CHINESE

CIVILIZATION
Chinese Civilization
1. Considered the oldest civilization in Asia.
2. It was first developed in the Yellow river region of Northern China.
3. The world’s most populous country.
4. The world’s largest largest economy by GDP
5. The worlds 2nd wealthiest country
6. the world's fastest-growing major economy.
7. The world’s largest manufacturer and exporter.
8. It has the world's largest standing army by military personnel, with
the second-largest defense budget and is an officially
recognized nuclear-weapon state.
9. It was known as the sleeping dragon.
10. Also known as the middle kingdom.
SILK – one of the things that has connected Far East China
to the world when they developed a technology which they
used to process silk to produce paper and clothing which
they traded to the outside world.

TEA PRODUCTION – it was believed that the first tea was

drunk by a Chinese. A tea is a beverage produced by
pouring a hot water into a shredded or crushed dried tea
leaves. A technology was invented by a Chinese inventor
which has increased the production of tea which eventually
they traded it to other countries and made it one of the nost
popular beverage in the world today.
GREAT WALL OF CHINA
- believed to be the largest and most extensive
infrastructure built in China which is made from stone,
brick, wood and earth and other materials
- it was considered the pride of their land and their
crowning glory.
- it was constructed to keep out foreign invaders and to
control its borders.
- it was once believed to be the only structure that can
be seen from the outer space.
FOUR GREAT INVENTIONS OF ANCIENT CHINA
A. Paper
- China was the first nation to invent paper. Before its
invention, words were written on various natural materials
by ancient peoples-on grass stalks by the Egyptians, on
earthen plates by the Mesopotamians, on tree leaves by the
Indians, on sheepskin by the Europeans and strangest of all,
even inscribed on bamboo or wooden strips, tortoise shells
or shoulder blades of an ox by the early Chinese. Later,
inspired by the process of silk reeling, the people in ancient
China succeeded in first making a kind of paper called
"bo" out of silk.
PRINTING - Printed in Tang Dynasty, A Buddhist sutra is the first book in the world with a
verifiable date of printing.
Before the invention of printing, dissemination of knowledge depended either on word of mouth or
handwritten copies of manuscripts. Both took time and were liable to error. Beginning 2000 years
ago in the Western Han Dynasty (206 B.C.--- 25 A.D.), stone-tablet rubbing was in vogue for
spreading Confucian classics or Buddhist sutras. This led in the Sui Dynasty (581-618) to the
practice of engraving writing or pictures on a wooden board, smearing it with ink and then printing
on pieces of paper page-by-page. This became known as block printing. The first book with a
verifiable date of printing appeared in China in the year 868, or nearly 600 years before that
happened in Europe. In the Tang Dynasty (618-907), this technology was gradually introduced to
Korea, Japan, Vietnam, the Philippines. Yet block printing had its drawbacks. All the boards
became useless after the printing was done and a single mistake in carving could ruin a whole block.
In 1041-1048 of the Song Dynasty (960-1279), a man named Bi Sheng carved individual characters
on identical pieces of fine clay which he hardened by a slow baking process, resulting in pieces of
movable type. When the printing was finished, the pieces of type were put away for future use. This
technology then spread to Korea, Japan, Vietnam and Europe. Later, German Johann Gutenberg
COMPASS - the earliest guide tool in the world
The compass, an indispensable navigational tool, was another significant gift from
ancient China. While mining ores and melting copper and iron, people chanced upon a
natural magnetite that attracted iron and pointed fixedly north. After constant
improvement, the round compass came into being. Before its invention, navigators had
to depend on the positions of the sun, the moon and the polestar for their bearings. The
spread of the compass to Europe opened the oceans of the world to travel and led to the
discovery of the New World. Thus, it was no wonder that Francis Bacon, the English
philosopher, pointed out in his work The New Instruments, that the invention of printing,
gunpowder and the compass reshaped the world. In his words, they outstripped any
empire, any religious belief and any heavenly body in exerting an impact on all
humanity.
MEDIEVAL PERIOD/ MIDDLE AGES
- marred by massive invasions and migrations.
- wars were prevalent which resulted in the decline of
population but has increased in the latter part of the
period.
- great technology was needed in the field of weaponry,
navigation, mass food and farm production and health.
- age of exloration
TEN MEDIEVAL INVENTIONS THAT CHANGED
THE WORLD (https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=SSzGdpptCtI)
1. Mechanical Clock – developed to accurately keep track of
time which had helped people change the way they scheduled
their days and work patterns, especially in urban areas.
2. Printing Press – invented by the German Johannes
Gutenberg which had helped new era for the mass production
of books. Until the rise of computers in the 20th century,
books and the printed word would remain the dominant form
of media for the world’s knowledge.
3. Gunpowder - it had revolutionize warfare and make previous
military technology obsolete.

4. Water and Wind Mills - allowed people to harness the energy from
natural forces like rivers and wind, a process that continues to the
present-day.

5. Coffee House - changing not only how people ate and drank, but
creating new ways of social interaction.

6. Eyeglasses – developed to correct vision problems which has given

great benefit to hundreds of millions of people today.
7. Public Library - The Library of Malatesta Novello in Cesena, Italy
is considered to be first ever public library in the world. This provision
has allowed public readers to freely make use of its collection. 

8. Flying Buttress - allowed buildings to have much higher ceilings,

thinner walls and larger windows. The ideas behind these innovations
would influence architectural design into modern times and allow for
the construction of larger and more spacious buildings.
9. Paper money - The first known version of paper money dates back to seventh
century China. It has a very important advantage over coins made from precious
metals – they were much easier to transport around, which proved to be a great
benefit to merchants.

10. Quadrant and Astrolabe - Being able to measure the distance

between two objects, they proved to be useful instruments in astronomy,
navigation and surveying.
ASTROLABE - an analogue calculation device capable of working out several
kinds of problems in astronomy. In its simplest form it is a metal disc with a
pattern of wires, cutouts, and perforations that allows a user to calculate
astronomical positions precisely. It is also used by astronomers to measure
the altitude above the horizon of a celestial body, day or night; it can be used to
identify stars or planets, to determine local latitude given local time (and vice
versa), to survey, or to triangulate.
MICROSCOPE - instrument that produces enlarged images of small
objects, allowing the observer an exceedingly close view of minute
structures at a scale convenient for examination and analysis.
Zacharias Jansen – developed the first compound microscope.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek - first to observe bacteria and protozoa. His
researches on lower animals refuted the doctrine of spontaneous
generation.
- Father of microbiology
TELESCOPE - device used to form magnified images of distant
objects. The telescope is undoubtedly the most important investigative
tool in astronomy. It provides a means of collecting and analyzing
radiation from celestial objects, even those in the far reaches of
the universe.
Galileo”s Telescope

Hans Lippershey - spectacle-maker of a telescope in Netherland in 1608.

- first to patent telescope in 1608.
MODERN TIMES
- there is a booming world population which require:
a. more foods to be produced at faster rate.
b. more efficient means of transportation.
c. faster and easier means of communication.
PASTEURIZATION – the process of heating dairy products to kill the
harmful bacteria and was invented by Louis Pasteur – father of
bacteriology
Telephone – helps people maintain connection through communication
in real time,
- developed by Alexander Graham Bell
TOP TECHNOLOGIES THAT HAVE REVOLUTIONIZED THE
WAY WE LIVE TODAY
1. The Internet - This one seems like a no-brainer, but the Net’s unique strength
is that no two people will agree on why it’s so important.  The world’s largest
and most unruly library, it’s also a global news channel, social club, research
archive, shopping service, town hall, and multimedia kiosk.  Add to that the
most affordable mass medium ever, and a curse to anyone with a secret to
keep. 
2. Genetic engineering.  Everyone knows Watson and Crick, who
unraveled the secret of DNA in 1953.  But have you heard of Boyer and
Cohen, who constructed the first organism with combined DNA from
different species in 1973?  They inserted toad genes into a bacterium
that then replicated itself over and over, passing the toad’s genetic code
down through generations of bacteria.  Thirty years later, an estimated
70 percent of processed foods contain genetically modified ingredients,
such as soybeans or corn engineered for higher crop yields.  Of course,
the much bigger potential — good and bad — is in engineering
humans.  It might prevent birth defects, and diseases later in life.  But
the side effects could be disastrous and unknown.  Is there an ethical
way to beta-test human beings?
GENETIC ENGINEERING – process of using recombinant DNA (rDNA)
technology to alter the genetic makeup of an organism.
CLONING - is a technique scientists use to make exact genetic copies of living
things. Genes, cells, tissues, and even whole animals can all be cloned.
Dolly - female Finn Dorset sheep that lived from 1996 to 2003, the first clone of
an adult mammal, produced by British developmental biologist Ian Wilmut.
Superhumans (super soldiers/mutant soldiers/genetically modified soldiers)
– result of human – tests with biologically enhanced capabilities through Crispr
(clusters of regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) technology which is
allegedly done in China to achieve military superiority over the West in order to
become the world’s superpower in terms of economic, military and technology.
- is a fictional concept soldier, often capable of operating beyond
normal human limits or abilities either through genetic modification or
cybernetic augmentation.
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K31L-fkJZ-I
capabilities: 1. lifting huge weights
2. infra – red night vision
3. running at high speed over extreme distances
3. Digital media. “The camera doesn’t lie” went a saying not heard
much since the release of Photoshop 1.0 in 1990.  Digitized audio,
pictures, movies, and text let even an amateur edit reality — or conjure
it from scratch — with a keyboard and a mouse.  A singer’s bad notes, a
model’s blemishes, or an overcast sky in a movie scene can be fixed as
easily as a spelling error.  Just as important, digital media can be copied
over and over nearly for free, stored permanently without fading, and
sent around the world in seconds.  It rightly worries the movie and
music industries, but how do you put the genie back in the bottle if
there’s no bottle anymore?
4. Personal computers. Before IBM recast the desktop computer from
hobbyist’s gadget to office automation tool in 1983 — followed by
Apple’s people-friendly Macintosh a year later — a “minicomputer”
was the size of a washing machine and required a special air-
conditioned room.  But the trained technicians who operated the old
mainframes already knew computers were cool: They could use them to
play games, keep diaries, and trade messages with friends across the
country, while still looking busy.  Today, thanks to the PC, we all look
busy.
5. Space flight. Americans from 50 years ago would be disappointed to
learn we never went further than the Moon — no Mars colony, no 2001
odyssey to Jupiter, no speed-of-light spaceships.  Even the Shuttle is in
trouble.  But the space race against the Russians that dominated the
national psyche (and a good chunk of the budget) in the ‘60s and ‘70s
pushed the development of hundreds of enabling technologies,
including synthetic fibers and integrated computer circuits, necessary to
fly men to the Moon and back.  And the astronauts brought back a
lesson from space: “We saw the earth the size of a quarter, and we
realized then that there is only one earth. We are all brothers.”
6. Mobile phones. The idea for cellular phone service dates back at
least to 1947, but the first call was made from the sidewalk outside the
Manhattan Hilton in 1973 by Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher
who rang up his rival at AT&T Bell Labs to test the new phone.  Thirty
years later, more than half of all Americans own one and cellular
networks are beginning to serve Internet access at broadband speeds
through thin air.
7. Nuclear power. When the Queen herself threw the switch on the
world’s first atomic power plant at Calder Hall outside London in 1956,
nuclear reactors were seen as a source of cheap, pollution-free energy. 
But a partial meltdown in 1979 at the Three Mile Island reactor in
Pennsylvania soured Americans on nukes as safe power.  Nonetheless,
the United States today has about 100 active plants that generate 20
percent of the country’s electricity — second only to coal as a source of
power — and have been steadily increasing their capacity.  Will the
next 50 years bring a better alternative?
8. Electronic funds transfer.  The Federal Reserve Bank of San
Francisco set up a paperless transfer system with the Los Angeles
branch in 1972.  By the end of the decade, instantaneous transfers of
millions of dollars in value between banks, insurance companies and
other financial institutions had become common.  The real appeal of
EFT today is its trickle down to the individual: You get grab cash from
your bank account anywhere in the world, and use PayPal to buy and
sell stuff on eBay without sending money or checks through the mail.
9. Robots and artificial intelligence. The term “robot” was coined by
Czechoslovakian playwright Karel Capek in 1920 — “robota” being a
Czech word for tedious labor — but the first real industrial robot was
built in 1954 by George Devol.  Five years later, the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology founded its Artificial Intelligence Laboratory in
a quest to mechanically mimic human minds as well as hands.  Today,
robots assemble products better, faster and often cheaper than manual
laborers, while more than 8 million U.S. airline flights a year are
scheduled, guided and flown with the superhuman assistance of
advanced software.  Still, some Americans eye such systems with the
cynical view of novelist Kurt Vonnegut, whose 1952 story “Player
Piano” warned that the machines might leave people without a purpose
— or a job.
10. Organ transplants. In 1954, Dr Joseph Murray removed the kidney
from one human patient and implanted it in another.  The recipient
accepted the kidney as its own rather than rejecting it as a foreign body. 
It was more than skillful surgery: Murray had chosen a pair of identical
twins, Ronald Herrick and his terminally ill brother Richard, in hopes
their similar genetic makeup would reduce the likelihood of Richard’s
body rejecting Ronald’s liver.  Soon afterward, though, other
researchers developed drugs that could squelch a transplant recipient’s
immune system long enough for the new organ to become incorporated
into its new body.  Today, some 25,000 Americans a year receive a new
heart, kidney, liver, lung, pancreas or intestine — and a new lease on
life.
PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS
1. JEEPNEYS – made form the conversion of American military jeeps used
during World War II. But also rivers and lakes
LEONARDO SALVADOR SARAO, SR - was the founder and owner of the Sarao
Motors, a company known for designing, manufacturing and selling
the jeepney, the most popular mode of transportation in the Philippines.
E-jeepney (2017), short for electrical jeepney, was the brainchild of Green
Renewable Independent Power Producers, Inc. or GRIPP in partnership with
Mr Robert Puckett, President of Solar Electric Company in the Philippines.
• The units are powered by a state-of-the-art rechargeable automotive battery
that can be charged via ordinary outlets. 
• accommodate 16 people, which is equivalent to 14 tons and each unit ranged
from Php 700,000 to 750,000.
2. TRICYCLE – an innovation made from adding a sidecar to a motor cycle to accommodate
more passengers.
• was invented in 1903 by Mr. W. J. Graham of Graham Brothers, Enfield, Middlesex, England
• motorela, locally nicknamed as "the mini jeepney", is a variant of a motorized tricycle
• was invented by Raphael Floirendo, a mechanic from Cagayan de Oro, in 1964 and comes
from the words “motorized” and “caritela”

SALAMANDER – an amphibious tricycle that can cross not only flooded streets, rivers and
lakes but can also be used to travel from island to island.
• Latest creation by ATOY LLAVE in partnership with a new company called H2O
Technologies.
E – Trike of Department of Energy - is a project that encourages the transition
from oil to cleaner sources of energy,” 
• The three-wheeled electric vehicles are aimed at replacing petrol-powered
‘traysikel” (tricycles) that have ruled the Philippines’ side roads for decades.
3. SALT LAMP – Sustainable Alternative Lighting was invented by AISA MIJENO
• An environment – friendly lighting system that utilizes salt water which made
it suitable for coastal areas
4. MEDICAL INCUBATOR – devised by DR. FE DEL MUNDO – a pediatrician and
the first Asian woman to be admitted in Harvard Medical School.
• The medical incubator was made from indigenous and cheap materials which
did not run on electricity. It is also made by placing a native laundry basket
inside a bigger one.
• She include her works on the immunization and treatment of jaundice and the
BRAT diet for curing diarrhea. (Banana, Rice, Applesauce, Toast)
5. MOSQUITO OVICIDAL/LARVICIDAL TRAP SYSTEM- the Department of
Science and Technology –Industrial Technology Development Institute
(DOST-ITDI) was able to introduce the Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap
System (also known as OL Trap) in 2010. This is due to the fact that Dengue
disease is endemic in tropical and subtropical areas including the
Philippines.
• This virus is usually transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquito, rampant
during rainy season. The trap system was made of natural ingredients that
are lethal to mosquitos but safe for humans and environment.
6. E-JEEPNEY- the development of jeepney is considered as a major
innovation that changed the transportation in the Philippines . However,
the diesel powered jeepney produces large quantities of black smoke,
leading to a major contributor of noise pollution due to its primitive
exhaust system. Thus, to counter these disadvantages, electric jeepney (E-
jeepney) was developed.
• E-jeepney utilizes electricity instead of the more expensive diesel.
Moreover, it is environment-friendly since it does not emit smoke and
noise.