TWI UT Training Question Bank Ultrasonic

TWI TRAINING & CERTIFICA TION
Ultrasonic Inspection Coursework 7 - Calculations
1. A shear wave probe has a wavelength of 0.8mm in steel; what is it frequency?
a. 5MHz
b. . 6MHz
~. 4MHz
d. 1MHz
2. What is the difference in amplitude between two signals with amplitudes of 63 and 20 %
respectively at the same range?
A~"' 10dB
'\
;'
b. 6dB
c. 20dB
d. 14dB
3. What angle of incidence is required to generate a 37 degree shear wave in steel?
a. 45.5
b. 28.4
c. 30.9
d. 25
4. If the acoustic impedance of swafega is 2.0 x 106 how much sound is reflected at a swafega /
steel interface?
The acoustic impedance of steel is 45 x 106 .
a. 90.5
·0
83.7
46.6
5. Which of the following would see the most sound reflected at the interface?
£f< Steel to water

b. Perspex to water
c. Perspex to steel
Acoustic impedance of perspex is 14 x 106 and that of water is 1.5 x 106 .
6. What is the near zone length of a 25 mm , 4MHz compression wave probe in steel?
a. 110
b. 120.5 -.
'4.)1.
..e. 105.9 N
d. 96.5
7. The half beam angle to the 6dBpoint of a compression probe with a diameter of 10mm and a
frequency of 2.5MHz inspectin'g a steel component is ?
~.,., 8.5
~
7.6'" ..""
c. 6.4 ~~t· \ ~j t\
d. 5.3 F
TWI UT CW 7 Issue 0
8. If a shear wave probe with a near zone iength of 156.25mm and a diameter of 20mm is being
used to inspect a steel component, what is its frequency?
p 5MHz
b. 4MHz
c. 2MHz
d. 1MHz
9. A 10mm shear wave probe with a half beam angle to the 10% point of 8 degrees has a
wavelength of what length?
a. 2.75
b. 3.22
.g. 1.29
d. 4
10. Which of the following probes would have the lowe~tsensitivity ?

a. 4MHz compression probe in steel. I, L\ .J \
.,7 5MHz shear wave probe in steel. . (~:?d,};
c. 4MHz shear wave probe in aluminium.:J! '1 ",
d. 4~,Hz compression probe in perspex. ' D,0(
11. If the amplitude of one signal is 20% FSH and a second signal at the same range is 14dB
higher what is the amplitude of the second signal?
a. 80 %
~ 100%
c. 60 %
d. 5%
12. A 2" degree an-lIed 8omorcssio:. Drc~E: wi~! 8i~;c r:;'/AJUCe a shear wave at W~"8t annie?
y 5.8
10.69
c. 7.85
d. 8.9
HINT: Calculate the angle of incidence first.
Compression velocity in steel : 5900m/sec

Shear velocity in steel : 3200 m/sec
Shear velocity in aluminium: 3080 m/sec
Compression velocity in perspex : 2730 m/sec
TWI UT CW 7 Issue 0 2
TWI TRAINING & CERTIFICATION
Ultrasonic Inspection Coursework 5
1. Properties of shear or transverse waves used for ultrasonic testing indude:
A. Partide motion normal to propagation direction and a propagation velocity, which is

about half, the longitudinal wave veiocity in the same material
B. Exceptionally high sensitivity due to low attenuation resulting from longer
wavelengths when propagating through water
C. High coupling efficiency because shear waves are less sensitive to surface variables
when travelling from a coupling liquid to the part
D. None of the above statements apply to shear waves
2. One of the most common applications of shear waves in ultrasonic tests is
i A. Detection of discontinuities in welds tubes and pipe

B. Determination of elastic properties of metallic products
C. Detection of laminar discontinuities in heavy plate
D. Measuring thickness of thin plate
3. Significant errors in ultrasonic thickness measurement can occur if:
A-\ Test frequency is varying at a constant rate

~.; The velocity of propagation deviates substantially from an assumed
constant value for a given material
C. Water is employed as a couplant between the transducer and the part being measured
D. None of the ahove shou!('I M' 'f"~ -=-~""~$
4. A CRT dispiays 10 backwall echoes from a 25mm thick calibration block, using a compression
probe. The time between any two echoes is equal to:
A. The period of the ultrasound

.~ The time for the ultrasonic pulse to travel 25mm in the block
~ CJ The time for the ultrasonic pulse to travel 50mm in the block
'n. A duration which depends on the time base setting
5. Compression waves travel faster through:
A. Perspex
/~
Steel
Aluminium
D. Water
6. In an ultrasonic instrument, the number of pulses produced by an instrument in a given period of

~:r:::: :~ ~:.;cv..'n QS the:
A. Pulse length of the instrument

B. Pulse recovery time of the instrument
® Frequency of the instrument

Pulse repetition rate or frequency of the instrument
TWI UT CW 5 Issue 0
7. In a basic pulse-echo ultrasonic instrument which controls alter the
horizontal position of echo signals are:
A. The astigmatism and brightness

S. The prf and delay
i·C. The delay and range
D. The attenuator and reject
S. In a basic pulse-echo ultrasonic instrument, the component that produces the voltage that
activates the search unit is called:
A. The amplifier
S. The receiver
C. , The pulse generator
n. The time base
9. In a basic pulse-echo ultrasonic instrument, vertical movements of the CRT spot are produced
by signal from:
A. The screen
f81 The amplifier
~ The time base drcuit
D. None of these
10. Compression-rarefaction waves whose partide displacement is parallel to the

direction of propagation are called:
A. Longitudinal waves
Sheur \\laves
C. Lamb W~Nes
D. Rayleigh waves
11. The highest unit stress to which a material may be subjected without causing a
deformation that remains permanent upon release of the stress is referred to as:
Elastic medium of the material

Poisson's ratio of the material
Young's modulus of the material
Elastic limit of the material
12. A Distance Amplitude Correction curve corrects for:
The attenuation of ultrasound with range, to provide a constant recording

threshold.
B. Beam spread divergence to provide a constant reporting threshold.
C. Non-linearity of gain in a flaw detector's amplifier.
,~ ;(> U. A and B are correct
13. Two signals are displayed on the A-scan of a flaw detector. One signal has an amplitude of
40% fsh and the second signal is SdS higher. What is the apprOximate amplitude of the second
signal?
A. 25%fsh
® 100%fsh
C. 16%fsh
D. 63%fsh
TWl UT CW 5 Issue 0 2
14. Defects near to the surface cannot always be detected by single crystal probes. This is because
of:
A. the Fraunhofer zone

e. attenuation
(~.') effect the crystal vibration
11. diffraction
15. !n an inspection a 20% DAC was used. What change in gain was required to achieve this, from
the original 100% DAC reference curve:
!~
7 dB reduction in gain
14 dB reduction in gain
C. 7 dB increase in gain
D. 14 dB increase in gain
16. The near field of a 2MHz, 15mm diameter, 0 degree compression wave probe, in mild steel is
approximately:
.A. 76mm
. Sf. 19mm
C. 1.25 mm
D. 0.02 mm
17. The second critical angle is:
A. the angle of incidence at which a shear waves has a refracted angle of 90 degrees when
travelling across an interface.
B. the :--efracted angle of a shear wave at which the refracted angle of a
compres~..'km W&'t!f: i$ ~1I aegrees when a-avE::iling across ·:10 interface.
C. the an\:l:= of lncidence at which a compression wave has a refracted arlg:6 of 90 degrees
when travelling across an interface.
D. the angle at which an ultrasound signal reflects off a back wall.
18. For a 2MHz shear wave probe of crystal diameter 14mm the theoretical angle of divergence to
the 20dB edge of the beam when used on steel is approximately:
A. .007 degrees
!i~. 14.31 degrees
C.,./ 7.16 degrees
If 13.3 degrees
19. As frequency increases in ultrasonic testing, the angle of beam divergence of a given diameter
crystal:
.~ decreases
remains unchanged
t,;. Increases
E. varies uniformly through each wavelength.
20. A practical length for an ultrasonic pulse in weld testing is :
A. 20 cydes
10 cydes
S.D. 5cydes
1 cyde
21. A full skip beam path is:
A. the ultrasonic path followed by a 0 degree compression probe from the back wall to the
inspection surface.
B. the ultrasonic path followed by an angled beam from the entry point to the back wall.
C. the ultrasonic beam path for an inspection from the inner bore of a pipe
g. the ultrasonic path followed by an angled beam after reflection of the back wall back to
the surface.
22. When examining a weld with an angled probe, stand off refers to the:
eA: distance between the centre line of the weld and the index point of the probe
B. distance between the centre line of the weld and the front of the probe
C. range from the surface to the root of the weld
D. none of the above
23. A component, which is to be ultrasonically tested, is found to have an attenuation factor of 0.15
dB/mm at the inspection frequency. The component is 0.05m thick. If a 0 degree compression
wave probe is being used to examine the thickness of the component, by how much will the
signal be attenuated, due to the attenuation factor alone:
~C.
7.5 dB
15 dB
0.015 dB
D. 3dB
24. Which of the following are commonly used as reference reflectors in ultrasonic
examination:
A. I.Jmmside drmed holes

B. 3 mm side Of'::2() holes
C. 2 mm flat bottomed holes
f~ all of the above
l,../
25. Which of the following probes would show the greatest attenuation from a comer reflector
A. 45 degree
B. 60 degree
J:l. 70 degree
D. 37 degree
Ultrasonic Inspection Coursework 7 - Calculations
1. A shear wave probe has a wavelength of 0.8mm in steel; what is it frequency?
a. 5MHz
b. 6MHz
~: 4MHz
d. 1MHz
2. What is the difference in amplitude between two signals with amplitudes of 63 and 20 %
respectively at the same range?
~1:r' 10dB fro'
b. 6dB
c. 20dB
d. 14dB
3. What angle of incidence is required to generate a 37 degree shear wave in steel?
a. 45.5
b. 28.4
c. 30.9
d. 25
4. If the acoustic impedance of swafega is 2.0 x 106 how much sound is reflected at a swafega /
steel interface?
The acoustic impedance of steel is 45 x 106 .
') .. ..."
.:2,. ~)
a. 90.5 /.
'l
, 0
,-".e-: 83.7 , ~
.\
\'
d. 46.6
5. Which of the following would see the most sound reflected at the interface?
...cr~ Steel to water

b. Perspex to water
c. Perspex to steel
Acoustic impedance of perspex is 14 x 106 and that of water is 1.5 x 106 .
6. What is the near zone length of a 25 mm 4MHz compression wave probe in steel?
I
~ ....
a. 110 i ~
b. 120.5 ---,.
,.e. 105.9 N ~~ ~.
d. 96.5
7. The half beam angle to the 6dBpoint of a compression probe with a diameter of 10mm and a
frequency of 2.5MHz inspectin'g a steel component is ?
~:'- 8.5
7.6'"
c. 6.4
d. 5.3
TWI UT CW 7 Issue 0
8. If a shear wave probe with a near zone iength of 156.25mm and a diameter of 20mm is being
used to inspect a steel component, what is its frequency?
a 5MHz
b. 4MHz
c. 2MHz
d. 1MHz
9. A 10mm shear wave probe with a half beam angle to the 10% point of 8 degrees has a
wavelength of what length?
a. 2.75
b. 3.22
.~. 1.29
d. 4
10. Which of the following probes would have the lowe~~sensitivity ?

y 4MHz compression probe in steel. 1· L1 .j '.
". 5MHz shear wave probe in steel. J:
C. 4MHz shear wave probe in aluminium. 7'I

d. 4~Hz compression probe in perspex. . 0·, ()(
11. If the amplitude of one signal is 20% FSH and a second signal at the same range is 14dB
higher what is the amplitude of the second signal?
a. 80 %
,~< 100%
c. 60 %
d. 5%
12. A 2" degree an·lled ':omor(.'ssior. DrC~€ wi~! gi~;C t;J;duce a shA8r wave at W~·'8t annlp. ?
5.8
~
c.
10.69
7.85
d. 8.9
HINT: Calculate the angle of incidence first.
Compression velocity in steel : 5900m/sec

Shear velocity in steel : 3200 m/sec
Shear velocity in aluminium: 3080 m/sec
Compression velocity in perspex : 2730 m/sec
1. Properties of shear or transverse waves used for ultrasonic testing indude:
A. Partide motion normal to propagation direction and a propagation velocity) which is

about half, the longitudinal wave veiocity in the same material
wavelengths when propagating through water
C. High coupling efficiency because shear waves are less sensitive to surface variables
when travelling from a coupling liquid to the part
D. None of the above statements apply to shear waves
2. One of the most common applications of shear waves in ultrasonic tests is
; A. Detection of discontinuities in welds tubes and pipe

B. Determination of elastic properties of metallic products
C. Detection of laminar discontinuities in heavy plate
D. Measuring thickness of thin plate
3. Significant errors in ultrasonic thickness measurement can occur if:
~, Test frequency is varying at a constant rate

~" The velocity of propagation deviates substantially from an assumed
constant value for a given material
C. Water is employed as a couplant between the transducer and the part being measured
D. None of the ahove shou!(i ~. 'f'~ ~~..... ~s
4. A CRT dispiays 10 backwall echoes from a 25mm thick calibration block, using a compression
probe. The time between any two echoes is equal to:
A. The period of the ultrasound

~, The time for the ultrasonic pulse to travel 25mm in the block
) C~ The time for the ultrasonic pulse to travel 50mm in the block
\li A duration which depends on the time base setting
5. Compression waves travel faster through:
A. Perspex
.~
Steel
Aluminium
D. Water
6. In an ultrasonic instrument, the number of pulses produced by an instrument in a given period of

::: :~;CV\;11 Q3 the:
~:r::z
A. Pulse length of the instrument

B. Pulse recovery time of the instrument
Frequency of the instrument
@ Pulse repetition rate or frequency of the instrument
TWI UT CW 5 Issue 0
7. In a basic pulse-echo ultrasonic instrument which controls alter the
horizontal position of echo signals are:
A. The astigmatism and brightness

a. The prf and delay
.C. The delay and range
. D. The attenuator and reject
8. In a basic pulse-echo ultrasonic instrument, the component that produces the voltage that
activates the search unit is called:
A. The amplifier
B. The receiver
C. The pulse generator
"D. . The time base
9. In a basic pulse-echo ultrasonic instrument, vertical movements of the CRT spot are produced
by signal from:
A. The screen
'f\3..(
b1
S1 The amplifier
C. The time base circuit
D. None of these
10. Compression-rarefaction waves whose partide displacement is parallel to the

direction of propagation are called:
A. Longitudinal waves
Sheri;" '~aves
C. La.nb w~~ves
D. Rayleigh waves
11. The highest unit stress to which a material may be subjected without causing a
deformation that remains permanent upon release of the stress is referred to as:
A. Elastic medium of the material

B. Poisson's ratio of the material
CY"""\ Young's modulus of the material
(D. ! Elastic limit of the material
'1........ _ .... -
12. A Distance Amplitude Correction curve corrects for:
A. The attenuation of ultrasound with range, to provide a constant recording

threshold.
B. Beam spread divergence to provide a constant reporting threshold.
C. Non-linearity of gain in a flaw detector's amplifier.
. ~ .,. u. A and B are correct
13. Two signals are displayed on the A-scan of a flaw detector. One signal has an amplitude of
40% fsh and the second signal is 8dS higher. What is the apprOximate amplitude of the second
signal?
A. 25%fsh
® 100%fsh
C. 16%fsh
D. 63%fsh
TWl UT CW 5 Issue 0 2
14. Defects near to the surface cannot always be detected by single crystal probes. This is because
of:
A. the Fraunhofer zone

8. attenuation
I~~> ,
I , effect the crystal vibration
~ diffraction
15. In an inspection a 20% DAC was used. What change in gain was required to achieve this, from
the originaI100o~ DAC reference curve:
f~ 7 dB reduction in gain
\W 14 dB reduction in gain
C. 7 dB increase in gain
D. 14 dB increase in gain
16. The near field of a 2MHz,15mm diameter, 0 degree compression wave probe, in mild steel is
approximately:
A. 76mm
B~ 19 mm
C. 1.25 mm
D. O.02mm
17. The second critical angle is:
A. the angle of incidence at which a shear waves has a refracted angle of 90 degrees when
travelling across an interface.
B. the :o-efracted angle of a shear wave at which the refracted angle of a
compr~s~·~,:m W64t:!: i~ ~U aegrees when a-avt::iung acro~. ·1n interface.
C. the an!:l:~ of incidence at which a compression wave has a refracted any:~c.:i of 90 degrees
when travelling across an interface.
D. the angle at which an ultrasound signal reflects off a back wall.
18. For a 2MHz shear wave probe of crystal diameter 14mm the theoretical angle of divergence to
the 20dB edge of the beam when used on steel is apprOximately:
A. .007 degrees
Ii~,\ 14.31 degrees
C../' 7.16 degrees
"0." 13.3 degrees
crystal:
decreases
remains unchanged
t;. Increases
E. varies uniformly through each wavelength.
20. A practical length for an ultrasonic pulse in weld testing is :
A. 20cydes
S. D.
10 cydes
5 cydes
1 cyde
21. A full skip beam path is:
A. the ultrasonic path followed by a 0 degree compression probe from the back wall to the
inspection surface.
B. the ultrasonic path followed by an angled beam from the entry point to the back wall.
C. the ultrasonic beam path for an inspection from the inner bore of a pipe
O. the ultrasonic path followed by an angled beam after reflection of the back wall back to
the surface.
22. When examining a weld with an angled probe, stand off refers to the:
( A. distance between the centre line of the weld and the index point of the probe
"·~B. distance between the centre line of the weld and the front of the probe
C. range from the surface to the root of the weld
23. A component, which is to be ultrasonically tested, is found to have an attenuation factor of 0.15
dB/mm at the inspection frequency. The component is 0.05m thick. If a 0 degree compression
wave probe is being used to examine the thickness of the component, by how much will the
signal be attenuated, due to the attenuation factor alone:
~C.
7.5 dB
15dB
0.015 dB
D. 3dB
24. Which of the following are commonly used as reference reflectors in ultrasonic
examination:
A. l.Jmmside drmed hOies

B. 3 mm side tifl:~~{j holes
C. 2 mm flat bottomed holes
/~ all of the above
25. Which of the following probes would show the greatest attenuation from a comer reflector
A. 45 degree
B. 60degree
,:Cl 70 degree
D. 37 degree
1. The pulse repetition frequency of a flaw detector:
A. increases as the range of examination increases because it takes longer for the ultrasound
signals to return
B. decreases as the range of examination increases because it takes longer for the ultrasound
signals to return
C. is set by the manufacturer and does not vary with range
D. has nothing to do with range.
2. Which of the following is likely to have the smallest attenuation factor:
an aluminium forging
a steel ingot
an aluminium casting
a steel casting
3. When plotting an indication on beam profile plotting chart from a full skip angled examination the
following assumption is made:
A. that the edges of the beam spread are parallel to the centre of the beam
B. that the back wall of the component is parallel to the inspection surface
C. that the stand off is twice the measured value
D. that the effect of beam spread is not considered.
4. H:gn frequenL.Y pruues are larg~ly used fe. ~hickne~s·rr,8l;~f beGause~
A. penetration is less than for a low frequency probe and thickness checks are only carried out on
thin specimens
B. the probes are smaller and the point of inspection can be more accurately determined
C. perspex wear shoes can be fitted which limit the damage that would be caused if they were used
for general inspections
the wavelength is shorter at high frequencies. (\\, ~ t
5. 6 dB drop sizing can be used for determining the length of a defect in a
component:
/. under all circumstances'

B. only when 20 dB drop sizing cannot be used
C. if the length of a defect is greater than the beam spread of the probe at the maximum range of
inspection
D. ;f the length of a defect is greater than the beam spmad (If th\.; probe at the range at which the
defect was detected.
6. A compression wave enters an aluminium component at right angles to the

component surface. If the source of the compression waves is water, the
percentage of ultrasound transmitted across the water/aluminium interface is:
A. 29%
B. 39%
C. 3.63%
D. none of the above.
TWI UTCW8
7. The 20dB beam spread of an ultrasonic probe is best determined:
A. using the A5 calibration block

B. from manufacturers' data
C. using the A2 calibration block
D. using the formula sin(a/2) = 1.08*V/Df where V is the velocity of ultrasound, 0 is the crystal
diameter and f is the frequency of the probe.
8. The dead zone of a probe is:
A. an area of the ultrasound beam, near the surface, where the ability of the probe to detect signals
is impaired
B. the barrier between crystal halves in a twin crystal probe
C. the extremities of the beam spread, beyond the 20 dB drop beam spread lines
D. is another name for the near field.
9. An ultrasonic flaw detector displaying pulses representing the magnitude of

reflected ultrasound as a function of time or depth of metal is said to contain:
A. a continuous wave display

B. an A-scan presentation
C. a B-scan presentation
D. a C-scan presentation
10. The resolution of an ultrasonic probe is:
A. dependent on the range calibration on a flaw detector

B. dependent on the orientation of the ultrasound beam to a defect
C. dAnenop.nt on thp. frAol Jp.nr.v of thf-, rrobe
D. n0~ af any importance in ultrasonics
11. In immersion testing of aluminium, using water as a couplant, the critical angle of incidence for
longitudinal waves is approximately:
A. 8 degrees
B. 14 degrees
C. 26 degrees
D. 32 degrees
12 Beam divergence is a function of the dimensions of the crystal and the

wavelength of the beam transmitted through a medium and:
A. increases if frequency or crystal diameter is decreased

B. decreases if frequency or crystal diameter is decreased
C. increases if frequency is increased and crystal diameter is decreased
D. decreases if frequency is increased and crystal.diameter is decreased
13. While testing a component, an operator notices a severe drop in the amplitude of the back wall
echo, on the flaw detector A-scan display. This is probably caused by:
A. a loss of couplant between the probe and the surface of the component
B. a change in the shape of the component
C. a discontinuity. the reflective face of which, is badly oriented to the beam
D. all of the above are possible explanations.
TWI UTCW8 2
14. Setting sensitivity level is:
A. the care that an operator takes in preparing for a component examination

B. the measurement of surface condition and its affect on the amplitude of a back wall echo
C. the determination of the size of the smallest indication that can be guaranteed will be found
D. the setting of a signal amplitude, from a reflector of known size, to a specified amplitude.
15. The higher the frequency of a transducer the:
A. greater the beam spread and depth of penetration

B. iess the beam spread and the greater the sensitivity and resolution
C. less the ultrasound beam attenuates, thus increasing penetration
D. less the sensitivity and the greater the penetration.
16. The choice of a couplant is largely dependent upon the:
A. Test specimen grain structure

B. Geometry or shape of the test specimen
C. Surface condition of the test specimen
D. Test specimen size.
17. A range of angles of ultrasonic beams are used in the examination of a

component:
A. to try to ensure that all orientations of defects are detected

B. only if that component contains a weld
C. only if the orientation of the defect within the component has to be determined
D. if access can only be gained from one side of the component.
18. Ultrasonic probes containing a single crystal can be used as:
A. transmitters only
B. receivers only
C. transmitters and receivers
D. all of the above
19. In resonance testing, indications may be obtained either at the fundamental

resonant frequency or at which are multiples of the
fundamental frequency.
A. Multiple reflections
B. Harmonics
C. Antinode
D. An electron counter
20. A testing technique in which the crystal is parallel to the test surface 8nd ultrasonic waves pnte r
the material being tested in a direction perpendicular to the test surface is:
A. Straight beam testing

B. Angle beam testing
C. Surface wave testing
D. None of the above
TWI UTCW8 3
21. During immersion testing of a weld a B-scan presentation system will show a:
A. "Plan" view of the weld, showing the area and position any defects as seen from the entry surface
B. Basic test pattern showing the height of indication and its location in depth from the entry surface
C. Cross-section of the weld, showing top and bottom surface of the block and the location of any
defects
D. None of the above.
22. Angle probes are identified by :
p... The refracted shear wave angle in Ule material under test.
B. The refracted compression wave angle in the material under test.
C. The reflected shear wave angle in the material under test.
D. The reflected compression wave angle in the material under test.
23. Another name for resonance testing is:
A. Pulse-echo testing
B. Through-transmission testing
C. Continuous wave testing
D. Surface wave testing
24. Most basic pulse-echo ultrasonic instruments use:
A. Automatic read-out equipment

B. An A-scan presentation
C. A B-scan presentation
D. A C-scan presentation
;5. Lar~a Lliameter, single crystal transducers are genere.lly:
A. Limited to high frequency testing

B. Limited to low frequency testing
C. Applicable for both high and low frequency testing
D. Used for testing above 10 megacycles only
TWI UTCW8 4
Students Name:
Date:
Question Answer Question Answer

No. No.
1 19
2 20
3 21
4 22
5 23
6 24
7 25
8 26
-'-'" - -
....
9 27
10 28
11 29
12 30
13 31
14 34
15 35
16
17
18
TWI UTCW8 5
Enter all answers on answer sheet
Note: You may need to read ahead in the notes to answer some of these questions.
1. An ultrasonic longitudinal wave travels in aluminium with a velocity of 635,000 cm/sec and has a
frequency of 2 megahertz. The wavelength of this ultrasonic wave is:
A. 6.35 feet
8. 1.33 mm
C. 6.35 mm
J;r.' 3.17 mm
2. The velocity of sound waves is primarily dependent on :
A. The pulse length

B.. The frequency of the probe,
.v. The material in which the sound is being transmitted and the mode of vibration
3. Angle beam transducers are u_sed to:
A. Locate and evaluate discontinuities lying parallel to the surface of the test specimen
8. Locate and. evaluate discontinuities that lie parallel to the sound beam
."~' Detect discontinuities that are at 90 degrees to the sound beam
Q. Detect discontinuities in immersion testing.
,~. The procclss oi comparing an instrurrfcnt or devicewWl ~'"i .::'~andard is called:
A. Angulation
..y Calibration
C. Attenuation
D Correlation
5. Another name for a compression wave is:
A. Lamb wave
B. Shearwave
/ . Longitudinal wave
D. Transverse wave
6. A second name for Rayleigh waves is:
A. Shear waves
t::L Longitudinal waves
C:~./.
... Transverse waves
.p.
. Surface waves
7. A material used between the face of a search unit and the test surface to permit or improve the
transmission of ultrasonic vibrations from the search unit to the material being tested is called:
A...;A wetting agent

¥ Acouplant
C. An acoustic transmitter
D. A lubricant
TWI UT CW 1 Issue 0
8. The piezoelectric material in a probe, which vibrates to produce ultrasonic waves, is called:
A backing material
A.
A lucite wedge
8.
~ A transducer element or crystal
D. A couplant
9. Ultrasonic testing of a material where the probe is in direct contact with the material being tested is:
Compression wave testing

A.
Surface wave testing
8.
C. Angle beam testing
$. All of the above '
10. An advantage of using lithium sulphate in search units is that
A. It is one of the most efficient generators of ultrasonic energy

y It is one of the most efficient receivers of ultrasonic energy
C. It is soluble
D. It can withstand high temperatures
11. The probe shown in Figure 1 .is used for
__!\fiurface wave testing

:;;;t!: Angle beam testing
C. Immersion testing
D. Str'aight beam testing
Figure 1
12. Which of the following search units would contain the thinnest quartz crystal
A. A 1-megahertz search unit

B. A 5-megahertz search unit
C. A 15-megahertz search unit
)if. A 25-megahertz search unit
13. Snells law is used to calculate
K Refracted a'ngles
.,
B. Wavelength
C. Frequency
D. All of the above
TWI UT CW 1 Issue 0
14. Surface waves detect defects located
. / . Close to or at the surface

B. 1 wavelength below the surface
C. 3 wavelengths below the surface
D. At radii
15. When an ultrasonic beam passes through the interface of two dissimilar rr
velocities at an angle other than 90 degrees, a new angle of sound travel t
material due to:
A. Attenuation
B. Rarefaction
C. Compression
,. Refraction
16. Figure 2 illustrates a contact test on an 80mm aluminium block, using a nc '
probe and a calibrated range of 200mm. A discontinuity is located 60mm 1 ...
the screen representation for this is shown below. Whaf does indication A
.Llnitial pu~se
B. First discontinuity indication
C. First back surface reflection
D. Mode conversion
n I A B
\ +'
C D
\
E
\
Defect / ~.
\
\
...
-
0
I
1 2
I
3 4 5
I
6
~ 7
I
8
Screen calibrated to 200mm
Figure 2
17, What does indication B represent in Figure 2?
A~ront surface indication

J. First discontinuity indication
C. First back wall reflection
D. None of these
18. What does indication C represent in Figure 2?
A. Second back surface reflection

B. First discontinuity indication
C):;5econd discontinuity indication
y. First back wall reflection
TWI UT CW I Issue 0 3
19. What does indication 0 represent in Figure 2?
A. First discontinuity indication

Y Second indication of the discontinuity
D. Second back surface reflection
20. What does indication E represent in Figure 2?
A. FIrst discontinuity indication

B. Second discontinuity indication
C. First back wail reflection
,.Y Second back wall reflection
21 Most commercial ultrasonic testing is accomplished using frequencies between
A./1 and 25 Kilohertz

$.' 0.2 and 20 megahertz
C. 1 and 1,000 kilohertz
D. 15 and 100 megahertz
22. All other factors being equal, which of the following modes of vibration has the greatest velocity
A. Shear wave
B. Transverse wave
C. ~urface wave
~Longitudinal wave
23. Sound waves of a frequency beyond the hearing range of the human ear are referred to as
ultrasor.ic waves or vibrations and the term embraces 811 vibration waves of frequency qreatp.r than
appr.~ ~Imately:
/ . 20 ,000 hertz
B. 2 megahertz
C. 2 kilohertz
D. 200 kilohertz
24. In an A-scan presentation, the horizontal base line represents the:
A. Amount of reflected ultrasonic sound energy

B. Distance travelled by the search unit
.L Elapsed time or distance
25. In an A-scan presentation, the amplitude of vertical indications on the screen represent
/Amount of ultrasonic sound energy returning to the search unit

B. Distance travelled by the search unit
C. Thickness of material being treated
D. Elapsed time since the ultrasonic pulse was generated
lWI UT CW 1 Issue 0 4
TWI TRAINING AND CERTIFICA TION
Enter all answers on answer sheet
Note: You may have to read forward in the notes to find the answers to some questions.
1. The velocity of surface waves is approximately what fraction of that for shear waves in the same
material
A. two times
' i
B. four times l
C. ., one-half
/. nine-tenths
Probe
~mm [Ij
Water ...
~
Test
- Piece - 1----- ---
~
...
~
-- I~
Defect
~-
I I I I
A i3 c D
Figure 1
2. Figure 1 illustrates an immersion test of a 100mm block with a discontinuity located

60mm below the surf9ce~ In the CRT display, also shown, what does signal A represent (no
screen delay used) -
A. First front surface indication

~'v'- Initial pulse
C. First discontinuity indication
D. First back surface reflection
3. In Figure 1, indication B represents the
L First front surface indication

B. Initial pulse
D. First discontinuity reflection
4. In Figure 1, indication C represents the:
A. .r First front sdrface indication

/. First discontinuity indication
D. Second front surface indication
TWI UT CW 2 Isslie ()
5. In figure 1, indication 0 represents the
A. First discontinuity indication

B. First back surface reflection
C. Second front surface indication
D. Second discontinuity indication
6. In figure 1, the distance between indications A and B represents
A. The distance from the front surface of the block to the discontinuity
B. The distance from the front surface of the block to the back surface
,e': The water distance from the probe to the block
7. Under most circumstances, which of the following frequencies would result in the best resolving
power?
A. 1MHz
B. 5MHz
10MHz
8.
Y 25MHz
Which of the following materials of the same alloy is most likely to produce the greatest amount
of sound attenuation over a given distance?
A. A hand forg~
;",/B~ A coarse grained casting
C. An extrusion
D. The attenuation is equal in all materials
9. In contact testing, the entry surface indication is sometimes referred to as:
\A': The initial pulse

B. The main signal
C. Both A and B
10. A screen pattern containing a large number of low-level indications (often referred to as "grass")
could be caused by
A. A crack
B., A large inclusion
,,,,,,e: Coarse grained material
D. A gas pocket
11. A test method employing two separate search units on opposite s(des of the material is called
A. Contact testing
Surface wave testing
/.D.
Through-transmission testing
Lamb wave testing
12. The number of complete waves which pass a given point in a given period of time
(usually one second) is usually referred to as the:
A. Amplitude of a wave motion

B. ./ Pulse of a wave motion
S'-'
D.
Frequency of a wave motion
Wavelength of a wave motion
TWI UT CW 2 Issul! () 2
13. The boundary between two different materials in contact with each other is called:
A. A rarefaction
B. A refractor
,9< An interface
D. A marker
14. When the motion of the particles of a medium is parallel to the direction of propagation, the wave
being transmitted is called a:
,A. Longitudinal wave

B. Shear wave
C. Surface wave
D. Lamb wave
15. Any differences in acoustic impedance between adjacent media results in :
A. Attenuation
Refraction
/.D.
Reflection
Absorption
16. "25 million cycles per second" can also be stated as:
A. 25 kilohertz
B. 2500 kilohertz
G:
.....".
. 25 megahertz
D. 25 microhertz
17. Moving a probe over a test surface either manually or automatically is referred to as:
".A~ Scanning
B. Attenuation
C. Angulating
D. Resonating
18. A term used in ultrasonic inspec1ion to express the rate at which a wave passes through various
substances is:
\~
Frequency
Velocity
C. Wave length
D. Pulse length
19. When a vertical indication has reached a maximum signal height as viewed on the CRT of the
ultrasonic instrument, the indication is said to have reached its
A. Distance-amplitude height
B. Absorption level
.v
D.
Maximum amplitude
Limit of resolution
20. The decibel is :
An absolute measurement of sound

/'
C.
A logarithmic unit of comparison
An absolute unit of power
.,.
21. In Figure 2, angle e is called the:

1
/cl(' Angle of incidence

B. Angle of reflection
C. Angle of refraction
D. Angle of rarefaction
Air
B, B/
Steel
Figure 2
22. In Fi~re-2, angle ()2-is called-the:
A.' Angle of incidence

[3. Angle of reflection
C. Angle of refraction
23. In Figure 2, angle e is called the:

3
A. Angle of incidence
Angle of reflection
-~~
D.
Angle of refracti9n
None of the above
24. Which of the following test frequencies would generally provide the best penetration in a 12 inch
thick specimen of coarse-grained steel?
~ 1.0 MHz
B. 2.25 MHz
C. 5.0 MHz
D. 10 MHz
25. An ultrasonic test using a zero degree probe through the thickness of a flat part such as a plate,
should detect:
/B.. Laminar-type flaws with major dimensions parallel to the rolled surface
Transverse-type flaws with major dimensions at right angles to the rolled
surface
C. Radial flaws with major dimensions along length but radially oriented to the
rolled surface
TWJ LJT CW 2 /SSlIl: () 4

1. The time required to perform one complete cycle is called the:
,..,1!!(' Period
B. Frequency
C. Wavelength
D. Velocity
2. Ultrasonic vibrations are generally defined as having a frequency above:
A. / 5,000 cps
~T
20,000 cps
C. 100,000 cps
D. 1,000,000 cps
3. Wavelength is defined as:
distance a wave travels to the back surface of the specimen

~
The
The distance a wave form advanced while a particle makes on complete vibration or orbit
C. The number of cycles produced per second .
D. The time required for a wave to reach a certain point in the specimen
4. A definite relationship exists among the three factors; velocity, frequency and
wavelength. This relationship is expressed by the formula.
A. F=AxV
B. V = AI F
vR:" F = VIA
D. A =V- F
5. Acoustic impedance is defined as

/'
/. The product of material density and wave velocity
B. The ratio of material density to wave velocity
C. The ratio of wave velocity to sound density
D. The product of wave velocity and frequency
6. The purpose of a couplant is to:
A. Filter undesirable reflections from the specimen

B. Tune transducer to the correct operating frequency
~
Reduce attenuation within the specimen
Transmit ultrasonic waves from the transducer to the specimen.
7. A couplant can be:
A. Water
B. Oil
A plastic material
Y All of these
TWI UT CW3 Issue 0

8. The formula expressing the angle of refraction of a sound beam passing from one material to
another is:
A. Sin a = Velocity a
Sin b Velocity b
B. Sin a x Velocity b = Velocity a

Sin b
c. Sin a x Velocity a = Velocity b

Sin b
/'
, .;rI' Both A and B are correct
9. The angle of reflection of an ultrasonic beam is:
A. Equal to the angle of incidence

B. Approximately four times the angle of incidence
C. Approximately half the angle of the incidence
D. Equal to the angle of refraction
10. Longitudinal (compression) waves produce vibrations which are:
IA.' In the same direction as the motion of the sound

"'''"B. Perpendicular to the motion of the sound
C. Elliptical
D. Symmetrical
11. Shepf'or transverse waves are described as having:
Particle motion normal (90) to direction of propagation and a velocity

approximately half that of longitudinal waves
wavelengths when propagating through water.
C. A velocity approximately twice that of surface waves in the direction of
propagation
D. Particle motion perpendicular (90) to the direction of propagation and no
attenuation in water.
12. Ultrasonic waves transmitted in fluids such as water are usually:
A. Lamb waves
B. Rayleigh waves
C. Shear waves
y. Longitudinal waves
13. When the angle of incidence for a longitudinal wave exceeds the critical angle:
~
Longitudinal wave mode will be at its maximum amplitude in the specimen
Longitudinal wave mode will be totally reflected
C. Shear wave mode will be totally reflected
D. Longitudinal wave mode only will be transmitted into the specimen.
TWI UT CW3 Issue 0 2

14. The amount of beam divergence from a quartz crystal is primarily dependent on:
A. Type of test
B. Tightness of crystal backing in the search unit
/~. Frequency and crystal size
D. Pulse length
15. The perspex insert in the IIW calibration block is equivalent to what thickness of steel:
A. 100mm
B~' 50mm
C. 25mm
D. 23mm
16. Transducers used in the majority of ultrasonic inspections exibit which effect:
A. Magnetostrictive
;,.p-ff Piezoelectric
C. Electromechanical
D. Thermomagnetic
17. The zone in an ultrasonic beam where fluctuations in sound intensity exist is referred to as :
Dead zone
~
C.
Near field
Far field
D. Beam axis
18. If frequency is increased wavelength will :
A., Increase
,/8: Decrease
C. Remain the same but velocity increases
D. Remain the same but velocity decreases
19. The principle of ultrasonic resonance is commonly used for:
A. Locating large discontinuities

B. Locating porosity
,.~ Measuring wall thickness
20. The primary purpose of reference blocks is:
A. To aid the operator in obtaining maximum back reflection
~~?
To obtain the greatest sensitivity possible from an instrument
To obtain a common reproducible reference standard
21. The piezo-electric material in the probe:
A. Converts electrical energy to mechanical energy

Converts mechanical energy to electrical energy
2 D.
Both A. and B.
Neither A. nor B.

"
22. The gradual loss of energy as ultrasonic vibrations travel through a material is referred to as:
A. Reflection
B. Refraction
C. Reproducibility
ftc Attenuation
23. A general term applied to all cracks, inclusions, blow holes etc which cause a
reflection of ultrasonic energy is:
A:,.' A dispenser
.".8". A discontinuity
C. An aUenuator
D. A refractor
24. In what type of ultrasonic inspection are waves transmitted into the test material in the form of
repetitive shock vibrations:
L Pulse-echo testing
B. Continuous~ave testing
C. Resonance testing
25. The angle formed by an ultrasonic wave as it enters a medium of different characteristics than the
one from which it came and a line drawn perpendicular to the interface between the two media is
called: "
yr.
C.
The
The
The
angle
angle
angle
of incidence
of refraction
of rarefaction l
('
D. The angle of reflecflon \'( t

_
\ ~,'¥A- "\;~
....._ _ _ <,

ULTRASONIC COURSEWORK 4
1. Low frequency probes provide
,,,/K.' Better penetration

B, Better resolution
C. Higher sensitivity
D. All of the above
2. The angular position of the reflecting surface of a discontinuity with respect to the entry surface is
referred to as:
A. The angle of incidence

B." The angle of refraction
,.e: The orientation of the discontinuity
3. The phenomenon by which a wave strikes a boundary and changes the direction of its
p~?pagation is referred to as: ..
A. Divergence
B. Rarefaction
C. Angulation
,.j:>: Reflection
4. Which of the following crystals occurs naturally:
,ftr. Quartz
~ B. LeCl,d metaniobate
C. Barium titanate
D. Polarised plastic
5. In general, which of the following modes of vibration would have the greatest penetration poWer in
a coarse-grained material if the frequency of the waves were the same?
,,/
"'.-I'
~Ifff. Longitudinal
B. Shear
C. Transverse
D. All of the above modes would have the same penetrating power
6. The angle at which 90 refraction of the particle mode is reached is called:
~
The normal angle of incidence
The critical angle
C. The angle of maximum reflection
7. The ratio between the wave speed in one material and the wave speed in a second material is
called:
A. The acoustic impedance of the interface

B. Young's modulus
~
Poisson's ratio
Index of Refraction
TWI UT CW 4 Issue 0
8. The expansion and contraction of a magnetic material under the influence of a
changing magnetic field is referred to as:
A. Piezoelectricity
B. _ Refraction
/C~· Magnetostriction
D. Rarefaction
9. Which factor determines the amount of reflection at the interface of two dissimilar materials?
A. The index of refraction

B. The frequency of the ultrasonic wave
C. Young's modulus
,V",l The specific acoustic impedance difference
1O. Which of the following can occur when an ultrasonic beam reaches the interface of two
dissimilar materials?
A. Reflection
B. Refraction
Mode conversion
7. All of the above
11. When inspecting aluminium by the immersion method using water for a couplant, the following
information is known:
Velocity of sound in water - 1 .49 x 105 cm/sec and the angle of incidence = 5degrees.
The angle of refraction for longitudinal waves is approximately:
/22
B. 18
C. 26 M '-.
D. 16
12. The most efficient sound transmitter of the piezoelectric materials listed below is:
A. Lithium sulphate
B. Quartz
$. Barium titanate
D. Silver oxide
13. The most efficient sound receiver of the piezoelectric materials listed below is:
/. Lithium sulphate
B. Quartz
C. Barium titanate
D. Silver oxide
14. When a beam of ultrasound strikes an interface between two materials the energy transmitted
across the interface is:
Equal to the energy reflected from the interface

Equal to the energy incidence upon the interface
Equal to the difference between incident and reflected energy
None of the above
15. The ratio of the velocities of shear waves to compression waves in a material:
,,"/:(. Is less than one

B. Is greater than one
C. Depends on the frequency
D. Depends on the wavelength
16. The fundamental frequency of quartz crystal is primarily the function of:
A. The length of the applied voltage pulse

B. The amplifying characteristics of the pulse amplified in the instrument
2:" The thickness of the quartz crystal
17. The acoustic impedance of a material is:
A. Directly proportional to density and inversely proportional to velocity

B. Directly proportional to velocity and inversely proportional to density
~/ Inversely proportional to density and velocity
,,..;u. Equal to the product of density and velocity
18. The proGess of comparing_an instnJ-'Ilent with (,;Lstandard is referred to as: .,
A. Angulation
B. Scanning
C. 'Correcting for distance-amplitude ,variations
, D. Calibration
19. An electron tube in which a beam of electrons from the cathode is used to reproduce an image on
a fluorescent screen at the end of the tube is referred to as:
A. An amplifier tube
B./" A pulser tube
Y.
D.
A cathode ray tube
A sweep tube
20. A short burst of alternating electrical.energy is called:
A. A continuous wave
B. A peaked dc voltage
C./ An ultrasonic wave
Y' A pulse
21. In ultrasonic testing, the time duration of the transmitted pulse is referred to as:
/. The pulse length or pulse width

B. The pulse amplitude
C. The pulse shape
22. With frequency remaining constant the length of the near field will decrease if :
~' Probe diameter increases

Probe diameter decreases
C. Beam spread increases
D. Quartz is utilised as the transducer
23. The coated inside surface of the large end of a cathode ray tube becomes
luminous when struck by an electron beam is called:
A. An electron gun
B. An electron amplifier
-Y:"/ A CRT screen
D. An electron counter
24. Which of the following modes of vibration will produce the shortest wavelength pulse at a given
frequency and in a given material?
A. Longitudinal wave
B. Compressional wave
C. ~ Shear wave
P Surface wave
25. In general, shear waves are more sensitive to small discontinuities than
longitudinal waves for a given frequency and in a given material because:
The wavelength of shear waves is shorter than that of longitudinal

Shear waves are not as easily dispersed in the material
The direction of particle vibration for shear waves is_morasensitive to--~
discontinuities
D. The wavelength of shear waves is longer than the wavelength of
longitudinal waves.
TWI TRAINING & EXAMINA TIONS
Ultrasonic Inspection Level 2 Final Theory Exam
Zone A
n
I
Zone B
Figure 1
1. Zone A ;:, figure 1, is feferred to as
a. Near zone .../'"

b. Close zone
c. Dead zone
d. Frau zone
2. Zone B in figure 1,is referred to as
a. Beam zone
b. Long zone
c. Distant zone
d. Far zonev
3. Which of the following would be classified as an immersion type test
a. A tank in which the search unit and test piece are immersed
b. A squirter-bubbler method in which the sound is transmitted in a
column of flowing water
c. Scanning with a wheel type search unit with the transducer inside a
liquid filled tyre
d. All of the above./'
4. The angle at which 90 refraction of the particle mode is reached is called:
a. The normal angle of incidence

b. The critical angle ,/
c. The angle of maximum reflection
d. None of the above
.\1\/1 l i T or- 1 __ .. _ 1'\

5. The expansion and contraction of a magnetic material under the influence of a changing
magnetic field is referred to as:
a. Piezoelectricity
b. Refraction
c. Magnetostriction . /
d. Rarefaction
6. Which of the following can occur when an ultrasonic beam reaches the interface of two
dissimilar materials?
.:... ReflectiDn
b. Refraction
c. Mode conversion
d. All of the above ../
7. Which of the following search units would contain the thinnest crystal
a. 5MHz
b. 2MHz
c. 10MHz
d. 25M Hz/.
8. If a probe has an angle of 60 degrees when inspecting steel, what affect would changing the
material being inspected have upon the angle:
a. None, probe angle is independent of material

b. It would depend on the couplant used
c. It would de~e(i":; 0n ~he f. 0~u~,i~y lJI the probe
d. The probe angle would be changed ../'
9. For shear waves the motion of the particles relative to the direction of propagation is
a. Parallel
b. At 90 degrees-./
c. Elliptical
d. Oblique
10. In through transmission testing the search units configuration is
a. 2 separate units on opposite sides of the material under inspection . /

b. 2 separate units on the same side of the material
c. One search unit transmitting and receiving
d. 2 units in the same probe
11. Which of the following is not a part of an ultrasonic search unit
a. Pulse generator
b. Time base
c. Search coil . /
d. Attenuator
12. When a signal is reduced to 25 % of its maximum, it is said to have been reduced by :
a. 20dB
b. 12dB .,/
c. 6dB
d. 2dB
13. A compression wave in perspex is incident upon an perspex Isteel interface at an angle of 40
degrees the angle of the refracted shear wave will be
a. 60 degrees
b. 55 degrees
c. 45 degrees
d. 50 degrees -/
Assume Compo Velocity in perspex = 2680 m/sec

Shear velocity in steel = 3230 m/sec
14. Frequer.cy is equ31 to
a. Velocity x Wavelength
b. Velocity I Wavelength/"
C. Wavelength I Velocity
d. Velocity x Wavelength
15. For a 6MHz compression wave (velocity 5900m/sec) in steel the wavelength is
a. 1.10
b. 1.01../
c 0.8
d. 2.3
16. The primary purpose of reference blocks is:
a. To aid the operator in obtaining maximum back reflection

r To ob~_-~:; tt'::: ~;83tOSt z(:nsit1'/;ty pU8s;~le from an instrument
C. To obtain a common reproducible reference standard . /
17. Attenuation of a sound wave as it travels through a material is due to
a. Absorption
b. Scatter
C. Beam spread
d. a and b ...........
18. A piezo electric crystal in an ultrasonic probe
a. Converts electrical energy to ultrasound

b. Converts ultrasound to electrical energy
C. Both a and b .,.
d. Enables probe frequency to be varied
19. The acoustic impedance of a material is:
a. Directly proportional to density and inversely proportional to density.

b. Directly proportional to velocity and inversely proportional to density
C. Inversely proportional to density and velocity
d. Equal to the product of density and velocity . /
20. Wavelength is defined as:
a. The distance a wave travels to the back surface of the specimen

b. The distance a wave form advanced while a particle makes on complete vibration or . /
orbit
C. The number of cycles produced per second
d. The time required for a wave to reach a certain point in the specimen
T\lIIIIIT r-r- 1 __ .. _ r'\
21. In ultrasonic testing, the duration of the transmitted pulse is referred to as
a. The pulse length or pulse width /

b. The pulse amplitude
c. The pulse shape
22. The types of waves used in ultrasonic testing are characterised by:
a. The amplitude of the waveform

b. The velocity of the waveform
r. Tl,e direction of the maleculesvafthe' material with respect to the direction af
propagation ./
d. The pressure difference per unit path length.
23. In a liquid, the only mode of vibration that can exist is:
a. Longitudinal ./
b. Shear
c. Both (a) and (b) above
d. Surface wave
crystal:
a. decreases v
b. remains unchanged
c. increases
25. All other factors being equal which of the following modes of vibration has the lowest velocity
a. Shear wave
b. Transverse <P
c. Longitudinal wave
d. Surface wave ,/
26. Which of the following would produce the best penetration of a 12 inch thick specimen of
coarse grained steel
a. 2MHz
b. 5MHz
c. 3 MHz
d. 1MHz ,,/
27. A large difference in the acoustic impedance of 2 materials at an interface will lead to
/"
a. More sound being reflected than transmitted
b. High energy losses due to attenuation
c. Less sound being reflected than transmitted
d. Refraction of the shear wave mode at 90 degrees
28. The purpose of a couplant is to:
a. Filter undesirable reflections from the specimen

b. Tune transducer to the correct operating frequency""""'"
c. Reduce attenuation within the specimen
d. Transmit ultrasonic waves from the transducer to the specimen.
,III/I I I , r-r- 1 __ .. _ 1"'1

29. A couplant can be:
a. Water
b. Oil
c. A plastic material
d. All of these· ./
30. The acoustic impedance of a material is used to:
a. Determine the angle of refraction at an interface

b. Determine the attenuation within a material
Determinp the re!atj'.fe, amounts cOt sound energy <~::>upled through and jetloded"utan'
interface
d. Determine the beam spread within a material
31. The angle of reflection of an ultrasonic beam is:
a. Equal to the angle of incidence ./'

b. Approximately four times the angle of incidence
c. Approximately half the angle of the incidence
d. Equal to the angle of refraction
32. The amount of beam divergence from a probe is primarily dependent on:
a. Type of test
b. Tightness of crystal backing in the search unit
c. Frequency and crystal size ../
d. Pulse length
33. In angle beam contact testing, increasing the incident angle until the second critical angle is
reached results in:
a. Total reflection of the surface wave

b. 45 degree refraction of the shear wave
c. Production of a surface wave/
34. Which law can be used to calculate the angle of refraction within a metal for both longitudinal
and shear waves?
a. Poisson's law
b. Snell's law .,/
c. Fresnel's field law
d. Charles' law
35. In which zone does the amplitude of an indication form a given discontinuity diminish
exponentially as the distance increase?
a. Far field zone . /

b. Near field zone
c. Dead zone
d. Fresnel zone
36. The ratio of the velocity of sound in water compared to that for aluminium or steel is
approximately:
a. 1:4 J'
b. 1 :2
c. 1:8
d. 1 :3
TIIIII I IT rf":: I~~ •. ~ {'\
37. The smallest detectable defect in steel using a 5MHz compression probe is:
Compression velocity in steel: 5900m/sec
a. 1.18mm
b. O.59mm
c. O.84mm
d. 0.42mm
38. The near field in steel for a 2MHz ,1 Omm diameter compression probe is:
a. 8.47mm
h 84 75rYlrP
c. 9.25mm
d. 33.9mm
39. What angle would be produced by a standard 60 degree angle probe when testing copper?
Shear wave velocity in steel: 3200m/sec.
Shear wave velocity in copper: 2260m/sec
Compression wave velocity in perspex : 2700m/sec
a. 40.5 degrees
b. 37.7 degrees',//'
c. 35.2 degrees
d. 52 degrees
40. High frequency probes give:
a. Better resolution
b. !=',....ttpr :--",...,C'~,.- ,4-'0"'"
c. Lower sensitivity
d. All of the above
SPECIFIC
41. A general term applied to all cracks, inclusions, blow holes etc. which cause a reflection of
ultrasonic energy is:
a. A dispenser
b. A discontinuity
c. An attenuator
d. A refractor
42. According to BS 3923 part 1, which of the following examination levels represents the lowest
level of sensitivity
a. Exam level 3
b. Exam level 2
c. SDHt0100% ~
d. Exam level 1
43. When examining a component with an angled probe, stand off refers to the:
a. distance between the centre line of the weld and the index point of the probe
b. distance between the centre line of the weld and the front of the probe
c. range from the surface to the root of the weld
d. none of the above
T\I\II I IT CC I~~,,~ n
44. An imperfection exhibiting pattern 1 for depth and pattern 2 for lateral scan and showing a
rapid fall off on swivelling of the probe is likely to be
a. Linear porosity
b. Lack of side wall fusion
c. Cracking
/0. A fine slag line
\,
45. The maximum amplitude technique if sizing can be used for
a. Accurate measurement of all defects

b All defects exhibiting pattern t or t1
c. Planar defects
v;r: All defects showing pattern 3a or 3b defects
46. When carrying out a fixed root scan on a 25mm thick weld with a 60 degree probe the stand
off to the weld centre line will be
/~/
, .6'/
'v u . 43mm
b. 33mm
c. 50mm
d. 60mm
47. According to BS 3923 part 1, personnel performing ultrasonic inspections shall be
a. Qualified to PCN Level 1 as a minimum

b. Qualified to a level and category agreed by contracting parties
c. Qualified to PCN Level 2 as a minimum
d. C"_~;::,r ~•.,iC'sd ;.~':/ 3 PSN 'eve! 2.
48. The accuracy of the 6 dB sizing technique is dependant upon what factor
a. The defect being smaller than the beam width at the range detected
b. The accuracy of the beam spread plot
~y The defect being wider than the beam width at the range detected
d. The defect being either pattern 3a or 3b
49. An indication detected with a 70 degree probe at a range of 33mm in a 30mm thick weld is at
what depth from the top surface
,<
\",e. 11mm
b. 8mm
c. 15mm
d. 22mm
50. BS 2704 covers what aspect of ultrasonic inspection
a. Calibration blocks
b. Probe checks
c. The Testing and specifying of quality for steel plate
d. Surface roughness
51. When inspecting a single v butt weld with a root angle of 60 degrees, which of the following
probes would you select for the detection of fusion face defects
a. 60
b. 70
c. 45
d. 38
""fl/l I I,.. r-r- 1 __ . . _ ,....

52. Unless otherwise specified the maximum surface roughness permissible to BS3923 part 1 is :
a. 3.2 micro Ra
b. 6.3 micro Ra
c. 3.2 micro CLA
d. 4.5 micro Ra
53. Echodynamic pattern 3B represents
a. large irregular reflector at normal incidence

b. large irregular reflector at oblique incidence
r I:=!r~j;l irr9gular reflec t 0 r at obliq' i..,Gir:le""c?
I,",
54. What is the range of thickness of fusion welded joints that BS 3923 part 1 covers:
a. 6 - 200mm
b. 6 - 250 mm
c. 6 - 150 mm
d. 6 - 100mm
55. BS 3923 part 1 recommends the use of 20 degree shear wave probes for:
a. Critical root scans

b. Half skip inspection to check for LOSWF
c. . Detection of planar defects perpendicular to the weld in the HAZ
J< None of the above
'j. Tra . d+r~<'...,n;t'" f. ...-+ t"V)".~+h("", in \.~/hich finger damping i, most effect: .. c :1'1 :OC3!;;;~ tl-;::; ;;~f;:t;0r. (Ji'
a discontinuity is:
a. Shear wave
b. Longitudinal wave
c. Surface wave
d. Compression wave
57. During straight beam testing, test specimens with non-parallel front and back surfaces can
cause:
a. Partial loss of back reflection

b. No loss in back reflection
c. A widened(broad) back surface reflection
d. A focused (narrow) back surface reflection
58. Compensation for the variation in echo height related to variations in discontinuity depth in the
test material is known as:
a. Transfer
b. Attenuation
c. Distance amplitude correction
d. Interpretation
59. Which of the following is a reference reflector that is not dependant on beam angle?
a. A flat bottomed hole

b. A vee notch
A side drilled hole which is parallel to the plate surface and perpendicular to the sound
path
A disc shaped laminar reflector
T\I\II I IT CC I~~,,~ {'\

60. When scanning with a zero degree compression probe over a smooth flat discontinuity whose
major plane is not perpendicular to the direction of sound propagation, its presence may be
indicated by:
a. An echo amplitude comparable in magnitude to the back surface reflection

b. A complete loss of back surface reflection
c. An echo amplitude larger in magnitude than the back surface reflection
d. All of the above
61. Which of the following is regarded as a planar fault
3. Lack of side wall fus:or.

b. Porosity
c. Tungsten inclusions
d. Worm holes
62 Which of the following will give rise to cracking problems in ferritic steels
a. Hydrogen
b. Oxygen
c. Manganese
d. Nickel
63. Fatigue cracking will occur under which conditions
a. Static loading at room temperature

b. Static loading at high temperatures
c. Compressive loading
~
C~":~lc !c3d!ng
64. Which of the following is not a manual welding process
a. Electro-slag
b. TIG
c. MMA
d. Flux cored MIG
65. A temporary backing bar is used to :
a. maintain root alignment

b. control root penetration
c. reduce porosity
d. more easily spread excess heat
66. Excessive speed of travel in MMA welding may result in :
a. Slag inclusions
b. Porosity
c. Excess penetration
d. Lack of fusion ..,/
67. Crater cracking in a weld run has the appearance of :
a. Straight indication perpendicular to the weld

b. Straight indications along the centre of the weld cap
c. Spherical indications
d. Star shaped indications /
,11\/1 I I, r- r- 1_ _ . _ r.
68. Small welds used to maintain alignment of the edges of a preparation before welding are
called:
a. Tack welds "

b. Seal welds
c. Stop - start welds
d. Set up welds
69. Solidification cracks occur most commonly in which part of a weld?
a. parent material
b. HAZ
c. weld centre line /
d. any of the above
70. Fatigue cracks in welds are most likely to be found:
a. only at the weld centre line

b. only at the weld toe
c. at a stress raiser ./
d. none of the above
TWI Training & Examination Services
WELDING TECHNOLOGY
1. Consumable electrode, flux shielded, manual process is a description of

which welding process:
a. TIG
8. MMA a
....---..> .•.
V
c. Submerged arc
d. MIG
2. An argon purge is frequently used when welding stainless steel welds by

the TIG process. The purpose is to
/
increase deposition rates

avoid incomplete penetration
dissipate excess heat
mix with weld metal to increase strength
3. MMA, TIG and MIG welding processes share a common source of energy
for the process of welding, is it
a.
b. ~·;;ectrical
resistance
~
electric arc
electron beam
4. Slag inclusions are never found in welds produced by which of the

following processes?
a. MMA
b. Electroslag
c. Submerged arc
/
V
ld.\ TIG
\_. .,,1
5. Electroslag welding can be distinguished from the MMA, TIG and MIG
welding processes by what factor?
//
/
a. its use of gas shielding
b. the use of consumable electrodes
c. the high degree of operator skill employed
® the use of electrical resistance as its heat source
Welding Tech Issue 0 3/98

6. A welding process chosen for high quality welds but offering low
deposition rates and requiring a high degree of operator skills is
a. MMA
b. MIG
c. TIG
d. Submerged arc
7. Which of the following is a weld defect
{ a. } porosity
'lr./ heat tear
c. lamination
d. burst
8. Aluminium is commonly welded by which of the following processes

'~'j
·CV TIG
b. Submerged arc
c. Electroslag
d. MMA
9. Entrapped gas in the MMA welding process will give rise to
a. ~2:, ... sity

b. lack of fusion
c. lack of penetration
d. undercut
10. Tungsten inclusions are commonly found in welds produced by which

method
a. Electroslag
b. MIG
(§) TIG
d. MMA
11. Solidification cracks occur most commonly in which part of a weld?

//
a. parent material /
b.
i~
HAZ ,//
\.S,:i weld centre line
a. any of the above
Welding Tech Issue 0 2 3/98

12. Fatigue cracks in welds are most likely to be found:
a. only at the weld centre line

b. only at the weld toe
, c., at a stress raiser
-a. none of the above
1~
IV. A temporary backing bar is used to:
L/
a. maintain root alignment
~) control root penetration
reduce porosity
d. more easily spread excess heat
14. Which of the following is most likely to occur in submerged arc welding:
Tungsten inclusions
Lack of root fusion
Lack of side wall fusion
Porosity
-( \)
15. Welding on rolled steel plate with poor through thickness ductility can
result in which of the following:
a. Sla~ !r'~clusions
b.· Root cracking
( c. Lamellar tearing
\~a.
Cold shuts
16. Welds and weldments have been known to develop cracks long after
cooling but prior to being used in service. The principle cause for such
cracks is:
a. corrosion at high temperatures

b. scattered porosity in the weld
improper selection of base material /
® excessive residual stress
'17. Loss of Qas shieiuir Iy in the fviAGS welding process can reSUlt In:
)1\
l~~/
c.
d.
centre line cracking
uniform porosity
excess penetration
distortion
I
18. Distortion of a weld through lack of restraint is due to:
a. hot tears
b. porosity
c. electrode material t,./
, d. contraction stresses
19. Accidental arcing between the electrode and the parent material away
from the weld can result in:
Small hard spots on the surface of the parent material

Spatter
Shrinkage
Sharp notches on the surface of the parent material
20. A welding process which employs carbon dioxide or a mixture of carbon

dioxide and argon for the gas shield around a solid wire electrode fed from
a reel is:
a. MMA
b.
/y"
TIG
(S.) MIG or MAGS
d. Eler,troslag
21. In which of th8 welding processes shown would you not expect tu find slag
inclusions?
r::.--' TIG
~~J MIG
c. MAG
d. All of the above
22. BS 499 covers what aspect of welding

(~.
Welding symbols
\9)
b.
c.
The MMA welding process
Welder qualification test
J
d. Welding procedure testing
/
23. In MMA welding the heat from the arc melts:-
a.
b.
the flux coating
the parent metal
the consumable electrode
tI /
all of the above

24. Root concavity is caused by:-
a. insufficient arc energy

b. root gap too small
c. too long an arc
d., all of the above
25. Welding current controls:-
depth of penetration ./
/
electrode burn off rate ,/'
cooling rate tI
both a) and b)
26. Excess penetration, undercut and porosity are d~cts associated with:-
too high a welding amperage /

too Iowa welding amperage V''·,?
c. too high a welding voltage
d. too Iowa welding voltage
27. Too high a speed of travel when welding will result in:-
a. excessive ~9position
b. poor fusion /"
~.
'd.
cold laps
both a) and b)
;:
/'\
/
28. Which of the following is an advantage of the MIG welding process
compared to MMA:-
a. less maintenance of equipment

b. less risk of porosity ~//
c. less risk of lack of fusion
f'ci. faster welding process
\.~-".,
29. A back purge is utilised in TIG welding for what purp~e:-
@ to prevent coking of the weld metal • /

b. to reduce porosity V
c. to avoid cracking
d. to increase deposition rates

30. Shielding of the molten weld pool in TIG welding utilises which of the
following gases:
a. argon
b. helium
c.. oxygen
d. a) and b)
e. all of the above
31. A welding process offering high deposition rates and utilising a flux
shielding is:
a. TIG
b~. MIG
submerged arc
oxyacetylene
32. In electroslag welding the heat required to produce is provided primarily

by:
( a. electrical resistance
b. electric arc
c. voltages
....
-I
ele. ,jon beam
33. Hydrogen induced cracking requires which of the following to be present in

order to occur:
a~ residual stresses
b. ~ydrogen
c. susceptible grain structure
d. all of the above
34. Which of the following is a weld de~ct?
{a.
""b.
Porosity
Hot tear
J
c. Lamination
d. Burst
35. Fatigue cracks in welds are more likely to be found:-
cp
a.
b.
Only at the weld centre line
Only at the weld toe
At a stress raiser
At none of the above
I
"
-.,op. ~
8. \'1hich of the iollowing is not valid :in describing the purpose served by
back:ing naterial behind the piezoelectric element jn a transducer?
a. The backing caterial absorbs ultrasonic energy end.tted from",the
back surface" of the element.
b. The backing naterial provides for th e proper amoont of crystal damping •
. ~~ It converts the retum:ing impulses into electrical signals.
d. It mamtains proper alienme'lt of the element.
9. When using two separate search units (one a transmitter, the other
a receiver), the most etri~ient \canbination would be :
a. Quartz tran~mitt er and barium titanate receiver
J~. Barium titanate transmitter and lithhmL sulphat e receiver
c. Lithium sulphate transmitter and barium titanate receiver
d •. Barium titanate transmitter ani quartz receiver.
10. A testing techniqUe in which the crystal or transducer' is parall~l to the

test surface and ultrasarl.~ waves enter the ~teriaJ. being tested :in a
direct-ion perpeooicular to the test surface is : ~
...?,,/ Straight b~m b. AnGle beam c. Surface wave d. None of 3, b & c.
11. On e advantage of using double probe is

a. Increased SEnsitivity of t estmg
b. Less noise level
IZ. Reduced near zone effect
d. Can be used on thick na.terials
12. A Cross talk echo In T!! Probe is caused because

a. Energr travelline throu{~h coupling ma:lium
b. Energy travell.hlg throogh acoustic 8~paration lAyer at Hi:il t~ain
c. No cr<?ss talk echo should apt' ear with TR Probe
<;!_ Both I a l & I b l
13. An angulation ~iven to tho perspex Block in TR/SE probe is called

a. Angle of :incidence ~'Roof an..~le c. None of la l or 'be
14. A groupine of a number of crystals :in cne search unit, with all
ccctact surfaces in the Sar.le plane, and vibrating :in phase t-lith
each other to act as a sirIEle transducer is callEd a : I
a. FocussinG crystal Q. Crystal mosaic

.
c. Scrubber d. I':anipulator
~
'"
15. UlLrasooic wheel. units may be used for which of the folloHing tYP2S of
eX31nination ?
.),. StraiGht or lonGitudinal. b. Angle be.1m or shear wave
c. Su rfac e or R.ayleigh. -%./ 4.11
c ot.· the above
16. \-lhen U511lg focussEd transducers, n<n-synmetty in a propa.'gation

sound beam may be ca~sed by :
a. backing material vibrations ~. Porosity in lenses
c. lena centering or" misaligbment. ~ all of the above
17. Increasjng the 1ength of the pulse used to activate the search unit will :
-.v.. increase the st~ength of the ultrasrund but decrease the resolv1ne
p"'" er of the jnstrummt
b. increase the resolving po-..-:er of t~e instrument
c. have no effect 00 the test
d. decrease the pmetrat:ion of the soond wave.
18. The a.bility to resolve two discontinuities at different depths ~'Iould be

1mpro vaj by :
a. decreasjng the frequency .0. shortEning the pulse duration
c. increasjng the amplitude d. none of the abova
19. ·.lhich of the follot-l:ing test systE!Il has the best nea.rLrcsolution at tha same l-'''~<4~C
fre~~uer~cies ?
:"I.. Strai&l)t beam probe 'jl/ith rubber mer!1brane

>.~ straight beam probe '1lith perspcx delay
c. Strai.cht beam probe without protectmg r.ta:1bl"'lne
d. Strai~;ht be3J:1 probe with high pulse strenGth
20. .Jlich of the follo\·rmg is a. correct statemmt ?

.~. T T'd.nsducer that can detect a discont:L'1uity close to the surface
is sa:id to have good resolving power.
·b. Focussed transducers are often used for shear wave ins0ection of
\4elqoo plate due to the increased penetration. -
'~. A double probe can only be used :in the lor.eitudinal wave oode
d. ",:ith double probe, the 5ensitivit~·· is increased 'because bot!.
elenents are receivin:~ and send:in·-- sound enert:y.
21. The resolution at frequency of 6 J.IHz canpared to 4 HHz is

a. equal b. worse c. betLer_ ti. other th~n ~, b or c.
).
I
""
22. l~echanical & electrical stability J insolubility in liquids, and

resiS'tance to at;:ing are three advanta.l.:es of search units conta:ining
transducers made of : .
a., Lithium sulphate b. Barium titanate
,fC;' Quartz d. Rochelle Salt.
23. The ability of tra'1sducers to detect echoes from small defects is a

def:in3.tion :for:
a. resolution ~/-Sensitivity c. defmation d. eain
24. Under mo.c> t circumstances, which of the followiJl[. frequenciestJould

result in the best resolvin~ power ? oJ.- ;
a. 1 l-lliz b. 5 MHz c. 10 lIJiz .,~. 25 l-!Hz

~
25. One way to jmprove near surface resolution is .".:'

i
a. decrease the test frequency
b. us e a smaller diamat er s ea.rch unit
c. use a thicker couplant
Ji-/ us e of double probe
26. 1-1atching probes to the UT Inst ru.~ent
a. Increase trace brightness
b. Increase ringing & noise
¢-~ Increas e gain & improve sienal prcsentat, ion
d. Incre3-se near field of the probe
'Zl. The depth resolution of an ultrascnic pulse-echo t~t is net

affected by ~"'hich of the rollo·.·dn~ ?
a. T ransducer d~lng b. Pulse ener[y
,~. Pu~e repetition rate d. Rec ei ver Band\·ddth
2$. Depth resolution is dependent upro
a. Transducer diameter .b. Ultrasalic freguency
c. angle or incidence d. focal lmr,th of transducer
129. :·lhy is the pitch-catch test technique ,Generally superior to t!1~
conventional pulSe-echo technique for locatjng discontinuities closcl
to the front surface of the test specin~en ?
a.. p r~mt smaller fI"Cl1t surface si{:;nal
,- or: the c;rr
b. Ha.kes the use of larr;er transducers possible
c. The pitch-catch methOd is not s';1pel'ior
d'. The side lobe effects are eliminated.
) ~
30. -:ihat effect does increasing the~at..io-n of the electrical pulse that
activated the piezoelectric element have or. the ellT presmtations if
~ll other factors remain constant ?
v
a.. The vertical amplitude of nonsaturated indications incre3.se
_.~ The vertical ~litude of nonsaturated indications decrease
c. The sizeo! the Initial pulse decreases
d. N al e of t.he above
131 • The rescnant rr~iuency of a 2 cm thick plate of !!aval brass
(V=4.4-~i ~ 10 c rn/ ).
5
. sec. J.S : \-,
>
k.':
-r
\~r";':t~) I ::'
V
'if ~"
',,i
a. 0.90) MHz b. 0.443 HHz c. 0.222 I·lli7. ,~l. 0.111 HHz . \. t~
:\ \'
32. The pulse applied to the electr-odes of the search unit is .~
:..~
...(~ electrical b. mechanical

c. elect ro-mechanical d. piezoelect rical
33. ilhich ofthe followmg is not an advantaf;e of contact ult ....1.sooic

probes adapted \-lith lucite shoes ? "c
.::'1.
a. e1.lndnat es most 0 f. the crystal wear Ltr' t ~
b. permits adaptation to curved surfaces

y,~ increases smsitivity
d. allows ultrasamd to enter a partls' surface at oblique anL:les
34. As the radius of curvature of a curved lens is increased, the focal

length of the 1ms will. :
~;. :increase b. decrease c. rerna:ins the SaIOO
d. be :indeterr.rinable tmless' the f~uency is kno~'rn
35. The ultrasonic test mcl,ho1 :in ';rhich finr,er dampinc is most
effective :in locat:in~ a discontinuity is :
a. Transverse wave b. LonGitudinal wave
~~.. Surface wave d. Compress ional Wl ve
36. To evaluate and accurately measure discontinuities after scannmg
part with a paint brush transducer; it is necessary to use a :
.J.,.~
.f
Search mit ".dth sI!laller crystal b. Scrubber
c. Grit map d. Crsstal c olh1ator
37. -
The loogth of the 11 ear Zone tNZ' is 'not dependent upoo .,-..;hich of the follo.·:in:·.. ')
a. The diamet er of the transduc er .6 .
·t,
b. The frequency of the transducer "
c. The velocity of the so.md :in the test material
csJ,... Tho relative acoustic .lr.lp€cance of the coupling m~iUP.l.
.)':: , \;hat. C2..US·)S the \I-ar~.3.tion i:1 sl:;nal ar..plitude ·.··ith:in t.he INZ t ?
v" t;(,!lstructive &. ~estructive interference of the wa.ve; fro!"lts "

i).. The traru;ducer's in~ernal daIr4lin~ characteri3tics
(.'" Tilt" r.lisO"\8.t~h caused by thp. COUp]jllg meditL~.
c.i., l;c-:ie of the .J.(,ove.
:3 't. Th ~ It'%;.gtil of the ~one a.djacmt to a t .rc.nsdur.er :in ';;hi~h flllctuatio!1s

5r. sound pr(~ssurc occur is mostly affected by :
~ . r roquency b. diamet er c. lellt~th of cable y~ both a & b.
i~C. In ~,'hic~ zone coes the ar:plitude of an jndiC3tion for 'a c iven
d:Lc;~l)nt.:ll'\lity djrtinish exponentially as the distanc e increases ?
,..9'" Far zone ,);t.' Near zone c. ~ead ?,one d. F~esnel zme
LI. It ~ possible for a di5ccr.tjnuit:;~ sca.ll.er t.h;-1T! t~e transducer to

produce indicatioas of fluctuating a.~plitude as the sea.rch tL'1it is
::lCved. laterally i f tcsti."1g is bein~ ?erforI~ed in the
:Jo. rraWlhofer Zooe )j~. Near field c. SneJl fif:'ld d.. Shadow zone
\I.. ~~ . h'hat is the 'NZ' of a If l-frrz 10 mIn ¢, pro.: In lead (2000 m/s) ?
t "!
a. 5 IlllT: ij'~ 50 1:';'. c. 5 em ,)i. both 'b t &. t c'
·1
!.+..1 • What -,~ld be rNZ' :in steel for a 10 =tIl ¢, 4. 11Hz probe?
a. 16 em .j). 1.6 em c. 8 mm d .. other ttan a, b or c.
L.. :'~.. What is INZ I in water for probe in QJ~o43 ?

a. 6.4 mm b. 16 I:lO c. 32 Illr.!.Q./o4 an
, ..
,+) • ~ihich of the follo~'dnb has the longest Fresnel ZOOt) ?
a. 1 l-Jiz, 10 ~~ ¢ b.. :!.25 1~Hz, 10!!l=. [5
C• l 1..rT{z
l'il', I.Il.. ~
20""""''' ·t-
~y. 'j
4- •
0 l,"11Z
•••• ,
'''0 T"~ 1
~ •• "',
"'.
1-'
46. C;!lculate the 'N~'for 3. transducer 12 tu:1 :in dia.nt:·t,er, 2.5 l:Hz in a.
Tnt?: ium :dth a velocit:l of 6.0 KilOI.'1et crs per secr.;nd.
'l.," l~S Cgn... o• ] •.?5 rn::i c • 12. 5 r.1J.~. d. 1.5 mr.:
//; • In :!;:u:-:crsion t'33t:inr:, the near fi~ld effects of a trarnducer ::»:r

be ~Jj..t!l:inated by :
a.~ )ncreasing transducer fr~uenc:/.
b.. use of lar':cr di:u::,;ter transducer~.
,,-;.. ll;;jng an appropriate water path.
d. use of a focussed transducer.
48. ~,There does b@.L1 diver.:.;ence occur?
a. Near field. .):)-;.~ Far field. c. at the cr:rstal d. at the focus
r;l
49. Boa.In di ver 0 cnceis a ftmctior. of the di:;l<~sions of the cry-3tal and thu 1 tIl))
i;avelcn;~th of the bea.1!l trans!.:itt~ throu~:h "a mediUJr., anu .' oJ.;;: ,,')
-.J.
,7'- :increase if the frequ~'c~:t or cr;stal diameter is dec!'cclsed .:;\ '(\ , ,J, ""~, \
b. decreases if the fr~ue:lcy or cr:tstal diametcr is decrea300

~. increases if the fl'C'~uency ~s :incr~se<i and crystal dia.'!leter decr~ased
d. decreases i f the frequency is :increased and cryst3.1 di.:uneter decre:lsed
50. In the far field of tL'"1ifon:i ultrasonic boam, sou.'1d :intensit:! ~s
------------------ the bea.o centreline.

3. • min L'1Il..lD at b• maxir:nun.' a.t
.~
c. J.laximu:n throughout t\'lice the anGle (S:in e = c/Df)
d. not relat ed to orimtation of
51. ..lhich of the followine transduc e: 'produce the lea.s4; beam s,pr~a.d i'1 the
far field?
a. 1.0 HHz, 3/811 ¢c> ->.B. 5.0 1· J1 z , 1" ¢
c. 2.25 HHz, 1" {J d. 5.0 HHz, 3/8" ¢
~
52. ~ihich of the factors influence the beam spread of a probe?

a. fr~uency b. crystal size c. velocity of sound In part d. all
~153. For calculating 10.% enerf,Y axis of ha If angle of Bean spre:ld for rou...,d
crystal, constant is? 'K' '
,¥ 1 . 2 2 b . 0.56 c. 1 . 6 0 . other than ~, b or c.
54. Beam spread of X> ¢, 4 HHz probe in certam rna.teri~l is.6°, Therciore ~~~
~
be:un spread of 20 ¢, 8 }:Hz probe m the same material '.;ill' be : ? \ /~
t~t~~
a. 60 , ,b. 3° c. 9 0 d. 12
0
~)\ f\'C'\ 2 ~
\ -
55. Hieher the frequency of the tran$iucer, the :

a. 8rea.tcr the beaI:l spread and depth of penetration
[9'. less the b(}3.!:l spread and greater the sensitivity and resolution
c. less the sound beam attmuates, thus increas:in[ penetration.
d. less the srositivity and ~r~1.ter the penetration.
56. The scatter:ing'of the rays of an ultrasooic beam due to reflect ion f!U'n
a hishly irregular sw:'face is called
a. angulation. ,b. dispersiDn c. rcfracti£>:l d. rereia.ction.
,
~~.-' «r
...) ;.-
(
[D.: '~11 !~ v
, 2.
~~ or!..,-'1.1 probe ha~ IN Z of 40 nun
f
m steel, therofore its 'E~f:i.n co:.)pcr \ H. '?'b1'51;'J
0)' -,"
57 ,
~ . V ",lJ I (,
a. 40 nIl Y-' 50
r.. mr.-: c. 31..6 r.un <.1. 70 m!! ~opperL= 4700 tll/Sec. .f'~
U
l' ~!
~~',;-"';)
-,... ~~. !t~':
('\
5pread tt (D i ' .. ~:n·e cne e 3.nn.l.~) 0.i 20 ~lJ_a. T!orm..u nrobe In stCQl ~s ;
r:()
"....
"' J' • •
. J :;\~. !3~,n \:
( ~ . , \ '
Therefore the b(.6m spread of 10 dia nqr~~\l. probe of the same fN<TJ.~1C.r
in s::,eel 'nill be : '.. .", '" '1 r; .,', .
o 0 0
3.. 5° b. 2.5 c. 7.5 ,--J.-./ 10 ~t " ...,') .... -!
, ...,"' ",f""
'\ f ,J, ,?
\.\ ) \ \ :
~Q
,
.~ . The fonnula Sm 0..
.1
= S:in 0,.
..:
j;; used to datermine \r l
\
'.'
.....
V 'i,.., ,.-, :J t!,'. \·f ~.'?
1 "'- \\'
':.
3... r~ase velocitiee. b.. Amount of reflected sound ener-:;r
54 j
\n:..~lar relationships d. Acoustic Impedance.
(x). 'tih~ the b6llIl spread of an ultrasonic b~ is small, the futmsity

acros!) the beam is said to
~'. be relatively consta.'1t b. !pcrease in int€l'lsity
c. decrease:in :l"ltensity d. both .lncrea.se & decrease ..\'ith depth
61. ~hc zone .1:i an ~,~ltrasollic beam· '.-Ihere irre,Sula.r :lntensities exist is
,,4. Ee.a.r zooe )fi. Far ZQ'le c. Irre.:;ular zme d. Free field
62.. Wbm pr4ictic~lly found the fN'E'for a eiven probe is le5s than the
calc\~lated '"!aIDe, because :'
,1.. It should be n~rc b. It is alwaj'"S same

9,. the effective ro'ea. of t!'e crystal is s:nll er t,~an actual si:: e
d. !J one of the ::"bove
63. When perfollnin;3 an ultrascr.ir. exaclnatio."1 :in the '!-!~' ,·.mich of the
folio';.'i."1~ ':O'ul~! occur?
a. An acc~table si7..ed discootmuit:r could produce a rejectable
s i-~;nal on th e C!~
b. A r0.~cc~a.hl~ sized discoTltirruity coold proouc\3 an accept1.ble
~i-bl1:;.1 0:') the crrr
"
" . The !Jigrv\l frcr.1 a dincontinuity could ·..)e con:p.i ~t, e.L~l rr..: 55 <3,: •
-0 t.., • .
~/. \ II of th'-:, above.
6:". 7hc l~~h of the 5~ tz'for a 2.5. CIa diameter, 5 EH~ transducer olaced
in oil ev'=1.4 x 10 cm/Sec) is ;-!.pp .. ?
a. (,'.028 em b. 6.~5 em . s'. 55.8 em d. ~2.3 ntn
~Y'
65. ',/hat is .l0hc tra..~sducel· hal.f_a..'101e ~e.w" spread of e. 1.25 c:n Gi?meter
,.. • r:.;
~_
r..c: \"}l'r
I. 1 ~
,..tJ ran~d"~er
....
·11U.
~,~
~.
~...-tt
eA.
.. ...
cr (l~
~
~::: 1• ,/ /c
r:. ,..",.-...
_ .. .J 0
• '" \
_\..or I
'(
_0 b . .lOcO .,// ~ -
o. J7.5 t.)
~~ ).:' .. J ....;-. ,;.7 .•cO
A 5 crt!" c..'1 unit contain:i:le thrt:e or liicrc i~di.v.idU2.i. tr3.~s:J'v.cer (:~le;;.c:rt.s

I f
IjQ.
is ni'tc:-J referrEri t.o '-1.:'3 a :

~ ..
- !)ual t ransduc el" b. 3anc!'lofit.ch transduc P..,t'
y.' ::lcs~ic transduc er .1. !'lone of 3, b or c ..
67. SG:md cs..'1 be focussed by mea.T1S of gpecial. C~li.~Ve!l ada~to!'s locat'3d

in frcQt of t!1e transducer element. Thc~H; ~dJ.pte:·s a.:t.(: referred to a!3
( ..... scrubbers b.-. acou3t ic 1~1ses

c. nllgle beam adaptors d. SiJl[:l~ ~la..ie adapto!'s
!.,
b6. t.n echo a..'Dplification of 10C t.imes ca.n be writ t.e1 as .-.?
a. + 20 cP b. -2) dB c. 100 dB? + 40 cD
69~ ;\ signaJ. reaches 20:~ screm height. After an increase in gai..'1 of

2 dB, the ~hc ne ight is :
a. ~ (~. 25?~ . c. ~ <l. 3;t0
70 •. In ultrasonic Flaw Det.ector the ~aiIl control uses IIdB" as the
logarithtJic unit for : ,-
a. Llr~e \'oltat;c ratio car. be given
small. figures. m
b. reverGal cf the voltaGe rat:in only requires the cha:1gc of the si,~n
c.. the r.ultiplicatjJ)~'lof the volta<e ratio cvrres;Joods to a siJ.1?le

~ldition of the 'dB' vaJ.lJe.
d.,.
-.....<-/
a.il of the above.
71. An ultrascnic test operator states he incre..':\sed the :fli.~ on ~Ais

instruue1t 12 dE. \ihat was the amount of cha'1,::e in the {U:Vlifica....
'Lio!! fa.ctor of the test lnstrument; due to this cha~e ?
(Assume dB contrcl is l:inear)
a. The amplification ratio iPcreased by ,1. factor or :2 Lo 1
b. The ~lificat.ion ratio dlJcr~asAd by a factor 01' 1 t('l 4
.t:. The a.~'I')lific;jt ion r·'ltio incr-~scd oy a {actor oi' 4. to 1
d. t:o ch~,,:e occured to the a.~lif:ic,ltior: f.1.ctor~
7'? .. The los!: of merf:J- as soun(i t1.oveg t~rvu.:,h a s~eci:l0"} i~; c,lilBJ
3.. Absorptj.or. b. Eeflection c. !' ropo:~at~,0?1 ....J~'. :~~~elud~·ion
· ...
73. .hen 20 dB is i.'1creased on the I Gain I control of the ill Instru.ment
(:in case of Vibronics rtake instrument 'Attenuation' is ro:iuc~ by
20 dB), the echo heieht will bcccr.:c :
.:1. 2) times b. 100 tim~s _ c,.".IQ times d. 2 times e. n ooe
-V'
7/;.. Chang:ing the 8.q)lific ation by _ 6 dB re.~ults :in : ,

~--- reduction of the echo hei[~ht of 5(f(;
b. reduction of the echo heiGht of 6'1
c. reduction of t~e echo heiJ:ht of 25~
d. reduction of the echo height of 6(fo
75. Ec.'1o amplifica.tion of 60 dB results in :increase of echo he:L_~ht by

(Rej ect is set to off)
a. 6 t:imes b. 60 tjmes c. 120 tlmes -,_.9~· 1000 times.
- 76. The amplitude of the inJicatiDn fran a refer!nce hole used for
calibrat:ing the controls of an ultrasooic Inst. is expressed :in
a. mnplitude trace-tO-peak b. amplitude peak.-to.-peak
c~. 0& of full screen deflect ion. d. all of the above.
-. ../f
77. In the far field of nomal probe, echo amplitude of 5 ~ dia FIE,
when struck perpEndicularly is ~ FSH. Ho",o/ much ..... ill be echo i
amplitude for 2.5 tlia. FIE (Reject is switc:-te:i off) J,
a. ~ ,.p. 2!:f!: c. 4rf'n d. ncnc of the above.

t·
,~1
,y~,
78. In an ultrascn:lc instrwrent, the number of pulses produced by an

instrument :in a given period of tiD~ is k:1o'tI!1 as the:
3. pulse lmgth of the :instrument. b. pulse recover:,- tiIne
c• f req uency ~ • puIs c re!'et it ion rat e
79. In ultrasmic testing, the tjme duration of the tra'1smitte:i pulse

is ref erroo to as :
.~ .. the pulse lmgth or width b• the pulse aoplitude
c. the pulse sh-3.pe d. l~one of the above
8O.i An ultrasonic testme instruoent that displa~,'5

pulses r~rescr.tati.!1:=.
the maenitude of reflected ultrasoond as a. functiOn of t~"':lC or depth
of metal is said to contam
a. coot:inuous display b. t.\' SC3..T1 presentatio..'1
c. tB' scan presmtation. d. IC' sC~l presentation
Institute of Non-Destructive Testing
3312A, SATISH !\1lJKIIERJEE ROAD,
CA LCUTTA-700 026
Phonl' : 74 ·()754i74-07'17
- ._------ _. ---- --- - -.---- ------ -------"-
--"------ --
-------- --- -
- ----------_._---_.-
U T _ LEnJ.. n.
QUESTlOO:AIRE: PARr-III.
1. The :indicat ion on' the eRr which repres rot 5 the far boundary of t~ c
nateria.l :is beine tested is calle:i
8.. the :initial pulse b. the IEain Bang r
c. the noise vd. the back surface reflectio:1
2. An Ul' operator should primarily look for :indications appearine to the
left of the back 8Urf'acereO.~rtion because:
a. they are the strongest and most easily seen
b. they deternUne the uaterial thickness
c. they determine what test specif'icatioo may be used
,~. tht)y are most l.1ke~ to be caused by discontinuities
3. In normal beam testing, the multiple reflections occur beca.use :

8.. reflection from the crystal
b. reflect jon from the back surfac e
c. reflection at the coupling face
d..
.;r
both I (I' & t cl
4. If you are gival a b10ck of 100 In.'":l which folJ.(1tfing ranges ca:: you
calibrate with normal probe 1
a. 25 nun b. 50 JlIll c. 75 tL':l ".,A-.lOl I1J:l
5. The initial pulse must not be used for range calibration because :
a. itf s a.t:¥'litude saturates
b. it cover.s large area en t!1e X-axis
the st.ar·t or the 1nitial pulse does not coinci.de ~ith th4? ~:':':iI-t
of the ma.terial
d. all of the above
.f,
6. Fran the sketch helo"",' det.~c the number or &.~:1nct back reflections
f~r:l the d is coot inu1ty Wbich '~ould appear between the initial 7luJ.se and
the first. ref'leet,ions £xoa the back surface i1' the. part is p~ls€-eCho
tested frau Surface 1 ? .
a. 1. 4:(.' 4. c. S. d. nooe of the above.
-----...------- , .
--4.
- ,-,
s.ut~~·
~
"
I" • s""t"fo("~
2.
~,,~--------------------411 ,t
... -
.,
\ 7. From the sketch CJ1 the previous par,e, detcnnine the nunber of dist1nct back
reflect ions fran the d weant inuity which woo lrl appear bf~t. ··.. een the :in it ial
pulse an.:i the first reflection from the back surface if the part is pulse-
echo tested from surface 2?
b. 4. c. 8. d. none of the above.
8. If you are eiven a block of 100 mr.l :.:hich of the followin;: r.mge can be
caLibrated?
a. 100 mm. b. 150 mm. c. 175 Jm!l ..-Gt~ all of the above.
9. An ur 1nstrwnmt is calibrated for normal beam. testing in the range

of 0 to 100 m:t In steel, therefore its range jn water is :
0.. 100 mm. b. 400 mm c. 50 JlJ:1 ...6:, 25
. !lin
10. Having adjusted your mstrument for lQJ mm (10 divs.) \t:ith normal probe
on steel, if' the probe is nOil placed. on a material haring velocity of
1500 m/sec. and thiclmess of 25 mm. Ho'''' many en=! echoes will be seen
on the screen ?
j1.. One b. Four c. None d. None of the above.
11. The block used for beam profile plotting fa called :

a.. ITti ~ 10:1 c. DDJ d. Sulzer
12. A reference block used for defect evalustion in welctlng

a. should have the same surface quality as the workpiece
.b. should be made up of the same .terial as the '.I("r!~~ ~.OCr:'
c. should have approx. same eeom«.r.r &s the workpiece
,g..../ 11.11 answers applY.
13.:·.bich or the following is a referEnCe renector that is !lot depe!'1dent

on bea.I:1 angle ?
a. FElt
.s,. snit,which is parallel to plate surface and perpendicular to the
soond path.
J. nooe of the above.
14. A prir.lal)" purpose of a reference block is :

.y~ to provide a means £or adjustirig the :1nst runlent i:1 c:-der, to cvahtatc
disccntinuit1es which coo.ld be harmful to the pro;. . ~ function o! the
'11orlq>1ece •
b. to give the tes~er. a tool £or det.enninmg ex3ct defeCt, sue
c. to provide assurance thal all detects smailcr than "~certa:1n ref'erc..c ....
retlectflr are capable 'of bein.g detected by the t.est.
J. to provide a, standarJ re.fle~tor ..'lhicl1 exactl:; ~iJ:J:j·'~J~ natural
defects of a ci"itical si::e
15. Hith the application of the rcfcr~ncc block rxthod for weld tC3tin;.:
nanet. imes rect..3J1',-:ular notchcs of 1/10 of the matc!"w thickness are
used as reference reflector.
a. Rcct3J1~:ular notchoo are applicable to all probe an -:ie~ but C3....'1

not be used on curved surfac~.
b. RectaIlu~lar notches are applicable ooly ',-lith 6o°:.u1£le beam
probes with no restriction to the goom:!try of the 'trorlq:>iecc
c. Rect~'Ular notchea are applicable to 45°angle beau probes 00
either curved or flat surfaces •
.d-. iiect~l'?'U1a.r notches are better reference J.:' eflectoro than SOH
beca~e they allow the determination or ERS'- or EFS
16. In the fib"'Ure, probe '0' is bemg used to establish

a. vcrificat ion of probe angle ,). Resolutu,n
c. sensitivity of calibration d. distance calibration.
c
17. Probe 'e' :iJ3 being used to establish
.~/ verification or probe angle b. resolution
~ sensitiv1ty of calibration. d. distance calibration •.
18. Probe 'D' is be:ing used to establish:

~. verification or probe an';le b. resolutu>n
c. sensitivity of calibration d. distanCe calibration
19. The primary' purpose or the reference block is to :

a. aid the operator is, obtaining naxinun back refleCtions.
-Ju' obtain the greatest SEnsitivity possible fr~ an i..Y)strlr:cnt
c. obtai..'l a Can.t:aQl reproducible signal
d. llme of the above.
4). The 91 d:1stance provided .:in VI block is tor:

J:lI:l
, a. check:1nC resolution
b. using this distance for calibrating 100 tun w:i1.h sh~!" w:n~
V'"'~ both 'a' & 'b l
<1. nme .of the above.
21. The anGle L1.1..rkcrl 00 the Universal An.::;lc Bea:c probe is .r,enc.rally :
a. Angle Clf refraction of transverse wave in steel
b. Angle of refraction of longitudinal wave in steel
,.C/e An~le of incidence in perspex
d. Thorc is no angle ml.rking.
22. A 4 l~iz shear wave probe having a 37°a,nele in copper is used for
testing 25 nu:l thick copper plate and a defect indication is bot~
at a beam path of 2.) J:U:l, depth or the defect !rom test surface is ?
a. 10 rom . lY."- 16 mm c. 9 mm d. nooe of the above c;, '-t
23. For above example, skip distance?

a. 18.8 JII!l b. 10 mm c. a:> cm .d'; 3.77 em.
24. For above example, what Will be projection/surface distance ? \\

a. 1 mrn. ,,,,b-". 1.2 em. - c. 16 DC. d. 20 Jm:l.
Another defect. indication is noted. :in test mder Q~ at a Belm path

of 45 mm, what is the devpth of this defect fran test surface
a. 36 nin, b. 3.6 em c. both ap. b st./14 mo.
26. On an angle bea.I:leearch unit the mark desisnating the centre of the
beam lea vmg the probe is called the :
, .•- Index point. b. Near field distance
c. focal point. d. .t~nel point.
27. Angle beao testmg should be perforcEd bet,4oIeen the first & Seccnd
Critical an31ers, primarily to rErluce : .
3. attmuatio."l ~.. operator coof'usion
c. divergence in the beam d. sEIls1t1v:it.y of' the test
28. \~ithV I Block minimum ~es~ range with angle p~ can be

calibrated without changmg t~ probe d:1mmsion is :
a. 125 Jm:l b. 225 mm c. '250 l!lJ:l . d.' nme of the above.
29. By unev<n wear or the &n6le probe soie. the tollo·.. in£ ·,,'illchanr.E: :
a. :\~le of rer~ct1on b. beam mdet
...P~~ both a & b de llo ebanee.
30. In V 2 block if' an angle .probe is made to tace.small arc, fran exist P0ln'
the t.,10 echoes 1d.1lcaneto.a d:1.stance or : ..
a. 50 &. 125 ram b. -25 ~ ~75. DUn . ~'25 " 100 DIll d. 50 & 100 mm
~';(j ~"
::Lr <iV;1. ~:<:j Ci.:-C1l: block for an,~lc prot>c c:j1ilir,\~ir)n havi.:':c
,lr;~r:iu~ r)f 50 rx::, O~'. \.f.Flt divisions will j'OU i.u:Jjust l~,t. &. ?nd.
0C:.OCO if :'ou "":i:~[l to c~.ljbrate 2:{) nt~ ?
:1. 1.:: 9 b. 2.) r, jO c.2&. 6 c. nooe of th(; ,1.bovc
J2. T~c hori··.cr.tal l:in.3.'1rit:, is a charactcr~tic of the \'"v J
a. U~tr;'lsmic lnstr-..I.r.lent L. Sotmd bea:;. !')
u• wo rt.:p iec e
1")
33. For accur.:lte thickness ne~stn"c!!Y.mt USlnC 3. r1m.: detector,
the flaw detector should h~ve : _
a.. a r~ood linearit:,' of a;~lificr
b. a decible cootrol knob
~~ a eood t:inebase lino..-n-ity
d. 3. br~ht C~n' trace
34. 'During straight beam testinG, test specil:\en with nan-para~el front ani
back surfaces can cause:
~ partial or total loss of back reflection
b. no loss :in back reflection
c. a Hiucne:i (broad) back reflection i'.1dication
d. a focussed (narro:·:) back reflection :indication.
35. In strai:3ht beam testine, a reduction of the back .. tall echo could i."1riica·~c
a. L'.adequate coupling.
b. a defect lying inclmed to the beam
c. a ne3r surface defect 1y:ing :in thE: Dead Zme.
".~ all of t he above.,
36. ..;hUl c.Xamin:ing materials for planar flaws, orimteJ par~lJ~l to L:le
part surface, ::hat testi.'1e nctho.1 is nost oft.en used 7
a. Angle beam b. Throuc.h transmissior.
w. Stra.ight beam ci. Dual crystal
,
'1 37 • LY'lspeCtion a 4" ~ thre:l.ded 3teel cylinder for radial cracks
.1.D
(~.x(,md:ing froci the l·OO! of threa.ds, it ~"CAlld be better tc tr:!~$:::it
~ she'ar ,;aves at an angle to the threa.as

b. lonGituli:inal waves fron t~-,c me! of the c Jr lind4Jr ."In'j p~·,~<r,,-:icula.r
to the direCtion of the thrc:lO roots
c. surface \o1).ves perpendicuLu' to the thrCX1d roots
d. she~r wave around the clrcunfc...""Cnce of the cylinde!'
38. Dual probes are ecnerally USt:d :

rJ. t.o locate defects near th\; lJack wall
y./' to locate defects near t!}4~ c!1try surface

C. 1'0:' testing cast iron
,.:. ;e1' thiclole;,S6 testir.~~ or:-:~·.
39. LOSe of back ;all reflection is evidwcc that sound is not bemg
returnEd frol!l the :
a. di:!continuity b. transducer
c. t cst specimen dr~" back surface
40. Use of straiGht beam cmtact test:ing is :impractical for sane tests because
a. it is eenerally llmited to l.(,.,.,er frE:qUencies
b. it :is jmpossihle t~ angulate
p. both 'a' & 'be d. none of the above.
41. In order to fj,nd the smallest discootinuity dur:ing the test

a. use the lo·t'lest" poes:1hle freQuency
,..-b. use t.he highest poss:1hle r~uenC'J
c. use through transmission testing
~. use a small transducer.
42. In straight beam testjng (cootact), with sound be&:l entering a flat
spec:imen such as a plate frca: ale or the surface, the !ollowjng type
of dis ccnt:inuity will probabq be detected ~ ,
~ Laminations with mjor dimensions parallel to the surface
b. T ransvers~ type d:iscmtmu.1t1eo at an anele to the surface
e. Radial type discoot1hulties With major d~nsion along, leogt,h
but radially orimted to the surf'ace.
d. Porosity.
43. A typical application of shear lBve :in ur is the inspection of :

a. \'lelds b. Plates c. Pipe & tubing o/-~ll of the above
44. Inspecti.ion of castjngs :is otten impractical bec8.'.lSe of :

a. extremely small gram structure
____b. coarse grain st,ructure .
c. unitonn f1(1.o1 lines
d. unit'orm wlocity of sotmd.
45. (Jhich test frequency would probablJr provide the best penetration
jn a 12" thick epecjmen or coarse gramw steel?
a. 2.25 }Jlz ¥. 1.J.~z c. S1ttz d. 101-nlz.
46. The randan distribution" or crystallographic directio:l":in. alloys with

larce crystalline structure. is a tactor in determining :
a. acoustic noise levels b. selection of test, frequency
C. $atterin'g of sound ~ all or the a~ve
47. Supp06e):in a piece of steel you have to detect aznall defect at, a de~th of 20 mL'l,
which probe would you use?
8.. NP 4 l-fHz 24 mrn b. liP 1 MHz 24 mr.l 9. NP 4 MHz 10 mo
48. In a large forginG small seg~e8.tioo at 100 IIln, choose a probe :

a. TR 4 MHz 10 Inn ~ 4 l-iHz 24 mm c. AP 4 MHz 10 nut
49. "Proper test equipment selection is depmdent on the:

.a.->" 'over..all test situation
:' ./"
b. metal.lurg1cal structure or the specimen

c. test· epecmen geanetty
d. eurface CQ'ldition of the test speclmen
50. To detect vertical cracks 00 the jnner side of a pressure vessel havmg a
\lBll thickness of 25 JIm a :
a. surface wave is used
b. dual prooe with 8. tocal lEngth of 25 mIn is used
...
c. straight beam probe with near .field lEngth of app. 20 mm is used
-'Et; 4S°min:iature angle probe with a. 4 MHz :is used.
1 51. In order to examine the grey caatjngs :

a. small straight beam probes with high frequencies should be used
because they can detect even small defects ani can be coupled to
the curved and ,rough surtace to a better degree.
b. TR probes "tolith hi[':,h f~uencie5 should be applied to detect even
small blo-:l holes near the surface.
c. Strai8ht beam probes With Irlgh frequencies and 1ar;~e. d~ter should be
app~ed becaU3e they have the best penetration
~'; straight beam probes with low frequencies and large d:1amet ers shoulJ ue
used beo'luse they suit bet.ter to high attenuation and scatterine occurmg
. :in castjngs.
i 52. The .flaw detectability of detects orimted not pcrpmdicular to the beaJ:! tlirectio
~ can be ir:lp roved by :
a. changing to a probe with higher ·!'r~uency
>.. changing to a probe "',ith lo:fer .fre:iu61cy

c. changing to a focus ~robe
d. increa::;jng the resolution p.~·ller

'/53. \'lhen test:ing a part with a roU(?)l a~fa~e, it is advisable to use
",. lo\~er frequmcy probe and a more viscous couplant than is used
on parts with smooth surtac e
\
,Af;/ higher frequency probe an:! a more viscous couplant th:},.~ is used
on parts With smooth surface
c. Higher f r6iuency probe and a les s viscous couplant th3.n is used
on parts with smooth Burlac e
d. lo",o{er r~uency probe and a less viscous couplant than is usEd
on parts ·.:1th. smooth surface
54. Gas discontfuuities are rEduced to flat discs or other shapes parallel
to the surface by :
a. aolling. ~. Machin:ing c. Cast ing d. H elrling
'\- ~'
C'j \.,'" 1)'
'~T
~~ 55. The flattEned defects jn plates are called :
\!
\
a. nan-met.allic inclusions
..
b. Porosity ..J!--' Lamination d. Seam
56. lihich of the follo"..,jng is not a process:ing discootinuity ?

a. Fatigue crack b. Grirdhlg crack c. Cold shut d. Porosity
57. out, of the following, "Ihich is the possiblL detect that can occur
:in welding. .
a. lap b. lamination ~-1ack of fusion d. ~and inclusion
""-;/
58. In BeneraJ.t · dilrccntjnuities :in wrought prod\¥:ts. tEnd to orient :
a. randan..ty
¥~ the direction or grain flo ..1 .
e;;' at ,...ight 8I\gles to the entry surface

d. at, 'ri3ht, angles to the gram £la...,
59. i'!hich o£ the following Iftatement is false?

/l. Porosity in a billet could cause a lamination i f the retaJ. 'Were
rolled into a plat c
b. ~lhen a billet, 1B rolle:! into a bar stock a nttl-retallic inclusions
coulrl be lonn~ :into ~r & thinner de! eet
called a strinJ.~er
c. Hot tears and shr1nk8.ee cracks are orten the" result of metal
cooling too rapidlJr ~ the Jncot st.aee
d. Grind:ing crack:, are often caused by the stresses created by the
excessive heatmg of the Jtletal surface.
60. A r;cneral ter~ applied to all cracks, inclusions, blo'l: holes, etc.
\·JL}.ch C3.use a reflection of sC:1ic merf.,Y is :
.:1. disper3er b. attenuator c. di3cont:inuity d. ref!~ctor
• ..
61. One of the JOOst common applications of ur ~loyinc shear "'av~ is

~".- detection of discootinuities in welds, tubes &. pipes •
. b. tictentination of elastic properties of metallic products
c. detection of l.a.z:rinnr discootmuities .in heavy plate
d. measurement of thickness oi thin plate.
62. A double V Butt ~ld in 50 me thick pJ;1te J as sho\':n in the fi~1lre
is suspe~ted to have ~ck of penetration at the root. ''-hich of
the follo.·dng technique "'Jill det,ect this
a. lJ 0 mal Probe
7
b.
't.
Angle Probe
TanUeJ..1 F robe " \t ) "
e.
Through transmission
Resonance
).~ \ t ~ ,-
()\
';j
. \
'::.r-
63. Si~ificant errors In Ult. thickness It¥3asurelI¥!nt can occur i f :

a. the test frequency is vary:ing at a ccnst~t rate
>;' the vclociLy of propozation deviates 8ub5tantially from an
D
aSStr.lEd constant value for a given ll1a.terial oY ~~)
c. :!ater is ecployed as couplant between the probe a..,d th(; part

d. nooe of the above could cause errore.
64. Which of the follow:ing mat~ri.al characteristics t:la.)" at! ~t the

acoustical 3.tt~uation :in the m:lterial. ?
a. Gram size b. Elastic moduli c. "C~talline structure )i~ all
65. -.--:ith an 1ncre.:lS~ in f~uenc-.f

a. atteluation :dll dccreas·c 6. dive::;ence of
th~ beaw
p{ ~tt,wua.tion jncreascs too d. attmuation does not chance.
66. La~e ~ams m metallic workpiece usualJ.y result, :L~

a. d~rease or loss of the backWa.l.l echo
b. · scatter indicatior.s (noise) on the 8creer:
c. decrease 1.~ penetration
,0. all of the "bove
67. ~'hc" mit of the sound attenuation coefficient is d~

'"~,<-> .,,-..... ~
~ ...........
a. dR/mnJ of the attenuatin!: naterial
'. dB; ;
0_ ", 2
c. of the beam path
dJ/r.l
d.. dB/rn sound transit path. F';1l ;"/ ~ ~~.;,~\ ,';'l l'
~"
4t:~
t;:·<l 1')''':4
"),lj'
I·~
./ /' /
. -l/
1'" ~."
"'-.
I
r~
,\ ~~ ,
..
'- \ ).\
~~~"
68. :\ discantinllity -·lith a concave 6urfac~ ,,:ill

a. def"usc the sound enerGY' thr-oughout, the ,part. (\
~'catr3e the reflected beam to focus at a pOlnt cM,erminod
"l
by ·the curvature of the discontmuity.
\\
c. cause mode reinforcement of the ultra.smic wave
d. nODe of the above.
69. t'hich best descrlbes a typical disp];q of a crack loIhosc major surface
:is perpendicular to the ultrasooic beam ?
a. a broad :indication. b-../ a sharp 1ndication.
c. the :indication will not SbO\i due to improper orimtation
d. a broad :1ndicat:iDn nlth high ~litude.
-f70 • Ii. smoot.h flat discontlnuity whose major plane is not perpendicular to the
direction or sound propogation may be indicatea by :
a. an echo acplitude comparable In magnit-lde to the b3.ck renection
~. a COl!Iplete loss or back eurface rcnectlon
c~ an echo amplitude larger than the back surface reflection
'd. all ot the above. .,
71. Rough entry surface conditions can result :in

a. 1066 of echo acplitude trcm discontinuities
b. an :.increase :in the width of the frcxlt surface echo
c. both a & b. d. ncne o{' the above.
72. The di! terence m echo aJq)litude from identical reflectOrs at .

different material:5 distances .1' be caused by :
u. attenuation of sound b. divercence of the beam
c. near field effects ,Ji"~ all of the above
73. InC is .required to ccmpmsate tor s~al loss due to :

8.. surface roughness b. attEnuation
c. mat eria1 thiclmess jl.-- all of the ~on
74. Uhile p10ttmg a DAC Curve USlng 3 FIll. somet:imos the hol.e closest
to the probo gives less amplitude than ale or both of the other two
holes. this could be caused by :
a. Inconsistent surface of the calibration block.
".b. Near .field effects
c • In~orrect hole eeOOlat. 17
d. All o't
the above.. '"
....~. ..if
75. Is it possi.ble to det erm:ine the real flaw size fr-aa the echo amplitude?
a. Yes, using half value method.
~. y as, using ffiS diar:ram & evaluating the cjefcct by its EaS
C. Yes, cO!fparing echo height to correspondinG re!~re1ce reflector
,ft-- ~~he given methods can delive:' the real flaw s:i:z.e
76 0
- The hal!' value method for defect 5izlng is preferably USL.~ if
a. the di.aIooter or the sound be8t1 at the location of t!-J:: der~t is
bi0ger than the defect dl.a.neter \';
'-~/- the diamet,er or the SOlttld beam at the location of a larcie and
flat reflector is smaller than the defect d~er'
c.. a 6 dB drop of the echo ~litude after ma.xioising the'~ho can
be obtained
d. the ros diagram is used
77. La.rge defects lilich run parallel to the surface of workpiece are
eva.1uat ed us:ing :
---.a.- ,'the half value method. b. the ooS method
C. the re£erence block method d. the echo ~litooe D:easureLlent.
78. While eva~uat:ing the area or
a large laI:d.nation type <;>! defect in the
midd~ of a 25 mtl tlUck plate usmg a UP with a frequency of 4 IJlz. and
& diameter of 2) nun, the probe positions due to an ckt,( echo ~litude
drop <-20 dB) were ~corded. .
a. the defect are3. is smaller than the real size
b. the defect area correspcnds to the real size
~. the cie.fect area. is l.arcer than the real size
d. the DGS method should be applied in orde r to evaluate the siz e
79. The amount. of energy reflected froJn. a discootjnuity t"Iill be dependent On

~. the siZe b. the ori'Sltation c. the type ~-;. all or ~, b, c.
80. InS diagram eives relationshjp between three variables. They are •
,~' Distan::e, gam & size
b. Distance, Gain &. sensitivity
c. Di.amet, er, gain l~ size
d • Diameter, gain & sensitivity .
81. A "J.Am1nar reflector ls scanned from the two ::iv'Cn~posit:ia.'lsc rihat. ·. :ou.:!.d.betht
ratio bet"'/een the defect echo at. p~obc po~l.tion 'AI and probe posit..io~ ; iJ: ?
a. 12 dB b. 1: 1 O"~ 2: 1 d. '0'3: 1
A .B
/'
~
82. An ur in5t~t has been co.librated to obtain a 2" .indication from a 5/64" ¢ m1
locatEd 3" from the fr.cnt surface of an altmdnium referoocc block. \~hm test1ng an
alUtliniun .ror~inGJ a 2" ln~ication is obtamed fror.l a discontlnuity locatoo 3" froc
the entry suriace.
The cross sect.iDnal area. of this discontinuity is probably :
a. th e SB.!:le a.s the area. of the 5/64" FBH
\).r' greater than the area of t~le 5/64" FBH
'e. sl.iehtly j.ess than t.he area of the 5/64 11 Fm
d. about 1/2 the area of the 5/64 n Ffii
83. The 61uivalent reflector size deteImined USlnG OOS lII3thod refers :
a. to the correspcndmg diameter of a SDH ha v:in;; the same echo hei.sht
than the defect echo
b. to ap?roximately the size of the \.I'lkno~m defect
.J;r; to the correspondin(; ctiameter of a FBH having the same echo height
as the def'ect . .~ho
d. to the exact de! act size only i f a DGS scale had been used.
84. ~ihich of the .following cay result in a J...oni narro',-l rod i f the bea:=
diver~ence results jn a reflection from a side of the test piece o-efore
the sound W3.ve reaches the back surface?
a. Hultiple indications before the first back reO.ection
b. Indications fran multiple surface refl.ections
,s.-.- Cmversion from thf' loogitudma1 mode to shear mode
d. Loss of front surface indications.
85. Vlhicll of the f ollowmg stat ernent is true ? \
a. Accurate ulLrascnic msnecl,ion cannot take plAce tmt.il all n<n-relevant "
:indications. are ],,(;~t10VOl£ fran the em' .
b. nCl'l-relevant indicatlons caused by the l;lOde cmwrsjon In a J..c.lg
narrow specimen "vIlli usually occur bet';/etm the jnit:ial pulse &: the
iirst back -,.;all echo
c. Large crain sizeIn a specjmen (Till- c<l;usc 'noise or Hash' on the
C:l? J but the e<ntrol on the' instrt!tlent ,.,ill al'iays raJOve
1 reject'
this and pen:d.t an etfective 'test.
-- ..d. l:on€ of the above otat.~U\e!1t is true.

~, u~ .,~:i~
(\.11'\ '.<',
'.86. In r:L~ding out the distance bet.'./(~n BW£" 2nd 5cconua::.:: echo due to siJe H'D.JJ. 1:1
A steel, th~ .ract~r used is
a. 1.3 b. 1.76 c. 0.067 d. 0.76
a, -·1-0~~""
<-" ~
1,,_',
"
4""
II.
'\
\
e/. On ~ 50 l~ " rour.d piece testoo diametrically ~'lith l~FJ, if you o~servc an
echo c..t r .35 diVe o~ 100DU rn!ll:C, this eCho is :
/~\
..;>!- 1st j)":;:: b. Dei ec t ~ho
f ~~
c. Tr:lA~uL?.r cc~o "'lit~10U~ mooc cO:1version
~ .
'~, , ~/ l!ont:; of the above
Sri. A Oil ¢ 1,01 is being :inspected tor centreline cracks. 'i'he .\-Scan
presentation for ale cceplet.epath through th~ rod is as shawn in the
follo".ling fi£;ure. \1ihere should there be an Alal!:l [ate?
a. An alam ~at e should be uS ed b~~fCm po5.nts ,~, e:. I ~',
h. ,\n alann gate should be used at pomt ID t on~.
&'" An alaro gate ~hould be used ~twem po:ints '3' &. 'Ii'
d. An alaro rate should not be used for this applica.tion.
,0
•
..""
JO
89. ,\rigle bca::J. tcst:in:; of plJ\te will otten miss :
a. cracks that are perpEndic~.to the soWld waVe
b. ;inclusions that are randanly oriented
\
!t:.Jr' J..a.minntions that are parallel to the £rant surface
d. a serioo of small discQ'ltjnuit ies •
90. ?he r.Cthod that is usee to s~.c thd defect dol.ecte-! :il~ l[' b
a.. 6 dB dr~ r.1~hod b. 20 c:D drop ncthcci .
c. using DGS -.' ~ all o£ the abo\"e.
"
'.
.. .. ' ~~ .• --,
~
'--
I nstitute of Non- Destructive T esti n9 . .
33/2A, SATISH MUKHERJEE ROAD,
CALCUTTA·700 026
Phone :~·0754;)4-0797
t'
, h. .\
(~ .~.
U:f - LEVEL n.
QUi;,:)~IO~JNi\Ii~j PAl~T_IV.
1. Orl an A_scan disp13.:r :'rhat represents the :i.r...~~1sity of do rcilecteJ bcan~ ?

a. Echo pulse vridth. b. Ho:ci.7.ontal screen loc~tio;1
c. S i[1lal bri'~~htnes s. . / . Si~~al an:-lit~d8.
2. On an A_scan display', the 'Dead zone' ~fers to :

a. the distance contained withi."'1 the n~ar field
b. the :l.rea outside the bcar.l spread
c. the dis t.ane c cove:~ed by the f rent sur fae e pub e ,·-idth 3.nJ
recover.! t:lJ:1e.
d. the aroo. bet"'ie~ the :-lear and the far fielc.i.
3. Of the follo.:ing sc,lns, ;.llich one can bo usco. to ;;roQuce a recorc.im{;

of flau areas superirnj)osed over a pla'1 vic'.'; of t:18 test pic<>:; ?
a. A_ncan b. B-scan c. C_scan d. D-sca.l.
h. In a B-scan di.s}',laJ-, tho length of a scree!1 :i7-:dicJticz:. l'ro!:~ a

discontinuity is r-31;1tec..1 to :
a. disco."'!ti'!uity's thiclmcss as :reasured parallel to L:l0 be.'lL:.
b. discont:L."1uitY's lcn[;th jn the direction of tr,~'1sducer travel.
c. both a 8: b.
d. !,Tone of the above.
5. ~lhich of thr; follo',dng cO!1trols C3.11 be used to iner:1.sc tht:

relative bri:~ht,:1ess of an A_scan pres entation?
...
:).. pulse lmst,h. b. sttr>pression. c. 1 :"'8(~U8~C:" J. pulse repctj_tio~l ra.te.
(). DUrL"1g IJrtr.".el:"sior. t.~t:ing of an \SE·' Ultraso::ic St,'l;:Jaru ;:ef8!YnC(~ !llocl:;

a l:3-scan I)rcs (~tation syst CJ1 ';:ill shQ.] a :
:). • 'p lan t vim·: of th e block, sho'.-ling the ar (;3. and pes it-ion of the
llole botto;-; ::ts seal fro71 the entry surface.
b. Basic test !)attel11 sho~'::ing the hei[:ht of :indica-t.io!:. f1'o[: the
hole bOttO:.l 3..D.J its location m ciepth free tr.tr~.: su;'facc.
c. C1'OSS sectio~ of o)ock, showlnG the to:) a.'lcJ bOttOl:;' surf3.Ce3

of the blod~ <1~d the location of the hole botto::; in block.
d. None of V1e aLove.
"
-.- --- - ~~----- -------- -------_.
",.
7. The CRT will display a plan view of the part outl:ine anI defects Hhen using
a. aut anat ic read out equipn<nt b. A_scan presentation
c. :s...scan d. C_scan
8. ~·lhen
a C_scan reco!'dini~ is used to produce a perma.'1er.t record of lIT test,
the :L'1Ionnation displayed is typically the
a. Disccnt:inuity, depth & size b. location &. depth
c. depth, orientation & size d. location & size
9. The rna.x:imum height of indication obtainable fro;} a eiven size small

discontmuity on an A_scan can be a measure of :
a. select i vity of the lnstrurnmt b. sensitivity of :instrument
c. resolution of l..'1strument d. penetration of :L~3trument.
10. The distance bet.'lea1 the 2nd ilid echo and 1st end echo :in throu.;h
transmission cotlpared to pulse 'Echo syst;e:l is
a. Same b. i'lore c. Less d. Exact ly half.
11. A larGe discontinuity found \-lith the throu,.:h transmission

technique will cause the CrIT Display to :
a. increase:in amplitude at a point equal to the depth of defect.
b. sh()\'i a pip equal to the relative ;>:ize of the discontmuity.
c. show a decrease in reflected ~' 9T'SY frcn the b3.ck surface of ~"k1.rt
d. show a decrease :in ener,:y at the receiv:in~ transducer.
12. The test systen that used either pulsed or continuous SOtl..'1J and
indicates discontinuities as a reduction :in. received eneI\:r is
a. ccntact testing. b. Pulse-echo tcstin£.
c. Lonflitud:inal '-lave test:ing. d. Thro~~h transmission tcst:inr;.
13. The test systEm which makes use of st~t'~nery ...raves to tell us
something about a test spee:imen is calioo :
a. Cootinuous wave testing b. Couyla:i wave testing
c. Contact testmg. d. Th rou;:h transmiss ion t estL'1i::.
14. The prmciple of ultrasmic resonance is cO!;"Il:0:1ly uscrl f02'
a. locating large discontmuities b. locatin:.~ poroGity

c. l!1easur:ing ~'/all thiclmess d. none of t.he aboV8.
15. Liquid penetrant test is applicable to non-!:tct.als also.

a. true b. false c. both a [.:. b d. neither a or b.
· ""
16. Resonance testfug equipl:cnt generally util~E£ :

a. pulsed lon.:itudmal ,·tlve b. pulsed shear wa.ve
c. cwt:inuous lon[;itud:U1c.l wave. d. ccnt:L"1UOUS shear '-laVe
17. In llnr[Lersion testmg to avoid seccnd 0ntrance echo ap;;ear:ing

bet;.'Teen 1st & 2nd Il:3, the water delay should. be :
a. small b. equal to thicknesc of saJnple
c. more d. ratios of velocity of water to sarrple
18. In irnr..ersion technique, the distance bet\,leen the face of the probe
and the surface of the ·,.;orkpicce C'.-rater path) is usu3.11y adjusted
so that the t:iril.e required to send the sound bcar.1 thro~-;h the ','ater
a. is ~ual to the sound transit time in the warl:piece
b. is gr6:a.ter than the sOl.L"'1d transit tjme in the \,1orkpiece
c. :is less than the sound transit time LT}. the ·::or}.:piece
d. is arbitrary.
19. If 10 tm stee 1 piece m:.1crS cd :L'1. a \-sat er ha v:ing 2. level of 2J mr:1

to the probe fran Entry face, where will first end echo fra:1 steel
pi~e would be (Range ca.librated jn steel.) :
a. 50 lm:l. b. 20 nun c. 30 m::: d. other th~"l a, b or c.
20. In an autaaatic scanning im:.ersion unit, the brict:e or carria:.~c i3

a. support the r.nnipulator and scanner tube and to move it about
trans verse ly and lo:1[;it ud in ally •
b. control the a.'1gular and tra~sverse positionmg of the scanrr-.!r tube
c. centrol the vert.ica.l and angular positio~:j_T}.g of t!lC scanner tube
d. raise and lO··-1er the transducer.
21. -~'Ihich of the follo';::ing sCM~jn3 mcl,ho~5 could be cL'lssified as an

:iJIr.1.ersion type tes t ?
a. Tank:in Which the search unit and test piece are m,,-:lcrsed
b. Squ.irtter/Bub~ler methai :in ':!hich the SOlIDU is transmit t,ed ma
column of follo·,d.ng "Hater
c. f1ca'1l1.1.n{; ~·tj.th a ·.:heel t~,,!)e search un~t ·..:ith the tr:lnsducer :inside
a ]5quid fi~1.cd t:rre.
d. all of thc above.
22. In 1n.'"::ersion testi.";.G, the appearanCe of mult.iple froot surface ir.dications

before the first ba.cl~ reflection C.J.n be el:iJ:d.ntltecl b:- :
a. usinG a ci.if.far~1t frtX!uency
b. decreas:ing the inst rtlii1f3nt gam
c. :incrl~s:ine
the 'w'later distance bet''1cen the se:lrch ur.it w~d saJ:vlc
d. using a contotrr corrected lenses.
., .. ~
_...~i:-~-~''''~'' -}"'~- ... -;-. '-.~ '.,'
23. -The most comnonly used tOOthed of producing shear waves in test part when
:inspectmg by the :immersion method is : '
a. by transmitt:ing longitu:l:1nal waves :into a part :in a direction
pel11endiculAr to its front sur&ce
b. by us:ing two crystals vibrat:ing at diff erent f'~uencies
c. by us:ing a Y..cut quartz crystal

d. by angulat:ing the search tube to the proper angle.
24. In an imnersion t~t of a piece· of steel or alnminiun, the water distance

appears on the display as a fairly ·wide space betwem the lnitial pulse and
the £r<nt surface reflection because of :
a. raiuced velocity of sound m water as canp~ed to test sample.
b. :increased velocity of sound :i..'1 water as canpared to test sanple
c. temperature of the "later
d. all of the above
25. Ultrasmic Energy for :iIrmersion ultrasalic test:ing is transmittEd to the

object as ccupressional wave because: \
~ .. '
a. cOI!q)ressional "mves travel faster and will therefore reduce the
distance or the :interface signal
b. liquids will not susta:in shear waves
c. compressional waves are always used with inr.lersion test:ing
d. all of the above. ~.,
\. .>1'
/>
26. In ~rsion testing us:ing longitudinal waves J the ratio of the velocity Qf It '-T_~
sound m many metals to the velocity of sound :in water is nearest to :

a. 10: 1 b. 4: 1 c. ~: 1 d. 2: 1.
27. HhEll imnersion testmg a 4" thick steel spec:im~ us:L."1g the longitudinal
mode, it \'lould be advisable to ma:inta:in a water path of :
a. 1/4" b. 1-1/4" c. !" d. none of the above.
28. In imnersion test:ing i'ollo1tdng wave mode can be propo~ated

in the test piec e.
a. 'L' ~ve b. T wave c. all the waves d. only I a' & 'b
'
29. While test:ing a butt weld joint :in a 75 mm. thick S.S.P late, an echo was
observed fran a discontinuity very near the outer surface which !JDT l:ethod
. . rill calfinn that discontmuity is open to t.he surface?
a. Radioeraphy b. Ha@1etic Particle c. Liquid penetrant
d. Leak Test.
-.........,:
r-:--.....
~ . !::.:l".. '
· l
~
-- ..~ Institute of NOfl- Destructiv'e T. estlllg\
i_~93 I}
3~i2A, SATISH l\1lJKIIEH.JEE ROAD!,
I*W
I
~ ~
CA LCUTTA-700 02()
~U\"\ "hoLe : 7,,'(7)~n4-0797
I
.. _---_. ----- --- ~-~~--.--------.- --.- --.-- - - -- _.. _------- --~-,.-.~.- ...-.----- .. --~." -_ .. - ----------,-- ---- .---- ---.- -~- -_.-. --.-_ ..._._--
Ultrasooic Level _ II.
PAR T _ I.
1. Ultrasalic waves in test materials are :

a. electraua.gnet1c b. / low voltage electric fields
c. discootinous radio / . mechanical vibrations
2. The back and .forth movemEnt8 of particles 'Wi thin a maiium are
callEd :
8.. cycles b. wavelengths ~ . vibrat ions d. displac611ents.
3. Ultr8.8c:nie vibrations are generally defined as ha.v:lng frequoo.cy

above:
a. 2,CXX> Hz b. 100,000 Hz Y.' 2),000 Hz d .. 1,OJX)OC) Hz
4. Wave Imgth is detinoo as:

a. The d1lstance a wave travels to the back surface 4! the 6pec1moo
y' The distance a Wl-vcform advances while a particle ~kes one
canpletevibra.tl.on or orbit.
c. The number of cycl.es produced per 56Cmd
d. The time rEGuired for a wave to reach a certa:1n point :in the
specimen.
5. The distance from a giTen point on an ultra~alic wave to the next

cat"respooding pOlnt i.e referred to as :
~. frEqUency .Y. wavelength c. velocity d. pu~ f) l€l'lgt,h.
6. The ~ation describing 'Wavelmgth in terms of velocity and

frequency ~ :
a. ?\::x C. x f h. A Q f x c $-": " &::I cit d. ? = f +c
7. The speed at Which ult.raeooic waves travel through a Inlterial i15

Jjv./ velocity of Bound en~gy
b. pulse repetition rate of somd enargy
c. pulse recovery ra.te of tDergy
d. ultrasooic response of Bound ooergy.
,.~.
~ ,
~~
J\~ 1 ~j
-'~
'2 ~5 ' !to 0
\'7-
/~Q(O "-\
(.
O. -J
~-;
"\.,, h' ~~
Io
8. It f'requ81CY i.e jncreased, the waveloogth will : VV
~ decrease b. :increase
c. will r~in the same but velocity will increase
d. will rsnsin the same but velocity will. decrease
9. Since t.he velocity ot sound in aluminium is app. 245,000 in, / eec.
it takes abrut - to~ 80lUld to travel through 1" of, .ecimoo.
a. 1/8 sec • .Ai. 4 microsees. c. 4 m1)11secs. 4
d.' 1/4 x 10- secs.
10. It the distance travel,led by the loogitudinal wave in steel is

100 mm, how much travel time will it take ?
a. 34,pSces. b.3.4,uSecs. c. 1.7~ecs. ~./17..nSecs.
11. wav· length for a trequmcy ot 4.0 MHz at a velocity

Ca.lcu.l.ate~,.the
of 5.9 km/sec.
a. 6.78 mm b. 0.678 mm ~JZ". 1.475 mm d. 2.66 mm
12. The wavelEngth in wiater (velocity 1/4 of steel) of a sound ....ave

at a fr~uency of 3 MHz ?
a. 2 mIn b. 1 mm ..JY~ 0.5 mm d .. other than &, b & c.
c.
13. What wrund be the wavelength of sound energy in lead (C,=2.1 x la/em.)
when tested with a 25 MHz probe? ' -
a. 119 em. h. 0.525 CIn. C. 0.0119 em. -a: 0.0084 em.
14. An ultrasmic loogitudinal wave travels in aluminium with a

velocity of 635,000 cm/sec and has a fr~uency of 1 MHz, the
wavelmgth ot thiB uJtras'ooic -wave is :
O
a. 6.35 feet b. 3.1 inchesc~ 6.35 mm.. d.30,()(x)A
15. Caapute the wavelEngth of ultrasooic energy at 1 MHz in lead

(C 1= 2.1 x lo?cm/sec.)
qA. 0.21 em. h. 21 em. c. 0.48 em. d. 4.8 x 10
-5 em.
16. For aJl1mjnium and steel the lcngitudinal velocity is app. ___ _
the shear velocity.
a. equal to ,",h. twice c .. one hall of <1. foor times.
17. The oolY eigni!icant sound wave mode that will travel through a
liquid is
a. Sh&ar b. Loogitudinal c. Surface d. Rayleigh.
10),
lB. Which of the following modes of vibration are quick:+y damped out
~J,_eetjng....q...,.t,he-I"usi(JflMethod l' '~ f
8.. Lcng1tudinal b. Sh&'l.r C. -Transverse ~. Surface.
19. In which wave mode velocity :Ls not fixed for a given material ?
a. Surface b. L'mgitudUlal C. Shear ~; Lamb.
20. A loogitu:iinal lIBve havUlg trequency of 4 MHz takes 2..u$ecs. to

travel certain distance in steel. T! erefore a shear wave having
frequency of 6 MHz 'Will take _ uSecs. to travel S8JOO distance
:in ..... e el ?.
i:j"
9.>,
~ ,J ' " / ...
a. 2).15ecs b. l....uSecs. c. 1.5 )lSecs. Ji'; 3.64)lSecs. "\".. ~)

t' :,. <' ".
)
'_21~ The velocity at which lamb waves travel In a plate depends on
a. the thickness of the plate b. the material type
c. the .freqUEnCY ot sound wave ;t~' all the above. ...{
">.
~ 7' '" .
22. or the following sound waves modes, which oo.e bas multiple or .~ -;, . "..
varying wave velocities ? ~,', -{
' ...\\ ~
a. Lcngitud1nal waves b. Shear waves "
c. Transverse waves .d. Lamb waves.
" ,.!~"
23. Which of the followlng is not a characteristic of longitudinal waves ?
a. Heighestvelocity "
b. L<ngest wavelength at any one fr9'1uency . \
c. Beet pEnetration at anyone frequffiCY
d.
I
Particle motion 13 perpmdicular to wave propagation
24. Lamb waves m3.y be used to :inspect:

a. Forgings b. Barstock c. In~ots c,d. Thin Sheet.
25. Lamb waves can be used to detect :

,B.. Laminar type defects near the surface of a thin ntlterial
b. Lack or rus~o~ In the cwtre of a thin weldm€llt
c. Internal voids in diffunion bonds
d. Thickness changes in heavy plate m l-Jeri.al.
26. Properties of shear or transverse waves used for ultrasooic
:include.
a. particle motion normal to propagation direction, and a propagat.ion
velocity which is about 1/2 the 1..cclgitudinal wave velocityin the
same m9.terial.
b. exceptiooall.r high sensitivity due to low atta1uatioo resulting
fror.l l<nger wavelmgths When propa~ting through water.
c. high coopUng efficioocy since shear waves are less smaitive to

surface variables when travellin[; frOC) a coopljng liquid to part.
d. N roe of the above statunents apply to shear waVe8.
"
Zl. Ra3"leigh waves are influmced most by defects located
a. eIle wave lmgth below the arurface

b. s1.x wave length below the surface
""-:' close t~ or on the surface
d. three ~ve laigths below the surface.
28. Surface waves are reduced to an energy level of approx. l/25th

of the origfual power, at" a dq>th of :
a. 1 inch. b. 4 inches. ~/l wavelmgth d. 4 wavelalgths.
29. In generaJ., shear waves are more SEnsitive to small diBcootinuities

than l.CIl.gitudinaJ. waves fpr a ,given freq~ency and in a given ~terial:
A. the wavelength of shear wave is shorter than the wavelalgt:,h of
loog:itudmal wave.
b. shear waves are not as easily dispersed In the m:l.terial
c. the direction for particle vibration for shear waves is more
sensitive to discontinuities.
d. the wavelength of shear waves is looger than the wavelength of
l<ngitudinaJ. waVe5.
30. In general, which of the following modes of vibratioo would have

the greatest poo.et.rat:ing power in a coarse gra.:1ne:i material i f the
frequency of the wave is the same ?
)1'. Lcngitudinal b. Shear c. Transverse
d. All ot the above modes would have the same pooetrating power.
Y31. Acoustic energy propagates in dif'fermt modes. Which of the

!oll:wo:ing repres€Jlt a mode?
/'
a. Lcng1tud:inal b. Shear c. Surface -d. All a, b & c.
32. Ultra.ecnic waves which travel aroond, a gradual curve with little
or no reflection from the curve are callt:rl :
a. Longitudinal b. Shear ~c: Surface d. Tranaver5e.
33.. In which mediUIL listed below wruld the velocity of soond be

loWest?
a.. Air b. Water c. Aluminium d. Sta1nlees Steel.
,.
34. The acoustic imptdance of a material is used to :

a. detet"lldne the angle of retraction at an :interfa.ce
b. dete.rm1ne the att81uatlon within the material
~' determine the relative a.mamts of sound wergy crupled through
and reflected at an interface
d. detennine the beam spread with:in the J%)llt erial.
35. At an interfac.e between tWo diCferent materials, an jmpedance

difference results :in :.
a. reflection of the entire mcidect energy at the interface
b. ab80rpt ion or sound
. c/. ~ division of sound energy into a transmitted wave and a
/ renected wave
d. nooe of the above.
36. The percmtage of ultraaooic energy renected at a boondary of two

d1!' farent me1ia is directly depEmdent on- :
a. the size of the transducer
.,.}). the angle of incidmce and the ratio of the specitic acoustic
impEdance of the two media
c. the ratio of the epecif'ic acou:!tic impedance of the two media
d• all of the above.
37. In pass:ing fran ooe merliun to another, the energy transmitted

through the interface :
a. decrease as the impEdanc e..ratio decreases
.-b. jncrea.s~ as the jmpedance ratio decreases
c. is e:}ual to th e lmpedance ratio
d. incre8.8e9 as the imp~ance ratio incr~es
e. nooe of the above
38. Acoustic fulpedance of an ideal cooplant is :

a. ehould be ~e than that of the transducer
b. ehoo.ld be higher than that of the transduc Jr
c. should be between tha.t of the transduc er and the test ~pecimen
d. need not be ccnsidered.

~j
"
t/ /'
'At
lILt..-
< 1 Lu t"h+ 1Z: -=- 'i )< ~ ~~w'-f0CL.
39. The a.coustic iJ!!pedance for brass (V as 4.43 x laS cm/sec

flal 8.42 ~cm3) 1B
6 5
a. 37 x 1'0 f!PJicm2 eac. b. 1.9 x 10
2
gm/c:m sec.
5 2 6 2
c. 9.4 x 10 f§J2!cm sec. d. 3.7 x 10 g;r/c::m. sec.
Calculate acoustic :impedance of water

~
""",'
'" " ",1','
I.(1J •
= 1500 f - 1.0 ~cm3)

'~, '" ')i<
(V m/S8C;
J., <
2 2
:tl'. 1500 kg/m sec. b. 1500 gm/cm sec.
c. 150000 ~cm2sec. d.
}
1.5 fJllI'cm 2 aec.
l\ 41. Knowledge of the velocity of sound in a given, material 1£

necess8 f in determ.~ing ;
a. the specific acoustic impedance of the ID3-terial
b. the angle of refracti<Xl in the material
c. the depth of an :indication in the mat~ial
""d. all of the aboVe.
42. In .finding out reflecting wave, when incident wave meets lnterfa.ce
having two diss1miJ.Ar z" and the z of the first m6iium is higher than
the secood m'edfum, the phase of reflect iOn-
a. rema:ins same b. need not be considered

c'. reverses d. there is no reflecting wave.
~. The angle of reflection of a beam q.t Alurpinium/~~ter interface is

a. approx. 1/2
the angle of incidmce
b. ap'prox. 4 times the angle of incidence
~ual to the angle of :incidence
.9 •
d. 0.256 times the angle of :incidence.
44. The phooCJIlooCXl by which a wave ~t't ikes a boundary and changoo the
direction of its propagation within the same medium is referred to as
a 0 Diverg€l1ce b. Impedance c. Angulat.ion d. Reflection.
45. The simple experiment where a st-ick in a r,lass c!' water appe3.rs
disjointed at the ~ter surface illu8trat~ the phenom<noo of :
a. reflection b. magnification c. refraction d. diffr~cti.on.
.eo
46. What law can be used to calcula.te the angle of refraction withLT'l a
metal for both loogitudinal and shear waves ?
a. Poisson's Ratio • ....b. Snell c. Fresooel's Field d. CharlC53.
47. ~f the angle probe is used on the InlterW whose velocity 13 higher,
than steel, the angle of refraction in that mater:L'll will be
(cooaider shear wave velocity)
a. Lower b. Same ..fl'. Higher d. None of a, b or c.
@ f) 4£. An l.:lcident 'L' wave transmit ted at an angle less tik.9.n the firot
critical angle,will gmerate :
a. rL' & 'SI Wave jY./tL' & 'T' Wave
c. 'L' Wave . only d. 'T I Wave only.
'L' Wave _ Longitudinal wave
'T' Wave _ Transverse wave
, S' Wa v e _ Surface wave
49. 'whEn the :incid~t angle is chosen to be betwe~l the !~st and
seccnd crit~cal angles, the ltaV6generated within the part will be
a. Loogituctinal .b ~ Shear c. Surfac e d. Lamb
50. We mcrea..se the angle of incidence upto the secood critical angle.
This leads to :
a.
Total renection of the 'T' W3.ve
b. 45°refractial of the tTt wave·
y. The generation of a surface. wave
d. None of the above.
o
51. The angle at which 9O refraction of the 'r' Wlve OCGU.rs is calloo.
a. first critical angle vb'; secood critical ane1e
c. third critical angle d. angle of reflec~ion.
52. First critical angle for perspex and steel interface wo.I1.d be
o 0 0 /' 0
a. 10 b. 57.5 c. 35 y. 71.5
53. If a contact angle beam transducer produces a 45° s..'1car ~'O.ve in

steel, the angle produced by the same transducer i.., an alurrriniu;n
specimen would be: (SteBIVt = 0.323 cn0lSec.)
Aluminium V
t
= 0.310 cm/)-lSec.)
o 0
Jt"e less than 45 b. Greater t.han ~5
', - c • 45° d • mar e In
... ~ .
1 0 rrrn...... :..c,:-.
i s r equ J..r
' ,E,41
'•
54. A transducer with an acrylic/plastic wedge coupled to a gteel

specimm at an angle of 29° will produce
a for' wave b. IS' wave c. tL' & 'T' YAve d. tTl & 'Sf W<lYO
'-,'; ' ."
55. When testinE; alumlniumoby the immersion method using water, t.he
angle 'Of incidecce -= 5, the a..ngle of refraction for 'L' \If.lvOO '~ill be
J/. 22o b. 18O . . . . .c.L0
,a) d. 16 °
56. In a. wa~r inmersion test, ultrasonic Energy is transmitted into steel

at an incident angle ot 14~ what is the angle of the retract ad shear
wave withjn the material ?
a. 45o ",:)0
b. Q $Y., 31 d. 13° °
57. I f you were requested to design a plastic shoe to generate a 'S'
wave in steel, what would be the incidmt angle of the ultrasooic wave?
a• 3ry()
( • /'
oe 57 ° c. 75 ° d. 480
'(58. A 4 MHz shear wave J?l'0be haring eo°angle .in steel is used for testing
." '" .f
copper plAte, the angle &. the fr~u~cy of this probe in copper "'(ill
lr' o
a. &Jo -4 MHz b. IN -2.78 MHz c. 37 °-2".78 MHz ~'..' 370-4 KHz
If the angle probe is marked as &J~ :its wedge angle is :
-/
.
59. ~.
l~O
a. OJ b. more than 90 0 r.46.7 d. other than a, b or c. ° ) ''}
tIJ. When a beam of ultr80satic energy passes from a J..llIuid into a metal,
which of the following may take place at the interface?
a. reflection
c• refract ion b. ~J.if1cat:ion in the boom direction
.~/ a 3( c d. none of the above
61. If the angle of incidooce during the· perform3.nce of an ~si.o:l test

(V = 0.149 cm/}.lSec) of a 302 5S (V = 0.566 c'm/AlSec, Vt=-O.312 cm/.uSec.)
0 t
pJ.;lte was f,ound to be 3,?o(Sin 33 = 0.545), which m.ode would exist in
the plate? . ,,-
,.1//
a. 'L I wa. ve (lY. 'T' wave c. IS' Wlve I,)ff. None.
f::2. At an lncida1t angle of 10~ ,loogitud:inal energy is transmit~ed fro;:n tap water
into a laminate of silVer and steel. What is the angle of refra~ted enerf:Y in
the steel? 0
0
a. 6;fJ b. 23 c. 43° d. 51.5
Wh er e: V (t a p water) a:: 1.5 x 103metr as/8 ec •
C
~, I
VI (l.a.minate of silver, near eide) = 3.6 x IO/metres/ sec.

V~(Ste~l) = 5.9 x 10 3 metres/sec.
____ ~_~~___ ~_~fl_"'i ,J VL 0 ~. 1 bern / Sec ~X I c S

I -. s ~ ~~ n~~~~ '----------
-::eQ-:;lu::, "Y:~'o~~,\;;~/~~ ~,:ec~--l
, - -----;.----- --
r
I
~-~-:---~-r-~
- - {c,.Y ~ +- ~ c J \- L :. ~. <w;-\' )... / C..) c- / .)4
(' .C.
j
I
I ,..... )
r-C>''-{lr''':-J. '..,.'t - '.' - 5" .

.J - .'J,.< :Jj-...I{j (''''"1-/ Se.e. I
L-_. ________ -- --- . . ----- - - --, _ __ _ ___ _ -.------1
,"
\~
63. rteferr:lng to the earl~e".figure, determ:1na the retra.cted angle or transverse

lIBYeS :in the SS ,c~~g w~h ~. plastiC? wedge of. 3rf ' . .,
a. 43 o
b. 37
0"
c. 560
d. 72
°
64. Referring. to the figure 00 the earlier page, determine the retracted angle
of transverse waves :in the low a.lloy at ~el (orgj,ng with a. 3'f p J..astic w~ge.
o '0
l-- 0 0
a. 40 b. 35. c. 45 d. 50
65. Ret!ermg to the figure 00 the previous p~ c:e, what angle should the plastic
wedge be cut in order to fuduce a 45°ccmp.l·~81ooal wa.ve into the cladding
from the clad sur1tace ?
0 o
a. aJ° b. 15.5° c. 30.5 d. 22.5
f:IJ. Ref'fering to the figure on the previous page, lCkat angle should the plastic
wedge be cut to induce a. 45 0 canpressional wave :into the low alloy steel hem
the clad- surface?
a. o
19.5 0
b. 22 30 0 c. 0
d. 15
67.
S:1n
The !ormula V
¢ 1 = SinV ¢ 2
is used to detennine :
1 2
8.. Phase velocities b. Amount of reflected sound energy
c. Angular relationships d. Acoustic impedance.
68. Angle beam search units produce a shear wave,ln the teat material
bjr the phenanoooo known as :
a. reflection b. scattering c. attmuatioo d. Mode ccnversion •
. ';
69. Mode ccnversion in a ultrasCIlic beam :

a. !n9.y lead to haring several types of liItives presoot which makes
:interpretation easier jn most cases
b. is ccntrolled to sane extent by the angle the initial be3Jn
strikes the best part surfac e
c. is calsidered to be undesirable i f surface Wives are generated and
the tested part is being examined for surface diacootinutities.
d. none of the above.
70. The angle at Which there will be total mo:le cCl1version for incoming
transverse wave :in steel is
a. 29 0 b •. 61° c.60° d.26°
71. When an incident ultrasonic wave impingee upai BJ·~ ini:. e.rface of two
materials With differel1t acoustic impedances at an angle other than
normal to the sur face, the wave may be :
.a renected b. retracted c. mode ccnverted d. All 8., b & c.
~
.,'
Inst~itute of Non-Destructive Testing

3Jj2A, SATISJ-I I\1UKI-lERJEE ROAD,
CALCUTTA-700 026
Phone! : 7~ -075~t74-0797
-------~--- .. ~--.- ==================:::=::--- ------- --------- :-------.-----==-~-~-~~-::.:=::.= :::::.::=--:- .:-::.:------=----:-.:.:...:.:: ~-- ::::: -- -
U T - LEVEL II.
CJJESl'ro·n\t\IrtE PA:IT _II.
1. The property of certain :natcrials to transfor..n electrical enor,:':Y

to mechanical enerfJ" an: vice versa is calle:]
a. mode conversation. ~" piezoelectric efl',~-!ct
c. ref raction. d. impooance matchinG_
(~2. The transducers most comnonly found .in ult.rasonic search ll.T1its
(prob~~) ~5 ed for discontinuity t estint; utilize :
a. A1.gnet.ostriction principles y. piezoelectric pri."1ciplos

c. modeconversion principles d. nooe of thc~ a',)ov~
3. The fund~ntal frequency of a piezoelectric crystal is prir;G.riJ.y

a f'Wlction o£ :
a. the lmgt,h of the applied volta.~e pulse'
b. the amplifying characteristics of the pulse aJ!1:llifier in e'~ui~::1e~t.
_.e. the thickness of the crystal.
d. none of the above.
4. The crystal t.hiclmesa and transducer frequency are rclat,~, the thin.ler
I
the crystal, \[
-t
a. lower the frequency. .' '1:1': hi,sher the fr~uor.cj:-.
c. No appreciable effect. d. tJone of the abcvc.
f~' The curie point o£ a crystal is

0/. the temp. at which a material looses its piezoelectric acti'''it:,-
b. the point on the crystal where the amplitude of viliraticr. is z~o •
.Y. the t EJtlp. at which nat erials revers e their polar I:Ja'1l et ic pro[.'0.rt ie~
d. non e of the above.
6. or the piezoelectric materials listed belo~-1J the most ef.!.'i~ie1t ~ound

transmitter :is :
a. Lithium sulphate b. Quartz ,Co. Dar:i1lln titanate d. Silver c:xioe ,r
7. Th e roa.in disadv~~ta[:e of baritut t itanat c transduc er

a. they are least efficient ultrasOOIid [:enerator
b. th~ are water soluble
·c. t.hey age ~:ith use
d. they are limited to use at teoperature below 165°f.

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TWI TRAINING & CERTIFICA TION

Ultrasonic Inspection Coursework 7 - Calculations

1. A shear wave probe has a wavelength of 0.8mm in steel; what is it frequency?

3. What angle of incidence is required to generate a 37 degree shear wave in steel?

£f< Steel to water

Acoustic impedance of perspex is 14 x 106 and that of water is 1.5 x 106 .

10. Which of the following probes would have the lowe~tsensitivity ?

HINT: Calculate the angle of incidence first.

Compression velocity in steel : 5900m/sec

Ultrasonic Inspection Coursework 5

1. Properties of shear or transverse waves used for ultrasonic testing indude:

A. Partide motion normal to propagation direction and a propagation velocity, which is

2. One of the most common applications of shear waves in ultrasonic tests is

i A. Detection of discontinuities in welds tubes and pipe

3. Significant errors in ultrasonic thickness measurement can occur if:

A-\ Test frequency is varying at a constant rate

A. The period of the ultrasound

5. Compression waves travel faster through:

6. In an ultrasonic instrument, the number of pulses produced by an instrument in a given period of

A. Pulse length of the instrument

® Frequency of the instrument

A. The astigmatism and brightness

10. Compression-rarefaction waves whose partide displacement is parallel to the

Elastic medium of the material

12. A Distance Amplitude Correction curve corrects for:

The attenuation of ultrasound with range, to provide a constant recording

A. the Fraunhofer zone

17. The second critical angle is:

20. A practical length for an ultrasonic pulse in weld testing is :

A. I.Jmmside drmed holes

Ultrasonic Inspection Coursework 7 - Calculations

1. A shear wave probe has a wavelength of 0.8mm in steel; what is it frequency?

~1:r' 10dB fro'

3. What angle of incidence is required to generate a 37 degree shear wave in steel?

...cr~ Steel to water

Acoustic impedance of perspex is 14 x 106 and that of water is 1.5 x 106 .

10. Which of the following probes would have the lowe~~sensitivity ?

C. 4MHz shear wave probe in aluminium. 7'I

HINT: Calculate the angle of incidence first.

Compression velocity in steel : 5900m/sec

Ultrasonic Inspection Coursework 5

1. Properties of shear or transverse waves used for ultrasonic testing indude:

A. Partide motion normal to propagation direction and a propagation velocity) which is

2. One of the most common applications of shear waves in ultrasonic tests is

; A. Detection of discontinuities in welds tubes and pipe

3. Significant errors in ultrasonic thickness measurement can occur if:

~, Test frequency is varying at a constant rate

A. The period of the ultrasound

5. Compression waves travel faster through:

6. In an ultrasonic instrument, the number of pulses produced by an instrument in a given period of

A. Pulse length of the instrument

A. The astigmatism and brightness

10. Compression-rarefaction waves whose partide displacement is parallel to the

A. Elastic medium of the material

12. A Distance Amplitude Correction curve corrects for:

A. The attenuation of ultrasound with range, to provide a constant recording

A. the Fraunhofer zone

17. The second critical angle is:

20. A practical length for an ultrasonic pulse in weld testing is :

A. l.Jmmside drmed hOies

Ultrasonic Inspection Coursework 8

1. The pulse repetition frequency of a flaw detector:

2. Which of the following is likely to have the smallest attenuation factor: