INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

Science
Latin ”scientia” – knowledge.
Human have persistently observed and studied the natural and physical world in order to find
meanings and seek answers to many questions.

Technology
It is the application of scientific knowledge, laws, and principles to produce services, materials, tools,
and machines aimed at solving real-world problems.

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

Is a relatively young field that combines previously independent and older disciplines, such as the
history of science, philosophy of science, and sociology of science.

SOCRATES
Greek philosopher and the main source of Western thought.
Socrates always emphasized the importance of the mind over the relative unimportance of the
human body.
“The more I know, the more I do not know.”

PLATO
Was a student of Socrates and a teacher of Aristotle.
Idealist.
His work on the use of reason to develop a more unfair and just a society that is focused on the
equality of individuals established the foundation for modern democracy.
The golden mean: living a moral life is the ultimate goal
.
MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY
Christian era.
For most medieval scholars, who believe that God created the universe.

ST. ANSELM
Defended the existence of God thru reason.
Such a being, he argued, for the very idea of such a being implies its existence.

INTELLECTUALS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE

Nicolaus Copernicus
Charles Darwin
Sigmund Freud

Nicolaus Copernicus
Mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the sun rather
than the Earth at the center of the Universe.
Polyglot
Polymath

Charles Darwin
English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution.

All species of organism arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations
that increase the individual’s ability to compete, survive, and reproduce.

Darwin’s theory consisted of two main points:

Diverse groups of animals evolve from one or a few common ancestors.
The mechanism by which this evolution takes place is natural selection.

Sigmund Freud
Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis.
Development of an observational method.
Focused on human sexuality and the evil nature of man.

FILIPINO SCIENTIST

ADELINA ADATO BARRION

(September 9, 1951) was a Filipino entomologist and geneticist whose extensive contribution to the
study of Philippine spiders.

EDUARDO QUISUMBING
Filipino Botanist, was noted expert in the medicinal plants of the Philippines.

ANGEL C. ALCALA
A Filipino biologist who was named a National Scientist of the Philippines in 2014. He had created the
artificial coral reefs that help a lot to the Philippines.

In the World: Ancient, Middle, and Modern AgeS

From the beginning of time, man has strived to improve his way and quality of life.
The caveman discovered how to make and use tools, developed a logical sequence for
activities, and evolved process that added value to his life.

The totality of the use and application of his knowledge, skills, tools, and materials
constitutes what we today describe as “TECHNOLOGY.”

To many countries, development is simply becoming in the future of what industrialized

countries are today.

The shift from nomadic life to farming led to the development of cities:
Network of transportations
Specialized labor
Government and religion
Social class

Nineteenth Century
Invention of textile manufacturing machines
Division of labor
Increase in production
Crowded cities
Unsafe and unhealthy working conditions

Twentieth Century
Invention of automobiles
Status symbol
Harsh, crowded city conditions

Health
Penicillin – Alexander Fleming - Friday, September 28, 1928
PENICILLIUM NOTATUM
The challenge of mass producing this drug was daunting (discourage, dismay, frustrate).
On March 14, 1942, the first patient was treated for streptococcal septicemia with US-made
penicillin produced by Merck & Co.

Major influence on Society

Egypt – papyrus and hieroglyphics
PAPYRUS
A thick type of paper made from the pith of the papyrus plant, Cyperus papyrus.
Papyrus can also refer to a document written on sheets of papyrus joined together side by
side and rolled up into a scroll, an early form of book.

Hieroglyphs
a character of the ancient Egyptian writing system
a formal writing system used by the ancient
Egyptians that combined logographic and alphabetic elements
Egyptians used cursive hieroglyphs for religious literature on papyrus and wood

Early hieroglyphs date back to somewhere between 3,400 and 3,200 BCE and continued to be
used up until about 400 CE, when non-Christian temples were closed and their monumental
use was no longer necessary.

Ancient Babylonia – cuneiform

one of the earliest systems of writing, distinguished by its wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets, made
by means of a blunt stylus ( tool for writing)
This was in use for more than three millennia, through several stages of development, from the 34th
century BC down to the second century CE

Ancient Greece – public speaking, persuasive rhetoric, drama, and philosophy

Rhetoric
an art that aims to improve the capability of writers or speakers to inform, most likely to persuade, or
motivate particular audiences in specific situations.
As a subject of formal study and a productive civic practice, rhetoric has played a central role in the
European tradition.

The study of rhetoric continued to be central to the study of the verbal arts; but the study of the
verbal arts went into decline for several centuries, followed eventually by a gradual rise in formal
education, culminating in the rise of medieval universities.
Late medieval rhetorical writings include those of St. Thomas Aquinas (1225?–1274).

ANCIENT ROME
Roman alphabet, is a writing system originally used to write the Latin Language.

MODERN EUROPE – THE PRINTING PRESS

one of the most influential events in the second millennium revolutionizing the way people conceive
and describe the world they live in, and ushering in the period of modernity.
invented in the Holy Roman Empire by the German Johannes Gutenberg around 1440.

By 1500, printing presses in operation throughout Western Europe had already produced more than
twenty million volumes.
In the 16th century, with presses spreading further afield, their output rose tenfold to an estimated
150 to 200 million copies.
In Renaissance Europe, the arrival of mechanical movable type printing introduced the era of mass
communication which permanently altered the structure of society.

MODERN WORLD – WORLD WIDE WEB

Tim Berners-Lee's vision of a global hyperlinked information system became a possibility by the
second half of the 1980s.
By 1985, the global Internet began to proliferate in Europe.
hypertext enthusiast, Robert Cailliau, published a more formal proposal on 12 November 1990 to
build a "Hypertext project" called "World Wide Web" as a "web" of "hypertext documents" to be
viewed by browsers using a client-server architecture.

HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

ANCIENT PERIOD
The rise of ancient civilizations paved the way for advances in science and technology.
These advances during the ancient period allowed civilizations to flourish by finding better
ways of communication, transportation, self-organization, and of living in general.

Sumerian wheel
POTTER’S WHEEL
Ancient Wheel
People from ancient civilizations used animals for transportation long before the invention of
the wheel.

There is, however, a general agreement that the ancient wheel grew out of a mechanical
device called the “potter’s wheel” – a heavy flat disk made of hardened clay which was spun
horizontally on an axis.
Paper
Roughly around 3000 BC, the ancient Egyptians began writing on papyrus, a material similar
to thick paper.
Papyrus is made from the pith of the papyrus plant Cyperus Papyrus.

PAPYRUS PAPER
Shadoof
The shadoof was an early tool invented and used by ancient Egyptians to irrigate land.
The shadoof, also spelled shaduf, is a hand-operated device used for lifting water.

shadoof
Antikythera
Discovered in 1902 and retrieved from the waters of Antikythera, Greece, the Antikythera
mechanism is similar to a mantel clock.
Antikythera mechanism was used to predict astronomical positions and eclipse for calendar
and astrological purposes.

ANTIKYTHERA
Aeolipile
Also known as the Hero’s engine, the aeolipile is widely believed to be the ancient precursor
of the steam engine.

AEOLIPILE
MIDDLE AGES
Between the collapse of the Roman Empire in 5th century AD and the colonial expansion of
Western Europe in the late 15th century AD, major advances in scientific and technological
development took place.

These include steady increase of new inventions, introduction of innovations in traditional

production, and emergence of scientific thinking and method.

Heavy Plough
Perhaps one of the most important technological innovations during the middle ages is the
invention of the heavy plough.
Heavy Plough

Gunpowder
 Around 850 AD, Chinese alchemists accidentally invented black powder or gunpowder. From
fiery arrows to cannons and grenades, the gunpowder has prompted foundation for the functionality
of almost every new weapon used in war since its invention.

Paper Money
Although it was not until the 17th century that bank notes began to be used in Europe, the
first known versions of paper money could be traced back to the Chinese in the 17th century AD as an
offshoot printing, which is similar to stamping.

Mechanical Clock
Although devices for timekeeping and recording sprung from the ancient times, such as the
Antikythera mechanism, it was not until the Middle Ages that clockwork technology was developed.

Spinning Wheel
Important invention of the Middle Ages is the spinning wheel, a machine used for
transforming fiber into thread or yarn and eventually woven into cloth on a loom.

MODERN AGES
As the world population steadily increased, people of modern ages realized the utmost
importance of increasing the efficiency of transportation, communication and production.

Compound Microscope
A Dutch spectacle maker named Zacharias Janssen is credited for the invention of the first compound
microscope in 1950. Together with his father Hans.
It was capable of magnifying objects three times their size when fully closed and up to 10 times when
extended to the maximum.

Telescope
Perhaps the single, most important technological invention in the study of astronomy during
the Modern Ages was the practical telescope invented by Galileo Galilei.
This invention could specify objects 20 times larger than the Dutch perspective glasses.

Jacquard Loom
As the industrial Revolution reached full speed, the Jacquard loom was considered as one of
the most critical drivers of the revolution.
Built by French weaver Joseph Marie Jacquard, the Jacquard Loom simplifies textile
manufacturing.

Engine-Powered Airplane
Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright are credited for designing and successfully operating the
first engine-powered aircraft.

Television
The Scottish engineer John Logie Baird is largely credited for the invention of the modern
television.
Baird successfully televised objects in outline in 1924, recognizable human faces in 1925, and
moving objects in 1926, and projected colored images in 1928.

INVENTIONS BY FILIPINO SCIENTISTS

The Philippines boasts of, its own history and tradition of scientific and technological
innovations.
Most of these inventions appealed to the unique social and cultural context of the
archipelagic nation.

Electronic Jeepney (e-jeepney)

 The jeepney is perhaps one of the most recognizable national symbols of the Philippines and
the most popular mode of public transportation in the country.

Erythromycin
Perhaps one of the most important medical inventions is the Erythromycin.
The Ilonggo scientist Abelardo Aguilar invented this antibiotic out of a strain of bacterium
called Streptomyces Erythreus, from which this drug derived its name.

Medical Incubator
World-renowned Filipino pediatrician and national scientist, Fe del Mundo, is credited for the
invention of the incubator and jaundice relieving device.
Del Mundo was the first woman pediatrician to be admitted to the prestigious Harvard
University’s School of Medicine. She is also the founder of the first pediatric hospital in the country.

Mole Remover
In 2000, a local invention that had the ability to easily remove moles and warts on the skin
without the need for any surgical procedure shot to fame.
Rolando Dela Cruz is credited for the invention of a local mole remover that made use of
extracts of cashew nuts, which are very common in the Philippines.

Banana Ketchup
Filipino food technologist, Maria Orosa, is credited for the invention of banana ketchup, a
variety of ketchup different from the commonly known tomato ketchup.

 INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS & SOCIETY

 INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS
COPERNICAN
DARWINIAN
FREUDIAN
INFORMATION
MESO AMERICAN
ASIAN
AFRICAN

COPERNICAN
This caused the paradigm shift of how the earth and sun were placed in the heaven/universe.
It is the idea that rejected Ptolemaic model (earth is the center of the solar system) and proved the
heliocentric model (Sun is the center of the solar system having the earth revolving around it.)
The Copernican Revolution refers to the 16th century paradigm shift named after Polish
mathematician and astronomer, Nicolaus Copernicus. Copernicus formulated the heliocentric model
of the universe.

At that time, the belief was that the Earth was the center of the Solar System based on the geocentric
model of Ptolemy.

In his model, Copernicus repositioned the Earth from the center of the Solar System and introduced
the idea that the Earth rotates on its own axis. The model illustrated the Earth, along with other
heavenly bodies, to be rotating the Sun.
The idea that the Sun is a the center of the universe instead of the earth proved to be unsettling to
many when Copernicus first introduced his model.

DARWINIAN
This has brought a great impact on how people approach Biology forever. This revolution
provided a different than the "Theory of Creation". The Darwinian revolution started when Charles
Darwin published his book "The Origin of Species" that emphasizes that humans are the result of an
evolution.
The English naturalist, geologist, and biologist, Charles Darwin, is credited for stirring another
important intellectual revolution in the mid-19th century. His treatise on the science of evolution, On
the Origin of Species, was published in 1859 and began a revolution that brought humanity to a new
era of intellectual discovery.
The Darwinian revolution benefited from earlier intellectual revolutions especially those in the 16th
and 17th centuries, such that it was guided by confidence in human reason’s ability to explain
phenomena in the universe.

Darwin’s theory of evolution was, of course, met with resistance and considered to be controversial.
Critics accused the theory of being either short in accounting for the broad and complex evolutionary
process or dismissive of the idea that the functional design of organisms was a manifestation of an
omniscient God.
The place of the Darwinian Revolution in modern science cannot be underestimated. Through the
Darwinian Revolution, the development of organisms and the origin of unique forms of life and
humanity could be rationalized by a lawful system or an orderly process of change underpinned by
laws of nature.

FREUDIAN
This theory has started to revolutionize Psychiatry with Sigmund Freud. This includes the
"Freudian Theory of Personality" that involves the human development contributes to his/her
personality and also his "psychoanalysis" that is the process for achieving proper functioning if a
human does not complete his/her developmental stage.

Australian neurologist, Sigmund Freud, is credited for stirring a 20th century intellectual revolution
named after him, the Freudian Revolution. Psychoanalysis as a school of thought in psychology is at
the center of this revolution.
Freud developed PSYCHOANALYSIS – a scientific method of understanding inner and unconscious
conflicts embedded within one’s personality, springing from free associations, dreams, and fantasies
of the individual.

INFORMATION
This has been the era in which technology has been prevalent. It is also known as the
Computer Age that has brought so much change on how we live today.

The information Revolution is a period of change that might prove as significant to the lives of people.
Computer technology is at the root of this change, and continuing advancements in that technology
seem to ensure that this revolution would touch the lives of people.

When did information revolution started?

The first Information Revolution was started in the invention of writing 5-6 thousand years ago
originally in Mesopotamia, the second was in the invention of books, originally in China as early as
1300 BC, and the third, Gutenberg’s invention of the printing press and movable type between 1450
and 1455.

The term Information Revolution describes current economic, social and technological trends beyond
the Industrial Revolution.
The main feature of Information is the growing economic, social and technological role of
information. Information-related activities did not come up with the Information Revolution.

MESO-AMERICAN
It has contributed a lot of ideas or discoveries for Archaeology. The temples and pyramids
left a lot about of Architecture that leads us to study more of it.

The term Mesoamerica is derived from the Greek and means “Middle America.” It refers to a
geographical and cultural area which extends from Northern Mexico down through Central America,
including the territory which is now made up of the countries of Guatemala, Belize, and El Salvador. It
is therefore seen as party in North America, and encompassing most of Central America.
 Many important ancient civilizations developed in this are, including the Olmecs, Mayas, and
Aztecs.

Mesoamerica is commonly divided into five different cultural areas:

West Mexico
The Central Highlands
Oaxaca
The Gulf Regin
The Maya Area

The term Mesoamerica was originally coined by Paul Kirchhoff, a German-Mexican anthropologist in
1943.
His definition was based on geographic limits, ethnic composition, and cultural characteristics at the
time of the conquest. The term Mesoamerica is mainly used by cultural anthropologists and
archeologists, but it is very useful for visitors to Mexico to be familiar with it when trying to grasp an
understanding of how Mexico developed over time.

THREE ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS

OLMECS
MAYAS
AZTECS
1. OLMECS
A member of a prehistoric people inhabiting the coast of Veracruz and western Tabasco on the Gulf of
Mexico (1200 – 400 BC), who established what as probably the first Meso-American Civilization.

OLMEC COLOSSAL
The Olmec Colossal heads are the representations of human heads sculpted from large basalt
boulders. The heads date from at least 900 BC and are a distinctive feature of the Olmec civilization
of ancient Mesoamerica.

2. MAYAS
The Maya civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization developed by the Maya people, and noted for
its hieroglyphic script – the only known fully developed writing system of the pre-Columbian Americas
– as well as for its art, architecture, mathematics, calendar, and astronomical system.

HAAB
The Mayan calendar (Haab) is to date one of the most accurate calendars ever created. The Haab
consist of eighteen months of twenty days and one month of five days.

3. AZTECS
A self name Culhua-Mexica, Nahuatl-speaking people who in the 15th and early 16th centuries ruled a
large empire in what is now central and southern Mexico. The Aztecs are so called from Aztlan (White
land), an allusion to their origins, probably in northern Mexico.

AZTEC CANOE
The macuahuitl was a club made of wood that paralyzed enemies. Aztecs also made canoes that
allowed them to carry goods through waterways in the empire.

AZTEC HERBS USED FOR MEDICINE

Aztec medical advancements were also an astonishing part of Aztec society. Doctors had cures for
sickness and injuries and also had ways to prevent them. Some of the illness’ and injuries that doctors
treated were fevers, earaches, broken bones, and colds. Doctors even had procedures for women to
go through when they were pregnant, such as having a women carry wood ash if she goes to past
down to ward off evil spirits that could harm her fetus.

THREE MAJOR PERIODS OF MESOAMERICA

The Pre-Classic Period
The Classic Period
The Post Classic Period

PRE-CLASSIC PERIOD
This period stretches from 1500 BC – 200 AD. During this period there was a refinement of
agricultural techniques which allowed for larger populations, division of labor and the social
stratification necessary for civilizations to develop. The Olmec civilization, which is sometimes
referred to as the “mother culture” of Mesoamerica, developed during this period.

THE CLASSIC PERIOD

This period, from 200 – 900 AD., saw the development of great urban centers with centralization of
power. Some of these major ancient cities include Monte Alban Oaxana, Teotihuacan in central
Mexico and the Mayan centers of Tikal, Palenque and Copan,. Teotihuacan was one of the largest
metropoles in the world at the time, and its influence stretched over much of Mesoamerica.

THE POST CLASSIC PERIOD

The Post Classic Period, from 900 AD to the arrival of the Spaniards in the early 1500’s, was
characterized by city-states and greater emphasis on war and sacrifice. In the Maya area, Chichen Itza
was a major political and economic center, and in the central plateau. In the 13oo’s, towards the end
of thisperiod, the Aztecs (also called the Mexica) emerged. The Aztecs had previously been a nomadic
tribe, but they settled in central Mexico and founded their capital city Tenochtitl in 1325, and rapidly
came to dominate most of Mesoamerica.
ASIAN
The revolution itself taught Asian countries about freedom and independent nationhood
along the improvement brought by it internally.

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION THAT DEFINED SOCIETY - ASIA

STATE OF EQUILIBRIUM
Once all Asia was in a state of “Equilibrium”
Relying on Agrarian society (Agriculture Society)
Labor Work

ASIAN REVOLUTION
Science & technology in Asia is varied depending on the country and time.
In the past, the Asian Civilization was notable for their contributions to science & technology.
Particularly known for its electronics and automobile products.
Other countries are also notable scientific field such as chemical and physical achievements.

MAJOR ECEONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN ASIA

Agriculture
Animal husbandry
Fisheries
Industries mining minerals

TYPES OF ASIA INDUSTRY

Mineral-based industries (Metallurgy petroleum)
Manufacturing based industries (Automotive electronics)

AFRICAN
The fight against colonialism and imperialism in Africa.

WHAT IS AFRICAN REVOLUTION?

The fundamental basis of the African Revolution is global equality for Africa. We cannot be
hypocritical nations which demand global justice whilst oppressing our people.
There must be free speech, freedom of political activities (including political parties), and human
rights (with no unlawful imprisonment).
WHEN DID THE AFRICAN REVOLUTION STARTED?
African Revolution may refer to Algerian Revolution or Algerian War in 1954 – 1962. Angolan war of
Independence or Angolan Revolution in 1964 – 1974.