CONCEPTS AND FORMULAS

JEE – MAIN
MATHEMATICS
INTEGRAL CALCULUS

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Differnetial Equation: An equation involving one dependent variable and its derivatives w.r.t to one or
more independent variables is called a differential equation.
d2y dy u u
Eg: 1.  5  6 y  x2 2. x y u
dx 2
dx x y
Types of differential equation:
i) Ordinary differential equation: A differential equation involving derivatives with respect to single
independent variable is called ordinary differential equation.
dy
Eg:  x 3  sin x
dx
ii) Partial differential equation: A differential equation involving at least two independent variables
and partial derivatives with respect to either of these independent variables is called a partial differential
equation.
u u
Eg: x  y  2u
x y
Order and Degree of a differential equation:
Definition: The order of an ordinary differential equation is defined to be the order of the highest order
derivative occurring in the equation.
Definition: The degree of an ordinary differential equation is defined to be the exponent(index) of
the highest order derivative occurring in the equation provided the equation is made free from radical
signs and fractional powers as far as the derivatives concerned(i.e, when the equation is expressed as a
polynomial equation of the derivatives). Every differential equation has a certain order but need not
have a degree.
Solution of the differential equation: A relation between the variables without derivatives which
satisfy the given differential equation is called a solution of the given differential equation.
d2y
e.g.1: y  a sin x , y  b cos x are solutions of differential equation  y0
dx 2
d2y dy
e.g.2: y  ae x and y  be2x are solutions of differential equation 2
3  2y  0
dx dx
Types of Solutions:
i) Formation of differential equation: Let the given equation be
f  x, y, c1, c2 ,   cn   0    1
Differentiating n times with respect to x, we get n more equations. By eliminating the arbitrary
constants c1 , c2 ,   cn we get the differential equation of order n.

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 ii) General solution: The solution which contains as many arbitrary constants as the order of the
differential equation is called general solution of the differential equation.
d2y
e.g.1: y  a sin x  b cos x (a, b are arbitrary constants) is general solution of  y0
dx 2
d2y dy
e.g.2: y  ae x  be2 x (a, b are arbitrary constants) is general solution of 2
3  2y  0
dx dx
iii) Particular solution: Solution obtained by giving particular values to the arbitrary constants in
the general solution of the given equation.
d 2 y 2dy
e.g.1: y  5e x  6 xe x is particular solution of differential equation 2  y0
dx dx
Types of differential equations:
i) Variable separable
ii) Homogeneous equations
iii) Non-homogeneous equation
iv) Linear equations
v) Bernoulli’s equations
i) Variable separable method:
dy f  x  dy g  y 
Its general form is   (or)  Where f  x  , g  y  are continuous functions.
dx g  y  dx f  x 
dx dy
 g  y  dy  f  x  dx (or) 
f  x g  y
By integration we get the solution.
e.g.: y 1  ay  dx   x  a  dy  0
dy
Note: If the equation is of the form  f  ax  by  c  ; put ax  by  c  z then convert into variable
dx
separable form.
dy
e.g.:  1  e x  y x + y = z, reduce to the form of variable separable differential equation
dx
ii) Homogeneous Function: A function f  x, y  is said to be homogeneous function in x, y of
degree n if f  kx, ky   k n f  x, y  where n is a constant.
Homogeneous differential equation:
dy f  x, y 
If f  x, y  and g  x, y  are homogeneous functions of same degree then the D.E.  is called
dx g  x, y 
Homogeneous differential equation
Working rule:
dy dv
1. Substitute y  vx where v is a function of ‘x’ and vx
dx dx
2. Reduce to the form of variable separable differential equation.
dy ax  by dy x 2  y 2
eg.1:  e.g.2:  (or)
dx cx  dy dx 2 xy
Working rule:
dx dv
1. Substitute x = vy where v is a function of ‘y’ and  v  y.
dy dy
2. Reduce to the form of variable separable differential equation

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iii) Non-homogeneous differential equation:
dy a1 x  b1 y  c1
General form is  where a1, b1, c1, a2 , b2 , c2 are constants.
dx a2 x  b2 y  c2
Case i: If b1  a2
Working Rule: Arrange equation in the form a2 xdy  b2 ydy  c2dy  a1xdx  b1 ydx  c1dx
 a2  xdy  ydx   b2 ydy  c2dy a1xdx  c1dx  0
y2 x2
 Solution is a2 xy  b2  c2 y  a1  c1 x  k
2 2
a1 b1
Case ii: If   b1  a2 
a2 b2
Working rule: Put a1x  b1 y  t and reduce to the form of variable separable DE
a b
Case iii: If b1  a2 and 1  1
a2 b2
Working rule:
1. Put x  X  h, y  Y  k to convert given DE as homogenous D.E.
2. Take a1h  b1k  c1  0, a2 h  b2k  c2  0 and find h,k
iv) Linear differential equations:
 P  x  . y  Q  x  . Then e
dy p  x  dx
Type (i): General form is the integrating factor and the solution is
dx
y.e   Q  x .e
P x  dx P x dx
dx  c

 P  y  x  Q  y  . Then integrating factor is e 

dx p  y  dy
Type (ii): General Form: .
dy
Then solution is x.e  Q  y .e
P y  dy P y dy
 dy  c
Note: Points to consider
 Here the term e  and e  which converts the left hand expression of the equation into a perfect
pdx pdy

differential is called an integrating factor. In short it is written as I.F

v) Bernoulli’s differential equation:
dy
Type 1: General form  P  x  . y  Q  x  . y n , n  R is called Bernoulli’s equation in y. Dividing by
dx
1
y n and substituting  Z convert into linear differential equation.
y n 1
dx
Type 2: General form  P  y  x  Q  y  x n . n  R is called Bernoulli equation in x.
dy
Orthogonal trajectory:
 Any curve which cuts every member of curve at right angle is called an orthogonal trajectory of the
family.
Procedure for finding the orthogonal trajectory:
i) Let f  x, y, c   0 be the equation, where ‘c’ is an arbitrary parameter.
ii) Differentiate the given equation w.r.t. x and then eliminate ‘c’.
 dx dy
iii) Substitute for in the equation obtained in (ii)
dy dx
iv) By solving the D.E. we get the required orthogonal trajectory, for example, each straight line
Passing through the origin i.e y  mx is an orthogonal trajectory of the family of circles
x2  y 2  a2

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Geometrical Applications:
 We also use differential equations for finding family of curves for which some conditions involving
the derivatives are given.
dy
Equation of tangent at a point (x, y) on the curve y = f(x) is given by Y  y  ( X  x).
dx
dy dy
At the x-axis, Y = 0, so that X = x-y/ and the y-axis X = 0, so that Y  y  x . Hence the length of
dx dx
dy dy
intercept of tangent on the x-axis is x-y/ and the y-axis is y  x similar information can be
dx dx
dy
obtained for normals by writing its equation as ( y  y )  ( X  x)  0 .
dx
Standard forms to solve differential equations:
 x 2  2 xydx - x 2 dy
i) d   
 y y2
 y 2  2xydy - y 2dx)
ii) d   
 x  x2
 y 2  2x2 ydy - 2xy 2dx
iii) d  2  =
x  x4
 x2  2y 2 xdx - 2yx2dy
iv) d  2  =
y  y4
 1  -  xdy + ydx 
v) d   =
 xy  x2 y 2
vi) d(x2 + y 2 ) = 2(xdx + ydy)
dx + dy
vii) d(ln(x + y)) =
x+y
viii) d  xn y n  = xn-1y n-1 (nydx + nxdy)

General Solution Differential Equation

y  A1e1  x  A2e 2  x
y2  (1   2 ) y1  1 2 y  0
(A1, A2 are arbitary constants)
y3  (1   2  3 ) y2  (1 2   23  31 ) y1
y  A1e1  x  A2e 2  x  A3e3  x
1 23 y  0
(A1, A2, A3 are arbitary constants)
y  e x ( A1 cos  x  A2 sin  x) y2  2 y1  ( 2   2 ) y  0
(A1, A2 are arbitary constants)
y  A1 x m  A2 x n
(A1, A2 are arbitary constants) x 2 y2  (m  n  1) xy1  mny  0
y  e x ( A1 x, A2 )
y  e x [ Ax 2  Bx  C ] y3  3 y2  3 2 y1   3 y  0
y  a cos(mx  b) y2  m2 y  0

(a, b are arbitary constants)

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 dy d2y
Where A1 , A2 , A3 are arbitary constants y1  , y2  2 ,..............
dx dx

Differential Equation Solution

xdy  ydx  0 xy  C
ydx  xdy x
0 C
y2 y
xdy  ydx y
0 C
x2 x
ye x dx  e x dy ex
0 C
y2 y
xe x dy  e y dx ey
0 C
x2 x
xdy  ydx y
0 tan 1  C
x2  y 2 x
ydx  xdy x
0 tan 1  C
x2  y 2 y
xdy  ydx
0 log xy  C
xy
xdy  ydx y
0 log C
xy x
ydx  xdy x
0 log  C
xy y
xdx  ydy
0 log x 2  y 2  C
x2  y 2