Differential Equations

MTH 242

Lecture # 03

Dr. Manshoor Ahmed

 Summary (Recall)

• Solution of differential equation.

• Interval of the solution.

• Trivial, general, particular and singular Solutions.

• Families of solutions.

• Initial Value Problems.

• Existence and uniqueness theorem.

 First Order ODEs

 Separable Equation:
A first order equation of the form

is said to be a separable or to have separable variables.

(i.e if we can separate the equation into two terms, one containing only
x and other containing y only)

.
 Solution of separable equation
 Solve the differential equation
 Solve the given differential equation by separation of variables
 Solve the differential equation by separation of variables
 An initial value problem
 Solve , .
Solution: The function is continuous on , but its antiderivative is
not an elementary function. Using t as dummy variable of
integration, we can

 Result:
If f is cont. on [a,b], then
Solve the initial value problem
 Homogeneous function
 If
a function f has the property that for some real number n, then f is
said to be a homogeneous function of degree n.
Example 1

This function is homogeneous of degree 2.

Example 2

f  x , y  3 x2  y 2
f  tx , ty   3 t 2 x 2  t 2 y 2
 t 2/3 f  x , y homogeneous of degree 2 / 3.

Example 3
x
f  x , y  4
2y
tx
f  tx , ty   4
2ty
 t 0 f  x , y homogeneous of degree 0.

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 Remarks:
i) Homogeneous functions can be recognized by examining the total
degree of each term
e.g. is not homogeneous
ii) If f is homogeneous function of degree n then we can write

or

where and are homogeneous of degree 0.

e.g.

Is homogeneous function of degree 2.

 Homogeneous Differential Equation
 A differential equation of the form

is said to be homogeneous if both coefficients M and N are homogeneous

functions of the same degree.
Example
The differential equation

Is homogeneous of degree 2.
 Method of solution
 
A homogeneous DE can be solved by means of algebraic
substitution
or
where is the new dependent variable. This substitution reduces the
homogeneous to a separable differential.
Note:

or
 Solution of problems
 Problem
Identify and solve the differential equation.

Solution:
 Problem
Solve the differential equation.

Solution:
 Equations reducible to homogenous form
The differential equations
dy a1 x  b1 y  c1

dx a 2 x  b2 y  c 2
is not homogenous. However, it can be reduced to a homogenous
form as detailed below

Case 1: a1 b1

a2 b2
We use the substitution z  a x  b y which reduces the equation to a
1 1
separable equation in the variables x & z. Solving the resulting
separable equation and replacing z with , we obtain the
a xb y
solution of the given differential equation.
1 1

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Case 2: a1  b1
a2 b2
In this case we substitute
x  X  h, y Y  k
where h and k are constants to be determined. Then the equation
Becomes

dY a1 X  b1Y  a1 h  b1 k  c1

dX a 2 X  b2Y  a 2 h  b2 k  c 2

We choose h and k such that

a1h  b1k  c1  0 

a2 h  b2 k  c2  0
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which reduces the equation to

dY a1 X  b1Y

dX a 2 X  b2Y

which is homogenous differential equation in X and Y, and can

be solved accordingly. After having solved the last equation we
come back to the old variables x and y.

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Example
Solve the differential equation
dy 2x  3y  1

Solution: dx 2x  3y  2
Since a1  1  b1 , we substitute z  2 x  3 y , so that
a2 b2
dy 1  dz 
   2
dx 3  dx 
Thus the equation becomes
1  dz  z 1
  2   
3  dx  z2
dz  z  7
i.e. 
dx z2
which is a variable separable form, and can be written as

 z2 
 dz  dx
 z  7
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Integrating both sides we get

 z  9 ln  z  7   x  A
Simplifying and replacing z with 2 x  3 y , we obtain

 ln  2 x  3 y  7   3 x  3 y  A
9

or
 2 x  3 y  7  9  ce 3 x y  , c  eA

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Example 4 Solve the differential equation
dy  x  2 y  4 

dx 2 x  y  5
Solution:
By substitution
x  X  h, y Y  k
The given differential equation reduces to

dY  X  2Y    h  2k  4

dX  2 X  Y    2h  k  5
We choose h and k such that
h  2k  4  0, 2h  k  5  0
Solving these equations we have h=2 , k=1. Therefore, we have
dY X  2Y

dX 2 X  Y
which is a homogenous equation.

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We substitute Y  VX to obtain

dV 1  V 2 or  2 V  dX
X  1  V 2  dV  X
dX 2  V
Resolving into partial fractions and integrating both sides we obtain
 3 1   dX

  21  V  21  V   dV  
or    X

3 1
 ln 1  V   ln 1  V   ln X  ln A
2 2
1  V  3 1  V   CX 2 , C  A 2

Y X x2 Y  y 1
V 
Now substituting ,X , and simplifying
we get  x  y  1 3  x  y  3  C  x  2 2

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 Summary

• Separable differential equation.

• Homogeneous function and homogeneous differential

equation.

• Equations reducible to homogeneous.