STS REVIEWER (LESSON 3)

Science can be defined as:

● An idea
● an intellectual activity
● a body of knowledge
● a personal and social activity
Albert Einstein
- (the “Miracle Year” of 1905)
- the premier scientists of the 20th century
-theory of the photon, a theory of Brownian motion, and the Special Theory of
Relativity.
Einstein’s Theory of Relativity – the foundations for all later physics, contributing greatly
to progress in various fields of science.
Astronomy:
Nicolaus Copernicus - developed a theory later bolstered refined by Johannes Kepler and
Galileo Galilei, that had a great effect on the development and reform of society.
- Outlined the 2 kinds of planetary motion:
● The orbits of Venus and Mercury lay inside the orbit of the Earth, thus, closer to the
Sun; and
● The orbits of Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter lay outside the Earth’s orbit, thus farther
from the Sun.
Edwin Hubble’s discovery in 1929 - Universe was expanding led directly to the Big Bang
theory of the origin of the universe (1946) by George Gamow and others.
Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson (1965) - detected cosmic background radiation
pervading the universe, providing powerful evidence for the Big Bang Theory.
- New “sense of the universe”
- Space development have greatly expanded the space available for possible
human activities, and opened up new frontiers for humanity where people can
dream.
Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina (1974) - revealed that chlorofluorocarbon gases
were causing depletion of the ozone layer.
1985 – Discovery of an ozone hole, had a huge effect on efforts to protect the global
environment.
1915 – Alfred Wegener’s theory of continental drift is wildly accepted around the world
today as the plate tectonics theory
1950s – advances in sea floor monitoring advanced the field of geophysics
1960s – Frederick Vine and Drummond Matthews found quantitative evidence of
continental drift due to a spreading sea floor.
19th century
Charles Robert Darwin - Theory of Evolution greatly changed people’s “sense if nature,”
“sense of humanity,” and sense of society”,
James Watson and Francis Crick
1953 - discovery of the double helix structure of the DNA molecule gave birth to an
entirely new field of molecular biology.
-Result has been progressive elucidation of the structure of living things at
molecular level and rapid advances in the life science
1973 - Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer -establishment of gene recombinant technology
1996 – birth of cloned sheep, Dolly
2003 - completion of the project to sequence the entire human genome;
-Advances in brain research hint at the possibility of closing in on the human soul, and
progress in that area will surely have a large effect on people’s sense of values.
Alan Turing - the concept of the computing machine
William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain - Invention of transistor
Richard Feynman - Advances in nanotechnology have made possible the elucidation and
manipulation of phenomena at the atomic or molecular levels.
Harold Kroto - Discovery of fullerenes in 1984
1895 – wireless communication by Guglielmo Marconi
1897 – invention of the Braun Tube
1925 – invention of Yagi-Uda antenna
1926 – Kenjiro Takayanagi’s successful transmission of an electronic image using a
Braun tube.
Charles Darwin - 1589 – published the book The Origin of Species, The Descent of Man,
Introduced the idea that all organic life, including human beings, under the realm of
evolutionary thinking.
Sigmund Freud - towering literary figure and a very talented communicator, who did his
share to raise the consciousness of the civilized world in the psychological matter;
Psychoanalysis.

Development of Science in Mesoamerica

● Mayan civilization
● Incan civilization
● Aztec civilization

Development of Science in Asia

India – Iron; Medicine: Ayurveda, Susrutasamhita of Susruta;
Astronomy: configuration of the universe, the spherical self – supporting Earth, and the
year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each; Mathematics: Mohenjo-daro ruler.
_Aryabhatiya (Aryabhata)- number of trigonometric functions trigonometric
rables and techniques and algorithms of algebra.
_Madhava of sangamagrama- Founder of mathematical analysis.

China - Alternative medicine (Acupuncture, herbs etc)

Technology: compass, papermaking, gunpowder, and printing tools. Iron plough,
wheelbarrow and propeller.
Astronomy: supernova, lunar and solar eclipse and comets

Development of Science in Middle East Countries

Ibn al-Haytham– father of optics
Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi – concept of algorithm and the term algebra from al-
jbr
Jabir ibn Hayyan– Father of chemistry
Ibn Sina – founded the science of experimental medicine; Book of Healing and the canon of
Medicine

Development of Science in Africa

Geometry : Center of alchemy (medieval forerunner of chemistry)
Astronomy : Iron technology, metals
Mathematics: Lebombo bone, good in 4 mathematical operations and other mathematical
skill

Science and technology in the Philippines

Stone Age (40,000 – 30, 000 B.C) - Filipinos made simple tools and weapons of stone
flakes and later developed method of sawing and polishing stones.
-Learned to produce copper, bronze, iron and gold metal tools and ornaments.
Iron Age (3rd Century B.C to 11th Century A.D - Extraction, smelting and refining iron
from ores
-Spanish chronicles noted refined plank built warship called caracao suited for
interisland trade raids.

10th Century A.D - The archeological findings indicated that the Philippines, China and
Vietnam had been well established from 10th century to 15th century A.D
-The people of Ma-I and San Hsu (Palawan) trades bees wax, cotton, pearls, coconut
heart mats, tortoise shell and medicinal betel nuts, panie cloth for porcelain, leads fishnet
sinker, colored glass beads, iron pots, iron needles and tin.
Pre-Spanish - practices related to science forming primitive or first wave technology;
Extract medicine for herbs; Alphabet, system of writing, method of counting and weights
and measure.
During the Spanish Regime (16th Century) – Schools and Hospital were developed.

17th and 18th Century

1780 - Governador Jose Basco y Vargas: (Real Sociedad Economica de los Amigos Del
Pais de Filipina) encouraged research in agriculture and industry
1789 – Asian shipping, inaugurating and era of increase in export of rice, hemp, tobacco,
sugar, and indigo and imports of manufacturing goods.
1863 - colonial authorities issued a royal degree to reform the existing educational system
1865 – meteorological studies founding Manila observatory at the Ateneo Municipal de
Manila.
1871 - the school of Medicine and Pharmacy were opened to UST
Leon Ma. Guerrero (Father of Philippine Pharmacy)- The licentiate degree equivalent to a
Master degree was granted Bachelor’s degree in Pharmacy to its 1st graduates
19th Century - World trade commerce was expanded; Rapid development of Manila as
cosmopolitan center; Steam tramways, waterworks, newspaper, electric lights, banking
system were introduced.

During the American period

1901 - Bureau of Government Laboratories was established
1905 - the Bureau of Government Laboratories was replaced by the Bureau of Science.
1933 - The National Research Council of the Philippines was established.
1946 – The Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of Science.
1958 – the Philippine Congress passed the Science Act of 1958; established the National
Development Board.

On Post Commonwealth Era

1970 - the government’s role in supporting scientific research and innovation was
acknowledged.
1974 – funding for science was increased
1983 – The National Science Development Board was replaced by the National Science and
Technology Authority
Pres. Corazon Aquino’s presidency
1986 – the National Science and Technology Authority was replaced by the Department of
Science and Technology
1988 - created the Presidential Task Force for Science and Technology
Pres. Fidel V. Ramos
1992 – 1998 - The Philippines was estimated to have around 3,000 competent scientists
and engineers.
-Believes that science and technology was one of the means wherein the Philippines
could attain the status of new industrialized country.
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Administration
2001 - Filipinnovation term used in helping the Philippines to be an innovation hub in Asia
Pres. Benigno Aquino III - Conferred four new National Scientist for their contribution in
the Scientific field
Angel C. Alcala -Pioneer scientist and advocate of coral reefs aside from his contribution in
the fields of systematics, secology, and herpetology.

DOST
● Funds for basic research and patents on science and technology Scholarships
● Expanding the Philippine Science High School system
● Balik Scientist Program
● Science and technology parks
● National Science Complex and National Engineering Complex in UP Diliman
Prominent Filipinos in the Field of Science
Ramon Cabanos Barba - mango tissue culture
Lourdes Jansuy Cruz – sea snail venom
Josefino Cacas Comiso – characteristics of Antarctica
Fabian Millar Dayrit – Herbal Medicine
Jose Bejar Cruz, Jr. - electrical engineering; Officer of the famous institute of Electrical and
Electronic engineering
Mari-Jo Panganiban Ruiz – outstanding educator and graph theorist
Rafael Dineros Guerrero III – tilapia culture
Lilian Formalejo – plant biotechnology
Gregory Ligot Tangonan – communications technology
Enrique Mapua Ostrera, Jr. – research on drugs
Caesar A. Saloma – internationally recognized physicist
Edgardo Gomez – famous scientist in marine science
William Padolina – famous scientist in chemistry and former president of National
Academy of Science and Technology (NAST)
Angel Alcala – famous scientist in marine science
Emil Q. Javier – famous for his works in developing rural agriculture