ENMA 103 - DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

MODULE 1

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND THEIR FORMATIONS

Differential Equation:

An equation containing involving an unknown function and its derivatives. If the unknown
function depends on only one independent variable, the equation is an ordinary differential equation
(ODE). If the unknown function depends on two or more independent variables, the equation is partial
differential equation (PDE).

(an EQUATION that contains a function AND a derivative. TWO TYPES: if the function depends on
one independent variable (usually x) its an ordinary equation)

Examples of ODE: 1. ( x +2 ) dy=( 1−2 x ) dx

( ) ( )
2 3 5
d y x dy
2. sin x 2
−e =xy
dx dx
2 2
∂ z 2y ∂ z
Examples of PDE: 1. 2 −3 2 + 2 =0
∂t ∂t ∂u

( ) ( )
3 2 2 4
∂ x ∂ y
2. 3
+7 2
=t+u
∂t ∂t

Order of Differential Equation:

The order of differential equation is the order of the highest derivative occurring in the
equation. (the order of the HIGHEST DERIVATIVE in the equation)
2
d y dy x
Examples: 1. 2
+3 +2 y=e The DE is of order 2
dx dx

( )
3 2
d y dy
2. 3
−6 −4 y=0 The DE is of order 3
dx dx

Degree of Differential Equation:

The degree of a differential equation is the power to which the highest order derivative is raised
when the differential coefficients are free from radicals and fractions. (the degree or coefficient of the
highest order derivative, however, it’s coefficient should be free from radicals)

( )( )
3 2 4
d y dy 2
Examples: 1. x 3
+ + y =0 The DE is of degree 2
dx dx

( )√ ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
d2 y dy 2
d y dy
2. = 1+ → 2
=1+ The DE is of degree 2
dx
2
dx dx dx

Exercises: Determine the order and degree of each of the following DE.

( ) ( )
2 2
d y 2 dx
1. 2
+x =0
dx dy

1
 2. x √ 1− y 2 dx + y √ 1−x 2 dy =0
2
d y
3. 2
+4 y=0
dx

√ ( )
2 3
4. 1+
d y d y
2
= 3
dx dx

( )
3 2 3
d y d y dx
5. 3
+ 2
+ + 4 y=sin x
dx dx dy

FORMATION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS:

In this topic the inverse process of obtaining the differential equation from the general solution
is done by eliminating the arbitrary constants.

Rule: the number of constants = number of times you can derive the function

Methods are the ff:

1. by differentiation and combination

2. by isolation of constants

3. by determinant

ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANTS:

A. BY DIFFERENTIATION AND COMBINATION

Solved Examples:

1. y=c1 cos 3 x +c 2 sin 3 x

'
y =−3 c 1 sin3 x +3 c 2 cos 3 x
''
y =−9 c 1 cos 3 x −9 c 2 sin 3 x
¿−9 ( c 1 cos 3 x + c2 sin 3 x )
¿−9 y
'' ''
y =−9 y∨ y + 9 y=0 answer

x −2 x
2. y=x + c1 e +c 2 e → ( 1 )
' x −2 x
y =1+c 1 e −2 c 2 e → ( 2 )
'' x −2 x
y =c 1 e + 4 c 2 e → ( 3 )

( 2 )− (1 ) y ' =1− x−3 c 2 e−2 x → ( 4 )

( 3 ) −( 2 ) y ' ' − y ' =−1+6 c2 e−2 x → ( 5 )

( 4 ) x 2 2 y '−2 y =2−2 x−66 c 2 e−2 x → ( 6 )

( 6 )+ (5 ) y ' ' + y ' −2 y=1−2 x answer

3. y= A x 2 + B e x → ( 1 )
' x
y =2 Ax + B e → ( 2 )

2
 y ' ' =2 A +B e x → (3 )

( 2 )− (1 ) y ' − y =2 Ax− A x 2=A ( 2 x −x2 ) → ( 4 )

( 3 ) −( 2 ) y ' ' − y ' =2 A−2 Ax=A ( 2−2 x ) → ( 5 )

'' '
A ( 2−2 x )
( 5) ÷ ( 4 ) y ' − y =
y − y A ( 2 x−x 2)

( 2 x−x 2 )( y '' − y ' ) =( 2−2 x ) ( y ' − y )

'' ' 2 '' 2 ' ' '
2 x y −2 x y −x y + x y =2 y −2 y−2 xy +2 xy

( 2 x−x 2 ) y' ' + ( x 2−2 ) y ' + 2 ( 1−x ) y=0 answer

B. ISOLATION OF CONSTANTS

1. y=c1 cos 3 x +c 2 sin 3 x divide the entire equation by sin 3 x

ycsc 3 x=c 1 cot3 x +c 2 if one constant is alone, derive it

' 2
y (−3 csc 3 xcot 3 x )+ csc3 x y =−3 c 1 csc 3 x isolate c 1 , divide by csc3 x
'
y −3 ycot 3 x=−3 c1 csc 3 x divide by csc 3 x
'
y sin3 x−3 y cos 3 x=¿−3 c 1 ¿
' '' '
3 cos 3 x y + y sin 3 x−3 cos 3 x y +9 y sin 3 x=0 divide by sin 3 x
''
y + 9 y=0 answer

2. y= A x 2 + B e x multiply the entire equation by e−x

−x 2 −x
e y= A x e + B
−x ' −x 2 −x −x x
e y −e y=−A x e +2 Ax e divide by e

y ' − y =−A x2 +2 Ax= A ( −x2 +2 x )

'
y −y
A= 2
−x +2 x

( −x2 +2 x )( y ' ' − y ' )−( y ' − y ) (−2 x +2 )

0= 2
( −x2 +2 x )
0=( 2 x−x 2) ( y ' ' − y ' )−( y ' − y ) ( 2−2 x )
'' ' 2 '' 2 ' ' '
0=2 x y −2 x y −x y + x y −2 y +2 x y +2 y−2 xy

0=( 2 x−x 2) y ' ' + ( x 2−2 ) y ' +2 ( 1−x ) y answer

x −2 x 2x
3. y=x + c1 e +c 2 e multiply the entire equation by e
2x 2x 3x
e y=x e +c 1 e + c 2

3
 2x ' 2x 2x 2x 3x −3 x
e y +2 e y=2 x e +e + 3 c1 e divide by e
−x ' −x −x −x
e y +2 e y =2 x e +e + 3 c1
−x '' −x ' −x ' −x −x x −x −x
e y −e y +2 e y −2 e y=−2 x e +2 e −e divide by e
'' '
y + y −2 y =1−2 x
'' '
y + y +2 x−2 y−1=0 answer

B. ELIMINATION BY DETERMINANTS
Video material: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZiBvQ5ZI_yY

1. y= A x 2 + B e x
' x
y =2 Ax + B e
'' x
y =2 A +B e

[ ]
2
y x 1
x
y ' 2 x 1 since A∧B e is a common factor of theterms
y' ' 2 1

[ ]
2
y x 1
2 '' ' '' 2 '
y ' 2 x 1 2 xy+ x y +2 y −2 x y −2 y−x y =0 answer
y' ' 2 1

x −2 x x −2 x
2. y=x + c1 e +c 2 e y−x =c 1 e +c 2 e
' x −2 x ' x −2 x
y =1+c 1 e −2 c 2 e y −1=c 1 e −2 c 2 e
'' x −2 x '' x −2 x
y =c 1 e + 4 c 2 e y =c 1 e + 4 c 2 e

[ ]
( y−x ) 1 1
( y ' −1 ) 1 −2
y'' 1 4

( y−x ) 4−2 y ' ' + ( y ' −1 )− y ' ' + 2 ( y −x )−4 ( y ' −1 )=0
'' ' '' '
4 y−4 x−2 y + y −1− y +2 y−2 x−4 y + 4=0
'' '
−3 y −3 y −6 x+6 y+ 3=0
'' '
y + y +2 x−2 y−1=0 answer

2 3
3. y=c1 x + c 2 x
' 2
y =2 c 1 x +3 c 2 x
''
y =2 c1 +6 c2 x

[ ]
y x2 x 3
2
y' 2 x 3 x
y' ' 2 6 x

4
 2 4 '' 3 ' 4 '' 2 3 '
12 x y +3 x y +2 x y −2 x y −6 x y−6 x y =0
4 '' 3 ' 2 2
x y −4 x y +6 x y=0 divide by x
2 '' '
x y −4 x y +6 y=0 answer

Exercises: Eliminate the arbitrary constants by any of the three methods:

c2
1. xsiny− ycosx=c 2. y=c1 +
x
x −2 x −3 x
3. y=c1 x+ c 2 e 4. y=c1 + c2 e +c 3 e
2x
5. y=e ( c 1 cos x+ c 2 sin x ) 6. y=a e x +b e−x +c

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF A FAMILY OF CURVES:

A family of curves on a plane is usually defined by an equation containing one or more arbitrary
constants together with the coordinates of a point on the plane. The differential equation of the family
is obtained by eliminating the arbitrary.

Solved Examples:

1. Find the DE of straight lines with equal x∧ y intercepts .

x y
The equation of intercept form is + =1
a b
a∧b are ¿ be eliminated , for equalintercepts a=b
x y d d d
+ =1→ x + y=a → ( x ) + ( y )= ( a )
a a dx dx dx
'
1+ y =0 answer

2. Find the DE of circles with center on the y −axis .

2 2 2
Equation of åt ( h , k ) is ( x−h ) + ( y−k ) =r
If the center is on the y−axish=0∨C ( 0 , k )

( x−0 )2+ ( y−k )2=r 2 k ∧r are ¿ be eliminated

2 2 2
x + ( y−k ) =r → 2 x+ 2 ( y −k ) y ' =0
'
−x ' − y −xy ' '
y−k= → y=
y' ( y ' )2
3
( y ' )3=− y ' + x y ' ' ∨x y ' ' − ( y ' ) − y ' =0 answer

3. Find the DE of parabola with vertex∧focuson the¿

5
 2
Equation of parabola is ( x−h ) =4 a ( y−k )
If the V ∧F is on the ¿

( x−0 )2=4 a ( y−k ) a∧k are ¿ be eliminated

x
( x )2=4 a ( y−k ) → 2 x=4 ay ' → x=2 ay ' → 2 a=
y'
1
1=2 ay ' ' → 2 a= → since 2 a=2 a
y''
x 1
= → x y' ' = y ' ∨x y '' − y' =0 answer
y' y ' '

EXERCISES:

1. Find the DE ofall straight lines with slope∧ y−intercept equal .

* Slope-intercept form of a line is in "Y=mx+b", m is for the slope, b is for the y-intercept, so basically, if
m&b would equal, you should have an equation of "Y=m(x+1)" or Y=b(x+1)

2. Find the DE of all circles withcenter on thex−axis .

3. Find the DE ofparabolas with vertex∧focus on the x−axis .

2 2
x y
4. Find the DE of an ellipse with the equation 2 + 2 =1
b a
5. Find the DE ofhyperbolas b2 x 2−a2 y 2=a2 b2

Diff. between derivative and differential

Derivative is the measure of the rate of change of a function as it’s independent varible’s value
changes

Differential is the actual change of a function with respect to changes of the independent
variable/s

1.Both equations and functions use expressions.

2.Values of variables in the equations are solved based on the value equated it can have one or two

values to the variables, while values of variables in functions are assigned and can have solution based

only to the assigned value input variable.

3.Equations always have a graph while some functions cannot be graphed.

4.Functions are subsets of equations.

5. Equations may contain functions