Historical Antecedents in

the Course of Science

and Technology
 At the end of this chapter, you must
have:

1. Explained how science and technology affected the

society and environment and vice versa;
2. Identified inventions and discoveries that changed
the world over the course of history; and
3. Discussed the scientific and technological
developments in the Philippines
Science, Technology, and Society

 refers to the endless cycle of co-dependence, co-

influence, co-production of technology and society
upon the other.
Science and Technology Studies

 may be defined as the study of science and

technology;
 an interdisciplinary (integrating all knowledge and
methods from other disciplines) field that examines how
science and technology shape societies, cultures, and
the environment; and
 an examination of the social causes that affect the
development of science and technology.
Ancient Times

 Sumerian Civilization
1st group
 Babylonian Civilization
 Egyptian Civilization
2nd group
 Greek Civilization
 Roman Civilization
3rd group
 Chinese Civilization
Medieval/Middle Ages 4th and 5th groups
(no duplications)

Modern Times 6th and 7th groups

(no duplications)

Philippine inventions 8th group

 Activity 1: Standing on the Shoulders
of Giants

 Eachgroup member should search for one great

achievement during their assigned time period
 Draw or print a picture of your chosen achievement.
As a group, collect and paste these inventions on a
¼ illustration board. Design the board with a theme
appropriate to the assigned time period. (See the
examples)
 Activity 1…cont.

 Explain in your own words how each invention works. Also

identify their use and purpose. Paste the information at the
back of the illustration board.
 Present your project in class. Conclude your report by
discussing how these inventions impacted the people and the
society during the time period when they were made.
Samples…

Sumerian Civilization
 A. Cunieform
 B. Mud or clay bricks
 C. Houses and big temple
structures
 D. Irrigation and dikes
 E. Sailboats
 F. Wheel
 G. Plow
 H. Roads
The Ubaidians were the first civilizing force in
Sumer, located in the southernmost part
of Mesopotamia, between the Tigris and Euphrates
rivers, in the area that later became Babylonia and is
now southern Iraq, from around Baghdad to the Persian
Gulf.
A B
C
H
F
C
E D
G
 Babylonian Civilization

 Hanging gardens

Hammurabi (c. 1792–1750 BCE), the

sixth king of the 1st dynasty of Babylon,
who forged coalitions between the
separate city-states, promoted science
and scholarship, and promulgated his
famous code of law- promoting science
and scholarship.
 Astronomical events were scientific references of the
Egyptian Civilization calendar developed by Egyptians aside from the three
calendars like lunar and solar calendars.

 Paper or papyrus
 Ink
 Hieroglyphics
 Cosmetics
 Wig
 Water
clock/Clepsydra
 Greek Civilization

 Alarm clock
 Water mill
Archaic Greek societies
Aristocratic values were
transmitted both vertically, by
family oral traditions, and
horizontally, by means of a
crucial institution known as the
symposium, or feast.
 Roman Civilization
The spirit of independent research during Roman Era was quite
foreign, so scientific innovation was grounded to a halt.

 Newspaper
 Bound books or codex
 Roman Architecture
 Roman Numerals
 Chinese Civilization The universe is a vast organism in which all elements
were connected. This idea was originated from China.

 Silk
 Tea production
 Great wall
 Gunpowder
 Medieval/Middle Ages

 Printing press
 Microscope
 Telescope
 Weapons
It should be clear that there was no
conscious conflict between science and
religion in this period of time as Aquinas
pointed out, God was the author of both
the book of Scripture and the book of
nature.
 Great Britain is considered the home of the Industrial

Modern Times
Revolution.

 Pasteurization
 Petroleum refinery
 Telephone
 Calculator
 Philippine Inventions

 Salamander amphibious
tricycle
 Salt lamp
 Medical incubator
 Mosquito ovicidal/larvicidal
trap system
 Ejeepney
 Paradigm shifts
 A scientific paradigm is a
framework containing all
the commonly accepted
views about a subject,
conventions/agreements
about what direction
research should take and
how it should be performed.
 A paradigm dictates:
 what is observed and measured
 the questions we ask about
those observations
 how the questions are
formulated
 how the results are interpreted
 how research is carried out
 what equipment is appropriate
Paradigm shifts in history

 During the 15th, 16th, and

17th centuries, scientific
thought underwent a
revolution. A new view of
nature emerged,
replacing the Greek view
that had dominated
science for almost 2,000
years.
Paradigm shifts in history

 Enlightenment, French siècle des

Lumières (literally “century of the
Enlightened”), German Aufklärung,
a European intellectual movement
of the 17th and 18th centuries in
which ideas concerning God,
reason, nature, and humanity were
synthesized into a worldview that
gained wide assent in the West and
that instigated revolutionary
developments in art, philosophy,
and politics.
 Central to Enlightenment
thought were the use and
celebration of reason, the
power by which humans
understand the universe and
improve their own condition.
The goals of rational
humanity were considered to
be knowledge, freedom, and
happiness.
 Question for Reflection

 1. Give three other major scientific and technological

developments in the world (or in the Philippines) that created
a large impact on your daily life.
 2. What historical antecedents gave rise to the inventions you
mentioned in the first question?
 3. How did the developments in science and technology
shape human history?