y 2  x 2  c 2 , which is the required
 dx  dx
differential equation.
Solution of a differential equation:

A solution (or integral) of a differential equation is a relation between the variables which satisfies
the given differential equation.

d 2x
For example, x  A cos  nt    is a solution of 2
 n2 x  0 .
dt

General (or Complete) solution:

The general (or complete) solution of a differential equation is that in which the number of
arbitrary constants is equal to the order of the differential equation.

Particular solution:

A particular solution is that in which can be obtained from the general solution by giving
particular values to the arbitrary constants.

  d x 2
For example, x  A cos  nt   is a particular solution of 2  n 2 x  0 .
 4 dt

Singular solution:

A differential equation may sometimes have an additional solution which cannot be obtained from
the general solution by assigning particular values to the arbitrary constant. Such a solution is called a
singular solution.

Linearly independent solution:

d2y dy
Two solutions y1(x) and y2(x) of a differential equation 2
 a1 ( x)  a2 ( x) y  0 are said to be
dx dx
linearly independent if c1 y1  c2 y2  0 such that c1  0 and c2  0 .

If c1 and c2 are not both zero, then the solutions y1(x) and y2 (x) are said to be linearly dependent.

d2y dy
 If y1(x) and y2(x) any two solutions of 2
 a1 ( x)  a2 ( x) y  0 , then their linear combination
dx dx
d2y dy
c1 y1  c2 y2 , where c1 and c2 are constants, is also a solution of 2
 a1 ( x)  a2 ( x) y  0 .
dx dx

Problems:

1. Find the differential equation whose set of independent solutions is e x , xe x  .

Solution: Let the general solution of the required differential equation be y  c1e x  c2 xe x 1

Differentiating equation 1 w.r.t. x, we get

 y1  c1e x  c2  e x  xe x 
 y1  y  c2e x 2

Again differentiating equation 2 w.r.t. x, we get

y11  y1  c2e x
 y11  y1  y1  y  from 2 
 y  2y  y  0
11 1

Home Work: 1. Form the differential equation from y  ax3  bx2 .

2. Form the differential equation from the equation y  ae2 x  be3 x  ce x .

3. Find the differential equation of a family of circles passing through the origin and having
centres on the x-axis.

4. Find the differential equation of all parabolas with x-axis as the axis and (a,0) as focus.

5. Determine the differential equation whose set of independent solutions is e x , xe x , x 2e x 

EQUATIONS OF THE FIRST ORDER AND FIRST DEGREE:

The general equation of the first order and first degree differential equation is of the form
dy f  x, y 
 .
dx g  x, y 

Various methods to solve this equation:

 Variable Separable method,

 Linear equations,
 Bernoulli’s equation,
 Exact equations,
 Equations reducible to Exact equations

VARIABLE SEPERABLE METHOD:

If in an equation it is possible to collect all functions of x and dx an one side and all functions of y
and dy on the other side, then the variables are said to be separable.

Thus the general form of such an equation is f  y  dy  g  x  dx .

Integrating both sides, we get  f  y  dy   g  x  dx  c as its solution.

PROBLEMS:

dy x  2ln x  1
1. Solve  .
dx sin y  y cos y

Solution: Given equation is x  2ln x  1 dx   sin y  y cos y  dy

Integrating both sides, 2  ln x x  1 dx    sin y  y cos y  dy

 x2 1 x2  x2 
 2  ln x .   . dx      cos y   y sin y   sin y.1dy  c 
 2 x 2  2

x2 x2
 2 x 2 ln x     cos y  y sin y  cos y  c
2 2

 2 x2 ln x  y sin y  c

Hence the solution is 2 x 2 ln x  y sin y  c .

dy
2. Solve  e3 x  2 y  x 2 e 2 y .
dx

 e2 y  e3 x  x 2 
dy
Solution: Given equation is
dx
 e 2 y dy   e3 x  x 2  dx
Integrating both sides,
  e 2 y dy    e3 x  x 2  dx  c

e 2 y e3 x x 3
   c
2 3 3
 3e2 y  2  e3 x  x3   6c
dy
3. Solve  sin  x  y   cos  x  y  .
dx
dy dt
Solution: Putting x+y=t so that  1
dx dx
dt
The given equation becomes  1  sin t  cos t
dx
dt
  1  sin t  cos t
dx
dt
  dx
1  sin t  cos t
dt
Integrating both sides, we get   dx   c
1  sin t  cos t
 2d
x  c (Putting t  2 )
1  sin 2  cos 2
2d
x c
2 cos   2sin  cos 
2

sec2 
x d  c
1  tan 
 x  log 1  tan    c
 1 
 x  log 1  tan  x  y    c
 2 
 1 
Hence the solution is x  log 1  tan  x  y    c
 2 
dy
  4 x  y  1 , if y  0   1.
2
4. Solve
dx
dy dt
Solution: Putting 4 x  y  1  t , we get  4
dx dx
dt
 The given equation becomes  4  t2
dx
dt
  t2  4
dx
dt
 2  dx
t 4
dt
Integrating both sides, we get  2
t 4 
 dx  c

1 t
 tan 1  x  c
2 2
1 1 
 tan 1   4 x  y  1   x  c
2 2 
 4 x  y  1  2 tan 2  x  c 

tan 1 1  c i.e. c  

1
When x=0,y=1 
2 8


Hence the solution is 4 x  y  1  2 tan 2 x  
4 .
x dy x2  y 2 1
5. Solve   0.
y dx 2  x 2  y 2   1
dy dt y dy 1 dt
Solution: Putting x2  y 2  t , we get 2 x  2 y
    1.
dx dx x dx 2 x dx
1 dt t 1
 The given equation becomes 1 0
2 x dx 2t  1
 1 dt t 1 t  2
  1 
2 x dx 2t  1 2t  1
 3 
 2 x dx   2   dt
 t2
 3 
Integrating both sides, we get  2 x dx    2   dt
 t2
 x2  2t  3log  t  2  c
 x 2  2 y 2  3log  x 2  y 2  2   c  0 , which is the required solution.

6. Solve y 1  x 2 dy  x 1  y 2 dx  0.

Solution: Given equation is y 1  x 2 dy  x 1  y 2 dx  0

 y 1  x 2 dy   x 1  y 2 dx

y x
 dy  dx
1 y 2
1  x2

y x
 dy   dx
1 y 2
1  x2

1 1
 1 y2  1  x2  c
2 2

 1  x 2  1  y 2  c  0 , which is the required solution.

 dy 
7. Solve sin 1    x  y.
 dx 

dy dt
Solution: let x+y=t, we get 1  
dx dx

dt
 The given equation becomes  1  sin t
dx

dt
  1  sin t
dx

dt
  dx
1  sin t
 dt

1  sin t 
 dx

1  sin t
 dt   dx
cos 2 t

  (sec 2 t  tan t sec t )dt   dx

 tan t  sec t  x  c , which is the required solution.

8. Solve sec2 x tan y dx  sec2 y tan x dy  0.

Solution:
 sec 2 x  tan y dx   sec 2 y tan x dy
sec2 x  sec2 y
 dx  dy
tan x tan y
sec2 x  sec 2 y
 dx   dy
tan x tan y
 log  tan x    log  tan y   log c
 log  tan x tan y   log c
 tan x tan y  c

HOME WORK:
dy
1. Solve  x  y  1  1.
2

dx
dy
2. Solve  cos  x  y  1 .
dx

LINEAR EQUATIONS

A first order linear differential equation commonly known as Leibnitz’s linear equation is an equationthat
can be expressed in the form

dy
 P y  Q Where P,Q are functions of x.
dx

The solution of linear differential equation is y  I .F .   Q  I .F . dx  c.

Here integratingfactor, I .F  e
P dx
 Problems

dy
(1Pb) Solve the differential equation  x  1  y  e3 x  x  1 .
2

dx

dy
Given differential equation is  x  1  y  e3 x  x  1
2
Sol.
dx

Divide the above equation with (x+1), it becomes

dy y
  e3 x  x  1  (1) Which is Leibnitz’s equation.
dx x  1
dy
Compare eq.(1) with  P y Q
dx
1
Here P   and Q  e3 x  x  1
x 1
dx
 P dx   x  1   log  x  1  log  x  1
1
Now

Here integrating factor , I .F  e   elog x 1 

P dx 1 1
x 1

Thus the solution of eq. 1 is y  I .F .   Q  I .F . dx  c.

 1   1 
 y    e  x  1   dx  c.
3x

 x 1  x 1

 1   1  e
3x
 y    e dx  c  y   c is the required solution.
3x

 x 1   x 1  3

 e 2 x y  dx
(2Pb) Solve the differential equation     1.
 x x  dy

 e 2 x y  dx
Sol. Given differential equation is     1.
 x x  dy

dy y e2 x
It can be written as   .
dx x x

dy y e2 x
   (1) Which is Leibnitz’s linear equation.
dx x x
 dy
Compare eq. (1) with  P y Q
dx

1 e2 x
Here P  and Q 
x x

Now integratingfactor, I .F  e   e
P dx x1/ 2 dx
 e2 x

Thus the solution of eq. 1 is y  I .F .   Q  I .F . dx  c.

y e  
2 x

e2 x 2
x
e   dx  c.
x

 
 y e2 x 1
x
dx  c.

 2
 y e2 x
x  c is the required solution.

(3Pb) Solve 3x 1  x 2  y 2   2 x 2  1 y 3  a x 3 .
dy
dx

Given differential equation is 3x 1  x 2  y 2   2 x 2  1 y 3  a x 3 .

dy
Sol.
dx

dy dz
Putting y 3  z then 3 y 2 
dx dx

The given equation becomes x 1  x 2    2 x 2  1 z  a x 3

dz
dx

dz  2 x  1
2
a x3
  z  (1) Which is Leibnitz’s equation.
dx  x  x3   x  x3 
dz
Compare eq. (1) with  P z Q
dx

Here P 
 2 x  1
2

and Q 
a x3
x  x  3
 x  x3 
 Now  P dx  
 2 x  1 dx   2 x  1 dx
2 2

x 1  x   x 1  x 1  x 
2

 1 1 1 1 1 
     dx
 x 2 1  x 2 1  x 
1 1
  log x  log(1  x)  log(1  x)
2 2
  log  x (1  x 2 ) 
 
 (1 x 2 )  1
 integrating factor , I .F  e   e 
 log x
  x (1  x 2 ) 
P dx 
 
Thus the solution of eq. 1 is z  I .F .   Q  I .F . dx  c
1 1
 2  a x3  2 
 z x (1  x )   x (1  x ) dx  c
   x  x3   

z a x3 1
  dx  c
 x (1  x 2 )  x 1  x   x (1  x 2 ) 
2

   
 a  x(1  x 2 ) 3/2 dx  c

a

2  2 x(1  x 2 )3/2 dx  c  a(1  x 2 )1/2  c.

y3
Hence the solution of given eq. is  a(1  x 2 ) 1/2  c.
 x (1  x 2 ) 
 

dx
NOTE:Suppose  P x  Q , which is Leibnitz’s equation in x.
dy

The solution of linear differential equation is x  I .F .   Q  I .F . dy  c.

Here integrating factor, I .F  e 

P dy

(4Pb) Solve y  log y  dx   x  log y  dy  0.

Sol. Given differential equation is y  log y  dx   x  log y  dy  0.

 dx x 1
It can be written as    (1)
dy y(logy) y

Which is Leibnitz’s equation in x.

dx
Compare eq. (1) with  P x Q
dy
1 1
Here P  and Q 
y log y y
dy
Now  P dy   y log y  log(log y)
Here integratingfactor, I .F  e  e    log y
P dy log log y

Thus the solution of eq. 1 is x  I .F .   Q  I .F . dy  c.

1
 x  log y      log y dy  c.
 y
1
 x  log y   (log y)2  c is the required solution.
2

(5Pb) Solve 1  y
2
 dx   tan 1
y  x  dy.

Sol. Given differential equation is 1  y  2

 dx   tan 1
y  x  dy.

dx x tan 1 y
It can be written as    (1)
dy 1  y 2 1  y 2

Which is Leibnitz’s equation in x.

dx
Compare eq. (1) with  P x Q
dy
1 tan 1 y
Here P  and Q 
1  y2 1  y2
dy
Now  P dy   1 y 2
 tan 1 y
 Here integratingfactor, I .F  e  e tan y
P dy 1

Thus the solution of eq. 1 is x  I .F .   Q  I .F . dy  c.

tan 1 y tan 1 y
 xe tan 1 y
 e dy  c.
1  y2
put tan 1 y  t
dy
  dt
1  y2

  t et dt  c  t .et  1et dt  c
1
 x e tan y

 t .et  et  c
1 1
 tan 1 y .e tan y
 e tan y
c
1
 (tan 1 y  1) .e tan y
 c is the required solution.


(6Pb) Solve r  sin   d  r  2r cos  cos dr  0.
3 2

Sol. 
Given differential equation is r  sin   d  r  2r cos  cos dr  0.
3 2

d 1
It can be written as sin   1  2r 2  cos  r 2  (1)
dr r

d
put cos  y then  sin   dy / dr
dr

dy  1 
Then eq. (1) becomes     2r  y   r 2
dr  r 

dy  1
   2r   y  r 2  (2) Which is Leibnitz’s equation.
dr  r

dy
Compare eq. (1) with  P y Q
dr
 1
Here P   2r   and Q  r
2

 r
  1
 P dr    2r  r  dr  r  logr
2
Now

Here integratingfactor, I .F  e  er logr  er e logr  er

P dr 2 2 1 2
r
Thus the solution of eq. 1 is y  I .F .   Q  I .F . dr  c.

1 2  1 2
 y  e r    r 2 . .e r dr  c
r  r
1 2
  e r .2r dr  c
2
1 2
 er  c
2

   
 2er cos  er  2c r is the required solution.
2 2

dy
(7Pb) Solve cos x
2
 y  tan x.
dx

dy
Sol. Given differential equation is cos x
2
 y  tan x.
dx

dy 1 1
It can be written as  2
y tan x.  (1)
dx cos x cos 2 x

dy
Compare eq. (1) with  P y Q
dx
Here P  sec x and Q  sec x tan x
2 2

Here integratingfactor, I .F  e 
2
sec x dx
 e tan x

Thus the solution of eq. 1 is y  I .F    Q  I .F  dx  c.

i.e., y  e tan x     e tan x  tan x sec2 x dx  c.

Take t = tanx then dt = sec2x dx

 Now y  e tan x     e t  t dt  c  t . et  et  c.

 y  e tan x   tan x .e tan x  e tan x  c

`  y  tan x  1  c.e tan x is the required solution.

dy
(8Pb) Solve x log x  y  log x 2 .
dx

dy
Sol. Given differential equation is x log x  y  log x 2 .
dx

dy 1 1 2
It can be written as  y log x 2   (1)
dx x log x x log x x

dy
Compare eq. (1) with  P y Q
dx
1 2
Here P  and Q 
x log x x

1
 x log x dx
Here integratingfactor, I .F  e  log x

Thus the solution of eq. 1 is y  I .F    Q  I .F  dx  c.

2
i.e., y  log x     log x  dx  c   log x  2 c.
x

1
 y  log x  c. is the required solution.
log x

(9Pb) Solve 2 y cos x  4 y sin x  sin 2 x, given y  0 when x   / 3

1

Sol. Given differential equation is 2 y cos x  4 y sin x  sin 2 x

1
 dy
It can be written as  2 tan x . y  sin x  (1)
dx

dy
Compare eq. (1) with  P y Q
dx
Here P  2tan x and Q  sin x

Here integratingfactor, I .F  e
2 tan x dx
 sec2 x

Thus the solution of eq. 1 is y  I .F    Q  I .F  dx  c.

i.e., y  sec2 x     sec x  sin x dx  c  sec x  c.

Given y =0 when x   / 3

So, 0 = 2 + c then c = -2

 y  sec2 x   sec x  2 isthe required solution.

(10Pb) Solve dr  (2r cot   sin 2 ) d  0

Sol. Given differential equation is dr  (2r cot   sin 2 ) d  0

dr
It can be written as  2r cot    sin 2  (1)
d

dr
Compare eq. (1) with  P r Q
d
Here P  2cot  and Q   sin 2

Here integratingfactor, I .F  e
2cot  d
 sin 2 

Thus the solution of eq. 1 is r  I .F    Q  I .F  d  c.

 i.e., r  sin 2       sin 2   sin 2 d  c
sin 4 
 r  sin 2      c isthe solution.
2

  dx  y
dy
(11Pb) Solve x  2 y
3

 x  2 y  dx  y
3 dy
Sol. Given differential equation is

dx 1
It can be written as  .x  2 y 2  (1)
dy y

dx
Compare eq. (1) with  P x Q
dy
1
Here P   and Q  2 y 2
y

1
  y dy 1
Here integrating factor , I .F  e 
y

Thus the solution of eq. 1 is x  I .F    Q  I .F  dy  c.

1 1
i.e., x       2 y 2 dy  c  y 2  c.
 y  y

 x  y 3  cy. istherequired solution.

 BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

dy
The equation  P y  Q yn  (1)
dx

Where P, Q are functions of x, is reducible to the Leibnitz’s linear equation and is usually called the
Bernoulli’s equation.

n dy
n
To solve the equ. (1), divide both sides by y , so that y  P y1 n  Q  (2)
dx

dy dz
 z , then 1  n  y
n
Put y
1 n

dx dx

dy 1 dz
 yn 
dx 1  n  dx

1 dz dz
 eq.(2) becomes  P z Q   P 1  n  z  Q 1  n 
1  n dx dx

Which is Leibnitz’s linear equation in z and it can be solved easily.

Problems

dy
(1Pb) Solve the differential equation x  y  x3 y6 .
dx

dy
Sol. Given differential equation is x  y  x3 y6 .
dx

dy y 5
Divide the above equation with x y6 , it becomes y 6   x 2  (1)
dx x

dy dz
 z , then  5  y
6
Put y
5

dx dx

dy 1 dz
 y 6 
dx  5 dx
  eq.(1) becomes  1 dz  z  x 2
5 dx x

dz 5
  z   5 x 2  (2) Which is Leibnitz’s equation in z.
dx x

dz
Compare eq. (2) with  P z Q
dx
5
Here P   and Q   5 x 2
x

The integrating factor  I .F   e   e 

P dx  (5/ x ) dx 5
 e5 log x  e log x  x 5

Thus the solution of eq.  2  is z  I .F .   Q  I .F . dx  c.

 z  x 5    5 x 2  x 5  dx  c

 z  x 5    5  x 3  dx  c

x 2
 z  x 5    5 c
2

5
 y 5 x5  x2  c istherequired solution.
2

(2Pb) Solve x y 1  xy 2 
dy
1.
dx

Given differential equation is x y 1  xy 2 

dy
Sol. 1.
dx

dx
Rewriting the equation as  yx  y 3 x 2
dy

dx
Divide the above equation with x , it becomes x 2  y x 1  y 3  (1)
2
dy

dx dz
 z , then  1 x
2
Putting x
1

dy dy
 dx dz
 x 2 
dy dy

 eq.(1) becomes dz  y z   y 3  (2) , Which is Leibnitz’s equation in z.

dy

dz
Compare eq. (2) with  P z Q
dy

Here P  y and Q   y 3

The integrating factor  I .F   e   e   e y /2

P dy y dy 2

Thus the solution of eq.  2  is z  I .F .   Q  I .F . dy  c.

 z ey   2
/2
 
  y 2 e y
2
/2
. y dy  c Put
y2
2
t
So that y dy  dt
  2 t  et  . dt  c

  2 t . et  1 et  . dt  c 

  2 t . et  et   c
  2  2t  et  c

 
 z ey
2
/2
  2  y2  e y
2
/2
c

 x e  2  y e
1 y2 / 2 2 y 2 /2
c

1/ x   2  y 2   ce y
2
/2
istherequired solution.

dy
(3Pb) Solve  x sin 2 y  x3 cos 2 y.
dx

dy
Sol. Given differential equation is  x sin 2 y  x3 cos 2 y.
dx

dy siny cos y
 2x  x3
2
Dividing throughout by cos y , we get sec2 y 2
dx cos y
dy
 sec 2 y  2 x tan y  x 3  (1)
dx
 dy dz
Put tan y  z , then sec2 y 
dx dx

 eq.(1) becomes dz  2 x z  x3
dx

dz
  2 x z  x3  (2) Which is Leibnitz’s equation in z.
dx

dz
Compare eq. (2) with  P z Q
dx
Here P  2 x and Q  x3

The integrating factor  I .F   e   e 

P dx 2 x dx
 ex
2

Thus the solution of eq.  2  is z  I .F .   Q  I .F . dx  c.

   
 z e x   x3 e x dx  c
2 2

 tan y  e  
x2 ( x 2  1)
2
 
 c e  x isthe required solution.
2

dy
(4Pb) Solve  y tan x  y 2 sec x
dx

dy
Sol. Given differential equation is  y tan x  y 2 sec x
dx

dy
It can be written as  y tan x   y 2 sec x
dx

2 dy tan x
Divide the above equation with y 2 , we get y   sec x  (1)
dx y

dy dz
Put y 1  z , then  1 y 2 
dx dx

dy dz
 y 2 
dx dx
 dz
 eq.(1) becomes  z tan x  sec x
dx

dz
  (tan x ) z  sec x  (2) Which is Leibnitz’s equation in z.
dx

dz
Compare eq. (2) with  P z Q
dx
Here P  tan x and Q  sec x

The integratingfactor, I .F  e   e 
P dx tan x dx
 e log sec x  sec x

Thus the solution of eq.  2  is z  I .F .   Q  I .F . dx  c.

 z  sec x    sec2 x dx  c  tan x  c

 y 1  sec x   tan x  c is the solution.

dr
(5Pb) Solve r sin   cos  r2
d

dr
Sol. Given differential equation is r sin   cos  r2
d

dr
It can be written as  r tan   r 2 sec
d

dr 1
2
Divide the above equation with r , we get r
2
 tan    sec  (1)
d r

dr dz
Put r 1  z , then  1 r 2 
d d

dr dz
 r 2 
d d

dz
 eq.(1) becomes  z tan   sec
d
 dz
  (tan  ) z  sec  (2) Which is Leibnitz’s equation in z.
d

dz
Compare eq. (2) with  P z Q
d
Here P  tan  and Q  sec

The integratingfactor, I .F  e  e
tan  dx
 e log sec  sec
P dx

Thus the solution of eq.  2  is z  I .F .   Q  I .F . d  c.

 z  sec    sec2  dx  c  tan   c

 r 1  sec   tan   c is the solution.


(6Pb) Solve xy 1  xy
2
 dy
dx
1

Sol. 
Given differential equation is xy 1  xy
2
 dy
dx
1

dx
It can be written as  y x  y3 x2
dy

2 dx y
Divide the above equation with x 2 , we get x   y3  (1)
dy x

dx dz
Put x 1  z , then  1 x 2 
dy dy

dx dz
 x 2 
dy dy

dz
 eq.(1) becomes   y z  y3
dy

dz
  y z  y 3  (2) Which is Leibnitz’s equation in z.
dy
 dz
Compare eq. (2) with  P z Q
dy
Here P  y and Q   y
3

The integratingfactor, I .F  e  e  e
P dy ydx y
2

Thus the solution of eq.  2  is z  I .F .   Q  I .F . dy  c.

 y 
 
2 2 2
y y
ze  
     c
2 2 3 2 2
e ( y ) dy c 2 y e
 
 y 
 
2 2
y
1
 x e 2
  2  y 2
e 2
 c is the solution.
 

dy x 2  y 2  1
(7Pb) Solve 
dx 2 xy

dy x 2  y 2  1
Sol. Given differential equation is 
dx 2 xy

dy 1 x 1 
It can be written as  y     y 1
dx 2 x  2 2x 

dy 1 2  x 1 
Divide the above equation with y 1 , we get y  y      (1)
dx 2 x  2 2x 

dy dz
Put y 2  z , then 2 y 
dx dx

dy 1 dz
y 
dx 2 dx

 eq.(1) becomes
1 dz 1 x 1 
 z   
2 dx 2 x  2 2x 
 dz 1  x2  1 
  z    (2) Which is Leibnitz’s equation in z.
dx x  x 

dz
Compare eq. (2) with  P z Q
dx
1  x2  1 
Here P   and Q   
x  x 
1
The integrating factor , I .F  e   e  x  e log x  x 1
P dx  dx

Thus the solution of eq.  2  is z  I .F .   Q  I .F . dx  c.

 x2  1 
 z  x     2  dx  c  x   c
1 1
 x  x

 y 2  x 1   x 
1
 c is the solution.
x
A Differential equation of the form M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0 is said to be Exact if its left hand

member is the exact differential of some function u  x, y  i.e., du  Mdx  Ndy  0. Its solution,

therefore, is u  x, y   c.

The Necessary and sufficient condition

M N
The differential equation Mdx  Ndy  0 to be Exact is 
y x

The solution of any exact differential equation is

 M dx    terms of N not containing x  dy  c

y constant

  1 
1. Solve  y 1    cos y  dx   x  log x  x sin y  dy  0
 
x  

Solution It is in the form Mdx  Ndy  0

  1
here M = y 1    cos y & N  x  log x  x sin y
x  

y
 M = y   cos y & N  x  log x  x sin y
x

M 1
 1   sin y
y x

N 1
 1   sin y
x x

M N
 
y x

Then the equation is Exact and its solution is

 M dx    terms of N not containing x  dy  c

y constant

  1 
   y 1    cos y  dx   (0) dy  c
y constant  
x 

 y 
   y   cos y  dx  c
y constant 
x 

y
 
y constant
y dx  
y constant
x
dx   cos y dx  c
y constant

1
 y  dx  y  dx  cos y  dx  c
x

 y x  y log x  cos y x  c

  x  log x  y  x cos y  c

  x  log x  y  x cos y  c

2. Solve 1  2 xy cos x 2  2 xy  dx   sin x 2  x 2  dy  0

 Solution It is in the form Mdx  Ndy  0

here M =1  2 xy cos x 2  2 xy & N  sin x 2  x 2

M
 2 x cos x 2  2 x
y

N
 2 x cos x 2  2 x
x

M N
 
y x

Thus the equation is Exact and its solution is

 M dx    terms of N not containing x  dy  c

y constant

  1  2 xy cos x  2 xy  dx   (0) dy  c
2

y constant

  1  2 xy cos x  2 xy  dx  c
2

y constant

  1 dx  2 y  x cos x 2 dx  2 y  x dx  c

note:  x cos x 2 dx   cos u

du 1
2 2
1
2
1
  cos u du   sin u   sin x 2
2
let u  x 2
du  2 xdx x dx 
du
2
)

 sin x 2   x2 
 x  2y   2 y   c
 2   2

 x  y sin x 2  yx 2  c

dy y cos x  sin y  y
3. Solve  0
dx sin x  x cos y  x

Solution Given equation can be written as

 y cos x  sin y  y  dx  sin x  x cos y  x  dy  0

here M= y cos x  sin y  y and N  sin x  x cos y  x

M
 cos x  cos y  1
y

N
 cos x  cos y  1
x

M N
 
y x

Thus the equation is Exact and its solution is

 M dx    terms of N not containing x  dy  c

y constant

   y cos x  sin y  y  dx   (0) dy  c

y constant

 y  cos x dx  sin y  dx  y  dx  c

 y sin x  sin y x  y x  c

 y sin x   sin y  y  x  c

 2

  2


4. Solve y 2e xy  4 x3 dx  2 xye xy  3 y 2 dy  0

Solution It is in the form Mdx  Ndy  0

here M= y 2exy  4x3 & N  2xyexy  3 y 2

2 2

M
 e xy 2 y  y 2 e xy 2 xy
2 2

y

N
 2 ye xy  2 xyy 2 e xy
2 2

x
 M N
 
y x

Thus the equation is Exact and its solution is

 M dx    terms of N not containing x  dy  c

y constant

  ( y 2 e xy  4 x3 ) dx    3 y 2  dy  c
2

y constant

 y 2  e xy dx  4 x3 dx  3 y 2 dy  c
2

 e xy  x 4  y 3  c
2

5. Solve  x 2  ay  dx   ax  y 2  dy  0

Solution It is in the form Mdx  Ndy  0

here M = x2  ay & N  ax  y 2

M
 a
y

N
 a
x

M N
 
y x

Thus the equation is Exact and its solution is

 M dx    terms of N not containing x  dy  c

y constant

  x  ay  dx   y 2 dy  c
2

y constant

  x 2 dx  ay  dx   y 2 dy  c
  x3  y3
    ay x   c
3 3

 x3  y 3  3ayx  3c

 x3  y 3  3ayx  c1  3c  c 
1

6. Solve  x 2  4 xy  2 y 2  dx   y 2  4 xy  2 x 2  dy  0

Solution It is in the form Mdx  Ndy  0

here M = x2  4 xy  2 y 2 N  y 2  4 xy  2 x 2

M
 4 x  4 y
y

N
 4 y  4 x
x

M N
 
y x

Thus the equation is Exact and its solution is

 M dx    terms of N not containing x  dy  c

y constant

  x  4 xy  2 y 2  dx   y 2 dy  c
2

y constant

  x 2 dx  4 y  x dx  2 y 2  dx   y dy  c
2

 x3   x2   y3 
    4y   2y x     c
2

3  2  3

 x3   y3 
    2 y x2  2 y 2 x     c
3  3
 x3  6 y x 2  6 y 2 x  y3  3c

 x3  6 y x 2  6 y 2 x  y3  c1  3c  c1 

7. Solve  sec x tan x tan y- e x  dx +secx sec2 y dy = 0

Solution It is in the form Mdx  Ndy  0

here M = sec x tan x tan y-ex & N  secx sec2 y

M
 sec x tan x (sec2 y)
y

N
 sec2 y  sec x tan x 
x

M N
 
y x

Thus the equation is Exact and its solution is

 M dx    terms of N not containing x  dy  c

y constant

   sec x tan x tan y- e  dx   0dy  c

x

y constant

 tan y  sec x tan x dx   e x dx  c

 tan y sec x - e x  c

 tan y sec x  e x  c

2x y 2  3x 2
8. Solve dx  dy  0
y3 y4

Solution It is in the form Mdx  Ndy  0

 2x y 2  3x 2
here M = 3 & N 
y y4

M 6 x
 4
y y

N 6 x
 4
x y

M N
 
y x

Thus the equation is Exact and its solution is

 M dx    terms of N not containing x  dy  c

y constant

2x y2
 
y constant
y3
dx   4 dy  c
y

2 1
3 
 x dx   2 dy  c
y y

2  x2  1
    c
y3  2  y

 x 2  y 2  cy3

 x 2  y 2  cy 3

9. Solve y sin 2 x dx  1  y 2  cos 2 x  dy  0

Solution It is in the form Mdx  Ndy  0

here M = y sin 2 x & N   1  y 2  cos 2 x 

M
 sin 2 x  2sin x cos x
y

N
 2sin x cos x
x

M N
 
y x

Thus the equation is Exact and its solution is

 M dx    terms of N not containing x  dy  c

y constant

  y sin 2 x dx   1  y  dy  c
2

y constant

 y  sin 2 x dx   dy   y 2 dy  c

 cos 2 x  y3
 y   y  c
 2  3

 3 y cos 2 x  6 y  2 y 3  6c

  3 y cos 2 x  6 y  2 y 3  c1  6c  c1 

10. Solve ye x dx +  xe xy  2 y  dy = 0

Solution It is in the form Mdx  Ndy  0

here M = yexy & N  xexy  2 y

M
 xye xy  e xy
y

N
 xye xy  e xy
x
 M N
 
y x

Thus the equation is Exact and its solution is

 M dx    terms of N not containing x  dy  c

y constant

 
y constant
ye xy dx   2 y dy  c

 y  e xy dx  2  y dy  c

  e xy  y 2  c

11. Solve  3x 2  6 xy 2  dx +  6 x 2 y  4 y 3  dy = 0

Solution It is in the form Mdx  Ndy  0

here M = 3x 2  6 xy 2 & N  6 x 2 y  4 y3

M
 12 xy
y

N
 12 xy
x

M N
 
y x

Thus the equation is Exact and its solution is

 M dx    terms of N not containing x  dy  c

y constant

   3x  6 xy 2  dx   4 y 3dy  c
2

y constant

 3 x 2 dx  6 y 2  x dx  4 y 3dy  c
  x3   x2   y 4 
 3   6 y2    4    c
3  2  4  +

 x3  3x 2 y 2  y 4  c

  x3  3x 2 y 2  y 4  c

12. Solve  x 2  y 2  a 2  x dx   x 2  y 2  b 2  y dy  0

Solution It is in the form Mdx  Ndy  0

here M = x3  xy 2  a 2 x & N  x 2 y  y 3  b2 y

M
 2 yx
y

N
 2 yx
x

M N
 
y x

Thus the equation is Exact and its solution is

 M dx    terms of N not containing x  dy  c

y constant

  x  y 2 x  a 2 x  dx     y 3  b 2 y  dy  c
3

y constant

  x3 dx  y 2  x dx a 2  x dx   y 3 dy  b 2  y dy  c

 x4   x2   x2   y 4   y2 
    y 2    a 2       b2    c
 4  2  2  4   2

 x 4  2 x 2 y 2  y 4  2a 2 x 2  2b2 y 2  4c

  x 4  2 x 2 y 2  y 4  2a 2 x 2  2b 2 y 2  c1  4c  c1 
13. Solve  2 xy  y  tan y  dx   x 2  x tan 2 y  sec2 y  dy  0

Solution It is in the form Mdx  Ndy  0

here M =2 xy  y  tan y & N  x2  x tan 2 y  sec2 y

M
 2 x  1  sec2 y  2 x  tan 2 y
y

N
 2 x  tan 2 y
x

M N
 
y x

Thus the equation is Exact and its solution is

 M dx    terms of N not containing x  dy  c

y constant

   2 xy  y  tan y  dx   sec y dy  c
2

y constant

 2 y  x dx  y  dx  tan y  dx   sec2 y dy  c

 x2 
 2 y    xy  x tan y  tan y  c
 2

 x2 y  xy  x tan y  tan y  c

  x 2 y  xy  x tan y  tan y  c
 NEWTONS LOW OF COOLING

The rate of change of the temperature of the body is proportional to the difference of the
temperature of the body and that of the surrounding medium.
Let '' be the temperature of the body of time't' and ' 0 ' be the temperature of its
surrounding medium (usually air).
By the Newton law of cooling we have
d
    0 
dt
d
i.e.  k   0  k  0 where k is a positive real number.
dt
d
 kdt
  0 
d
      k  dt
0

log   0   kt  c …(1)

If initially   1 is the temperature of the body of time t  0
then eq. (1) gives log 1  0   0  c
c  log 1  0 
Substituting 'c' value in eq. (1) we get
log   0   kt  log 1  0 
log   0   log 1  0   kt
   0 
log    kt
 
 1 0
   0   kt
 e
 1  0 
  0   ekt 1  0 
  0  ekt 1  0 
Which gives the temperature of the body at any time 't'.
Problems
1. A body is originally at 800c and cools down at 600c in 20 min. If the temperature of
the air is 400c, find the temperature of the body after 40 min.
Sol : Let ' ' be the temperature of the body of time 't'
0 be the temperature of its surrounding air by Newton’s law of cooling we
have
 0  400 c
t 0   800 c

t  20   600 c

t  40  ?

d
    0 
dt
d
  k    0  , k 0
dt
d
 kdt
  0 
Given that 0  400 c
d
 kdt
  40
d
   40  k  dt
log   40  kt  log c …(1)
When t 0 ,   800 c
log 80  40  log c
c  40
Then Eq(1) becomes log   40  kt  log 40
   40 
log    kt
 40 
   40   kt
 e …(2)
 40 
where t  20 min,   60 in eq. (2)
 60  40   k  20 
 e
 40 
 20  20 k
 e
 
40
1
e 20 k 
2
1
20k  log  
2
1 1
k log  
20 2
 Substitute 'k' value in eq. (1), we get
1 1
log   40   log   t  log  40 
20 2
after 40 minutes  ?
 1  
2
1
log   40   log    40   log  40 
20  2  
   40 
2
1
log    log  
 40  2
1
  40     40 
4  
  500 c
The temperature after 40 min. is 500 c
2. If the temperature of a body is changed from 1000 c to 700 c in 15 minutes, find when
the temperature will be 400 c . If the temperature of air is 300 c.
Solution:
Let '' be the temperature of body at time 't'.
' t0 ' be the temperature of its surrounding air by Newton’s of cooling
 0  300 c
at t  0   1000 c

t  15   700 c
t ?   400 c
d
    0 
dt
d
 k   0 
dt
d
 kdt
  0 
Integrating on both sides we get
log   0   kt  log c …(1)
Given that   300
log   30  kt  log c
at initial t  0,   1000 c
log 100  30  0  log c
C  70
Substituting 'c' value in eq. (1)
 log   30  kt  log 70
   30 
log    kt
 70 
  30  kt
e …(2)
70
After t  15,   700 c
70  30
 e  (15) k
70
4
e  
 k 15

7
1 4
log    k
15 7
Substituting in eq, (1) k & 'c' values   400 c
1 4
log   30   log   t  log 70
15 7
   30  1 4
log    log   t
 70  15 7
we have to find 't' when   400 c
1 1 4
log    log   t
 7  15 7
15log  17 
t
log  74 
15  log  71 
t
log  74 
15(log 7  log1)
t
log 7  log 4
 1 9453 
t  15 
1 9453  1 386 
 153  48
t  52.20

3. The body kept in air with temperature 250 c cools from 1400 c to 800 c in 20 min. Find
when the body cools down to 350 c .
Solution: Let '' be the temperature of body at time‘t’.
' t0 ' be the temperature of its surrounding air by Newton’s of cooling
0  250 c
 t 0   1400 c

t  20   800 c

t ?   350 c

d
    0 
dt
d
 k   0 
dt
d
 kdt
  0 
integrating
d
      k  dt
0

log   0   kt  log c …(1)

log   25  kt  log c
at t  0,   1400 c
log 140  25  0  log c
115  c
substitute in (1) t  20,   800 c
log   25  kt  log115
 80  25 
log    kt  20 
 115 
 55 
log    20k
 115 
1  11 
 log    k
20  23 
Substitute K & C in eq. (1)
1  11 
log  35  25   log   t  log 115 
20  23 
 10  1  11 
log   log   t
 115  20  23 
 10 
log  
20  115 
t
log  11
23 
  115 
log  
20  10   t
log  11
23

20  log 115   log10 
t
 log  23  log11
 4.744  2.302 
 20 
 3.15  2.397 
 20  3.31
t  66.20 m

4.If the temperature of the air is 200 c and the temperature of the body drops from 1000 c to
80 0 c in 10 minutes. What will be its temperature after 20 min. When will be the
temperature 400 c.
Solution:
0  200 c
t 0   1000 c
t  10   800 c
t  20  ?
t ?   400 c

Let '' be the temperature of the body at time 't'

' t0 ' be the temperature of the surrounding air
byNewtons law of cooling
d
    0 
dt
d
 k   0 
dt
d
   0   k  dt
log    0   k  dt
at t  0,   1000 c
log 100  20  0  log c
C  80
sub in eq. (1)
log   20  kt  log80 …(2)
 t  10,   800 c
 80  20 
log     kt
 80 
 60 
log    kt
 80 
 60 
log    kt
 80 
1
 3   k 10  3 10
 e  e k   
4 4
1 3
k   log  
10 4
substituting k & c in eq. (1)
1 3
log   20   log    t   log  80  (3)
10 4
When t  20 then   ?
   20  1 3
log 
 80  10
 log   2 0
4
 
   20 
2
3
log    log  
 80  4
  20 9

80 16
  20  45
  650 c
When   40, t  ? from eq. (3)
1 3
log  40  20   log    t   log  80 
10 4
1 t 3
log    log  
 4  10 4
t log  14 

10 log  34 
t log  14 

10 log  43 
10  log 4
t
log 4  log 3
10 1  3862 

1 3862  1 098612
  10 4  829
t  4  829 min
5. If the air is maintained at 300 c and the temperature of the body cools down from
80 0 c to 600 c in 12 min. Then find the temperature of the body after 24 min.
Sol : Let '' be the temperature of the body of time 't'.
' t0 ' be the temperature of its surrounding air by Newton's law of cooling we have
 0  300 c
t 0   800 c

t  12   600 c

t  24  ?

d
    0 
dt
d
  k    0  , k 0
dt
d
 kdt
  0 
Given that  0  500
Integrating
d
   30  k  dt
log   30  kt  log c …(1)
t  0,   800 c
log 80  30   0  log c
c  50
log   30  kt  log  50
   30 
log    kt
 50 
   30   kt
 e …(2)
 50 
when t  12 min,   600 subs in eq. (2)
 60  30  12 k
 e
 50 
  3  12 k
 e
5
1 3
log    k
12 5
substitute 'k' value in eq. (1) we get.
1 3
log   30   log   t  log  50 
12 5
after 24 min   ?
3
2
1
log   30   log   24  log  50 
12 5
   30   3 
2

  
 50   5 
9
  30   50 
25
  480 c
The temperature after 24 min is 480 c
6. An object whose temperature is 750 c cools in an atmosphere of constant temperature
250 c at the rate k ,  being the excess temperature of the body over the temperature.
If after 10 min. The temperature of the object falls to 650 c. Find its temperature after
20 min. Find the time required to cool down to 550 c.
Solution:
0  250 c
t 0   750 c
t  10   650 c
t  20  ?
t ?   550 c

Let '' be the temperature of the body at time 't'.

' t0 ' be the temperature of the surrounding air
by Newton's law
d
    0 
dt
d
 k    0 
dt
d
 kdt
  0 
Integrating on both sides
 d
      k  dt
0

log   0   kt  log c

log   25  kt  log c ………………………..(1)
at t  0,   750 c
log 50  log c
c  50
log   25  kt  log50 …(2)
at t  10,   65
 65  25 
log    10k
 50 
4
log    10k
5
4
e 10 k 
5
4
10k  log  
5
1 4
k  log  
10 5
1 4
log   25   log   t  log 50 (3)
10 5
t  20,  ?
   25  1 4
log    log   20
 50  10 5
  25 16

50 25
2

  32  25
  57 0 c
when   550 c t ?
theneq(3) becomes
1 4
log  55  25   log   t  log 50
10 5
3 t 4
log    log  
 5  10 5
10 log  53 
t
log  54 
 t  10
 log 5  log 3
log 5  log 4
 0  5108 
 10  
 0  223 
 10  2.290
t  22.9 min.

7. The temperature of the body drops from 1000 c to 750 c in 10 min. When the
surrounding air is at 200 c . What will be its temperature after half an hour. When will
the temperature be 250 c.
Solution:
0  200 c
At t 0 0  1000 c
t  10   750 c
t  30  ?
t ?   250 c

'' be the temperature of the body at time 't'.

' t0 ' be the temperature of the surrounding air
by Newton's law of cooling
d
    0 
dt
d
 k   0 
dt
d
 kdt
  0 
d
      k  dt
0

log   0   kt  log c

at t  0,   1000 c
log 100  20  0  log c ……………………(1)
c  80
log   20  kt  log80 …(2)
t  10,   75
  11 
log 
55 
  k 10 
 80 
 16 
 11 
 1 log    k
10  16 
1  11 
log   20   log    t   log 80 (3)
10  16 
When t  30,  ?
1  11 
log   20   log    30   log 80
10  16 
   20 
3
 11 
log    log  
 80   16 
  20 111111

80 16 16  16
5

121 55
  20 
256
6655

256
 25.99
  45.99 c 0

  250 c, t ?
Substitute in eq. (3)
1  11 
log  25  20   log    t   log 80
10  16 
 1 t  11 
log    log  
 16  10  16 
10  log 16   log1
t
 log 16   log11
 2.772 
t  10  
 0.374 
 10  7.411
t  74.11min
 8. The temperature of a cup of coffee is 920 c, when freshly pour the room temperature
240 c. In one minute it was cooled to 80 0 c . How long a period elapse, before
temperature of the cup becomes 650 c.
Solution:
0  240 c
t 0   920 c
t 1   800 c
t ?   650 c

let '' be the temperature of the body at time 't'

' t0 ' be the temperature of the surrounding air
byNewtons law of cooling
d
    0 
dt
d
 k   0 
dt
d
 kdt
  0 
Integratingon both sides we get
log   0   kt  log c (1)
at t  0,   920 c
log 92  24  0  log c
log  68  log c
c  68
at t  1,   80 c
0

log 80  24  k 1  log  68

(2)
 56 
log    k
 68 
 14 
k   log  
 17 
 14 
log   24   log   t  log  68  (3)
 17 

When t ?   650 c
  14 
log  65  24   log   t  log  68 
 17 
log  68
41 
t
log  17
14 

log 68  log 41

log17  log14
4.219  3.713

2.833  2.63
0.505

0.194
t  2.603 min

LAW OF NATURAL GROWTH AND RADIOACTIVE DECAY

If 'x' is an amount of substance at time 't' then the rate of change of amount of the
substance is directly proportional to the amount of substance at the amount substance at
the given time.(or)
This Law states that the rate of change of amount present at any instant is proportional to
the amount of material present.
If ‘x’ is the amount of material present at any time‘t’, then
dx
 x
dt
 In above relation if’t’ increases, x is also increases then
dx
 kx  k  0  is defined as population growth.
dt
Similarly’t’ increases, x is decreases then
dx
 kx  k  0  is defined as 'radio' active decay'.
dt
1. The number of 'N' of bacteria in a culture grow at a rate proportional to 'N'. The
value of 'N' was initially '100' and increased to 332 in one hour. What was the value
of 'N' after 1 1 2 hour?
Sol :
t 0 x  100
t  60 min x  332
t  90 min x ?
 Let 'N' be the amount of substance at the time 't'
dN
by law of natural growth and decay we have N
dt
dN
kN
dt
dN
 k dt
N
dN
 N  k  dt
log N  kt  log c
N 
log    kt
 c 
N  ce kt …(1)
In initial condition t  0, N  100 ,
100  Ce0
C  100
given that t  1hr , N  332
332  100e k
332
ek   3.32
100
e k  3.32
k  log(3.32)
SubstututeC and K in eq (1) weget
N  ce kt
N  100elog(3.32)t (2)
we have to find N when t  1 1 2 hr=3/2 hrs
3
log(3.32)
N  100e 2

3 3
log(3.32)
N  100e 2
 100e log(3.32) 2

 
3 3

N  100(3.32)  100 332

2 2
 100(6.049)
100
N  604.932  605
2. If 30% of radioactive substance (uranium) disappears in 10 days. How long will it
take from 90% of it to disappear.
Sol : Let ' N ' be the amount of substance at time 't'.
by law of natural decay and growth we have
 dN
N
dt
dN
 kN
dt
dN
 kdt
N
log N  kt  log c

N  ce  kt …(1)
t 0 N M
t  10 days N M 
30
M
70
M
100 100
t ? N M 
90
M M
1
100 10

In initial condition N  M at t  0
M c
70
given that N  M , t  10
100
7
M  Me 10 k
10
7
e 10 k 
10
1  7
k   log   Sub C and K
10  10 
value in eq(1) we get
N  Me kt
1 7
log t
N  Me 10  10 
(2)
1
When N  M t ?
10
Then eq. (2) becomes
1 7
1 log t
M  Me10  10 
10
 1 t  7
log    log  
 10  10  10 
10  log10  log1
t
log10  log 7
t  64.67 days
 3. In a chemical reaction 'a' given substance is being converted into another at a rate
th

proportional to the amount of substance unconverted. If   of the original amount

1
5
1
has been transformed in 4 min, how much time will be required to transform .
2
Sol : Let ' x ' be the amount of substance at time 't'.
by law of natural decay and growth we have
dx
x
dt
dx
  kx
dt
dx
 kdt
x
x  ce kt …(1)
In initial condition the original amount of substance x  m at t  0
Substance in eq. (1)
cm
 kt
x  me given
1 4
that x  (1  )m  m t  4min
5 5
4
m  m e4k
5
4
e 4 k   
5
1 4
k   log  
4 5
Sub C and K value in eq(1) we get
x  ce kt
1  4
log  t
x  me 4 5
(2)
given that x  1 2 m t ?
Eq (2) becomes
1  4
1 log t
m  me 4  5 
2

log    log  
1 t 4
2 4 5
 4  log 2  log1
t
 log 5  log 4 
 0.693 
 4 
 0.223 
 3.107  4
t  12.43min
4.Uranium disintegrates at a rate proportional to the amount then present at any instant.
If M1 and M 2 grs of Uranium present at times t1 and t2 respectively. Find the half-life
of Uranium.
Solution :

t 0 M  M0
t  t1 min M  M1
t  t2 min M  M2
t ? M
M0
2

Let 'M' be the amount of substance at the time 't'

dM
by law of natural growth and decay we have M
dt
dM
  k M …………….(1)
dt
dM
 k dt
M
dM
 M  k  dt
log M  kt  log c
M 
log     kt
 c 
M  ce kt …(2)
When t  0 , M  M0 …(3)
t  t1 , M  M1 …(4)
t  t2 , M  M 2 …(5)
From the above equations we get
c  M 0 , M 1  M 0e kt1 and M 2  M 0 e  kt 2
 M1
 e k (t1 t2 )
M2
M1
log( )   k (t1  t2 )
M2

1 M
k log( 1 )
(t2  t1 ) M2

M M0
When M  0 2 , t  ?, M0  2

From eq(2) weget

1 M
1  log( 1 ) t
 e (t2 t1 ) M 2
2

1 M 1
 log( 1 ) t  log
( t2 t1 ) M2 2

1 M
log( 1 ) t  log 2
( t2 t1 ) M2

log 2
t
1 M
log( 1 )
( t2 t1 ) M2

5. If radium decomposes at a rate proportional to the amount present .If fraction ‘p’ of
original amount disappear in 1year. How much will remain at the end of 21 years.
Solution:Let 'M' be the amount of substance at the time’t’
dM
by law of natural growth and decay we have M
dt
dM
 k M
dt
dM
 k dt
M
dM
 M  k  dt
log M  kt  log c
M 
log     kt
 c 
M  ce kt …(1)
 In initial condition t  0 M  M 0 ,
M 0  ce0 K
M0  c
p p
when t  1, M  M 0  P%of M 0  M 0  M 0  M 0 (1  ),
100 100
p
Equation(1) becomes M 0 (1  )  M 0e k
100
p
(1  )  e k
100
p
k   log(1  )
100
Substitute C and K value in eq(1) we get
p
log(1 )t
M  M 0e 100
……. (2)

When t  21, M  ? ,
p
log(1 )*21
M  M 0e 100

p 21
M  M 0 (1  )
100