Opening Prayer

Let us now pause for a moment and feel the presence of

God in our midst.
In the name of the Father …
Heavenly Father, we praise and thank you for the gift of
life, for all the blessings we receive everyday.
Thank you Lord for keeping us safe and healthy and
bringing us together in this class. We pray that You will
send forth the Holy Spirit to guide, enlighten and to
focus our attention to our discussion in order to
understand fully and learn the lesson well.
As we pray … Hail Mary … Holy Mary Mother of God …
In the name of the Father …
Good Day Everyone …

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 Course Title: Science Technology and Society

Date : September 22, 2022

Module 3

Content : Intellectual Revolution that Defined Society

 Upon successful completion of this module, the
student will be able to:
1. identify the intellectual revolutions that shaped society across
time;
2. explain the scientific theories behind the intellectual revolutions;
3. discuss how the ideas postulated by the Copernicus, Darwin and
Freud contributed to the spark of scientific revolution;
4. explain how intellectual revolutions transformed the views of
society about dominant scientific thought;
5. analyze how scientific revolution is done in various parts of the
world like in Latin America, East Asia, Middle East and Africa;
6. identify the technological advancements during the industrial
revolutions; and
7. discuss the impact of the scientific and industrial revolutions.
 Intellectual Revolutions that Defined Society

Scientific Revolution – 16th - 18th century

in Europe, a religion dominated society,
and the church had the power and
authority over politics and intellectual
thoughts where science revolved around
theories that were considered
theologically sound by the church.

Scientific Revolution is the name given to a period of drastic change in

scientific thought that took place during the 16th and 17th centuries. It
replaced the Greek view of nature that had dominated science for
almost 2,000 years.
It paved the way for modern science.
 Intellectual Revolutions that Defined Society
It is the golden age in
the history of science
for people committed
to scholarly life but
was also a trying
moment to some that
led to their painful
death or condemnation
from the religious
institutions.
During most of the 16th and 17th centuries, fear of heretics spreading
teachings and opinions that contradicted the Bible dominated the
Catholic Church. They persecuted scientists who formed theories the
Church deemed heretical and forbade people from reading any books
on those subjects by placing the books on the Index of Prohibited
Books. A type of war between science and religion was in play but
there would be more casualties on the side of science.
 Intellectual Revolutions that Defined Society

In 1614 a Dominican priest, Thomas

Caccini, condemned Galileo for supporting
Copernicus's Theory. The INQUISITION
summoned Galileo to Rome. Pope Urban
VIII was furious with Galileo and wanted
him punished for going against the
Church's authority and beliefs.

In 1633 Galileo, at the age of 69, stood trial for HERESY and was found
GUILTY and sentenced to LIFE IMPRISONMENT. Galileo went blind and
his books were banned. Galileo fell into a dark depression. On January
8, 1642, Galileo died in his sleep, STILL under HOUSE ARREST.
 Intellectual Revolutions that Defined Society
It marked the birth of science
as a field of inquiry and
development of scientific
method or put emphasis on
evidence gathered through
observation and
experimentation.

Liberation of scientists from interferences of religion.

It is the period of enlightenment when the developments in the fields of
math, physics, astronomy, biology and chemistry transformed the
views of society about nature.
 Example: The Ptolemaic Theory (Geocentric Model) - that
the earth is the stationary center of the universe by
Ptolemy (2nd century AD)
Nicolaus Copernicus was an astronomer who proposed a
heliocentric system, that the planets orbit around the Sun;
that Earth is a planet which, besides orbiting the Sun
annually, also turns once daily on its own axis; and that very
slow changes in the direction of this axis account for the
precession of the equinoxes.
Galileo knew about and had accepted Copernicus'
heliocentric (Sun-centered) theory.

Galileo (1564-1642) discovered evidence to support

Copernicus' heliocentric theory using his newly improved
telescope).

It was Galileo's observations of Venus that proved the theory.

... Galileo concluded that Venus must travel around the Sun,
passing at times behind and beyond it, rather than revolving
directly around the Earth.
Isaac Newton (1642-1727) – provided mathematical
explanation to the planetary motion with his Law of Universal
Gravitation.
 Significance of Scientific Revolution:
1) development of human beings
- abandonment of ancient and medieval systems
2) transformation of society / transformed the natural world
and the world of ideas
- ―the enlightenment‖ and began the long adversarial
relationship between science and religion
3) formation of scientific ideas
- development of the scientific method and improved
the conduct of scientific investigations, experimentation &
observations
- it inspired human creativity and critical thinking
moving from thought experiments to data driven and
experiment based ideas.
 Significance of Scientific Revolution:
4) led to the creation of new research fields in science
A case study is a detailed study of a
specific subject, such as a person,
group, place, event, organization, or
phenomenon.
The qualitative research interview is an
important data collection tool for a
variety of methods used within the
broad spectrum of medical education
research.
Ethnography is a study through direct observation of users in their
natural environment rather than in a lab.
Direct observation is a method of collecting data in which a researcher
simply views or listens to the subjects of the research, without asking
specific questions or manipulating any variables.
Participant observation is a qualitative research method in which the
researcher not only observes the research participants, but also actively
engages in the activities of the research participants.
 Significance of Scientific Revolution:
5) prompted the establishment of a strong foundation for
modern science, it changed how people study science and do
scientific activities

6) it inspired human creativity and critical thinking moving

from thought experiments to data driven and experiment
based ideas.
 Some Intellectuals and their Revolutionary Ideas
• Copernican Revolution - Nicholaus Copernicus
Introduced the heliocentric theory. Catholic church banned the
Copernican model and was ignored by Rome for the rest of the 16th
century. He was judged to be heretic, his idea was unacceptable to be
taught to Catholics.
 Some Intellectuals and their Revolutionary Ideas
• Darwinian Revolution (Charles Darwin)
Famous for his Theory of Evolution
He changed our concept of creation
and its evolution.
 Some Intellectuals and their Revolutionary Ideas
• Freudian Revolution (Sigmund Freud) – Father of Psychiatry
Introduced the method of psychoanalysis – a scientific way to study the
human mind and neurotic illness.
Psychoanalysis had a great impact on the scientific way of understanding
human nature.
• In some of his best-known writings, he suggested that it
was an "illusion," a form of neurosis, and even an attempt
to gain control over the external world. ... In "The Future of
an Illusion," Freud wrote that "religion is comparable to a
childhood neurosis."
 CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE
1. Mesoamerica – includes entire area of
Central America from Southern Mexico up to
the border of South America
a) Maya Civilization – one of the famous
Civilizations and noted for its logosyllabic
script—the most sophisticated and highly
developed writing system in pre-Columbian
Americas; as well as for its art,
 CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE (Maya Civilization)
architecture,

mathematics,

calendar system.
 CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE (Maya Civilization)
and astronomical system.

- understanding about celestial bodies, predicting eclipse, astrological

cycles in planting and harvesting, known for their works of astronomy,
measuring time using complicated calendar system,
 CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE (Maya Civilization)
built hydraulic system with sophisticated waterways to supply water to
the communities.
 CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE
b) Inca Civilization

The Inca civilization flourished in

ancient Peru between 1400 and 1533,
and their empire eventually extended
across western South America from
Quito in the north to Santiago in the
south.

It is the largest empire ever seen in the

Americas and the largest in the world at
that time.
 CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE
b) Inca Civilization
– developed scientific ideas &
tools

roads paved with stones

 CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE (Inca Civilization)
stone buildings,
irrigation system and technique,

calendar with 12 months,

 CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE (Inca Civilization)
first suspension bridge, ―quipu‖ – a system of knotted ropes to keep
records

& Inca textiles.

 CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE

c) Aztec Civilization –

The Aztec civilization is known for being the

last of the great Mesoamerican cultures before
the Europeans arrived.

They built impressive temple-pyramids, used

sophisticated techniques of agriculture, their
eagle warriors built a great empire, and they
made human sacrifices to their gods.
 CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE

c) Aztec Civilization –
contributed the ff.:
Mandatory education,

chocolates (cacao beans),

 CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE (Aztec Civilization)

antispasmodic medication (prevent muscle spasms),

The Passion flower was used for this purpose, a

flower which still grows in Mexico today. The
Passion flower is still used today as an herbal
remedy, believed to help with insomnia, epilepsy,
and high blood pressure.

chinampa (form of
Aztec technology
for agricultural
farming),
 CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE (Aztec Civilization)

Aztec calendar to plan activities, rituals & planting

season:
The Aztec or Mexica calendar is the calendrical
system used by the Aztecs as well as other
Pre-Columbian peoples of central Mexico. It is one
of the Mesoamerican calendars, sharing the basic
structure of calendars from throughout ancient
Mesoamerica.

invention of a canoe -
a light narrow boat
 CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE
2. India was known for
a) manufacturing iron &
metallurgical works,

b) traditional medicine (alternative medicine)

 CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE
2. India was known for
c) astronomy

and d) mathematics.
 CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE
3. China – known for
traditional medicine
- discovered various properties and uses
of different plants an animals to cure
human illness.

Discoveries and inventions:

compass,

papermaking
& gunpowder.
 CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE
3. China –

Astronomy (records on supernova

lunar and solar eclipse)
Mathematics

Seismology (natural calamities)

4. Middle East Countries – Muslims
Muslim scientists placed greater value on science experiments leading to
scientific method

Muslim scientist Ibn al-Haytham – Father of Optics, for his empirical proof
of the intromission of the theory of light.

In mathematics – Muslim mathematicians gave the concept of algorithm

while the term algebra is derived from al-jabr
Introduction of decimal point system.
Muslim chemist and alchemists (foundation of modern chemistry).
In medicine – pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was
the first to conduct clinical trials.
Discovery of the contagious nature of infectious diseases and
introduction of clinical pharmacology.
5. Africa – was famous for Astronomy

- used 3 types of calendars: Lunar, solar and stellar

5. Africa –
- metallurgy- invented metal tools used in their homes,

- in agriculture and building their magnificent architecture.

5. Africa –
- mathematics was prominent in their lives.

- Islamic regions in Africa were advanced in mathematical

learning such as algebra, geometry and trigonometry.
 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
- The period of great technological advancement which lead to mass
production

- and mass transports.

 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
- It also marked the emergence of machines as substitutes for human
power and harnessing energy from inanimate sources.
 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
- Mass transports like railways,

passenger ships

and cargo ships.

 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
- Legacy of industrial revolution is the science based technological
advancements.

10 Key Inventions of the Industrial Revolution

1. Spinning Jenny. The 'Spinning Jenny' was an engine for spinning
wool or cotton invented in 1764 by James Hargreaves, who had it
patented in 1770.
 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
10 Key Inventions of the Industrial Revolution
2. Newcomen steam engine.
In 1712, Thomas Newcomen invented the first steam engine, known as the
atmospheric engine. It was used predominantly to pump water out from
coal mines, allowing the miners to dig further down.
 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
10 Key Inventions of the Industrial Revolution
3. Watt steam engine
Scottish engineer James Watt invented the first practical steam engine in
1763. Watt‘s engine was very similar to Newcomen‘s, but it was nearly
twice as efficient as it required less fuel to run. This more fuel efficient
design translated into huge monetary savings for the industry.
 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
10 Key Inventions of the Industrial Revolution
4. The locomotive
The first recorded steam railway journey took place on 21 February 1804,
when Cornishman Richard Trevithick‘s ‗Pen-y-Darren‘ locomotive carried
ten tons of iron, five wagons and seventy men the 9.75 miles from the
ironworks at Penydarren to the Merthyr-Cardiff Canal in four hours and
five minutes.
 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
10 Key Inventions of the Industrial Revolution
5. Telegraph communications
On 25 July 1837 Sir William Fothergill Cooke and Charles Wheatstone
successfully demonstrated the first electrical telegraph, installed between
Euston and Camden Town in London.
 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
10 Key Inventions of the Industrial Revolution
6. Dynamite

Dynamite was invented by Alfred Nobel, a Swedish chemist, in the 1860s.

Prior to its invention, gunpowder (called black powder) had been used to
shatter rocks and fortifications.
 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
10 Key Inventions of the Industrial Revolution
7. The photograph

In 1826, French inventor Joseph Nicéphore Niépce created the first

permanent photograph from a camera image.
 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
10 Key Inventions of the Industrial Revolution
8. The typewriter

In 1829 William Burt, an American inventor, patented the first typewriter

which he called a ‗typographer‘.
 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
10 Key Inventions of the Industrial Revolution
9. The electric generator

The first electric generator was invented by Michael Faraday in 1831: the
Faraday Disk.
 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
10 Key Inventions of the Industrial Revolution
10. The modern factory

With the introduction of machinery, factories began springing up first in

Britain and then across the world.
 Four Phases of Industrial Revolution

• 1st phase - end of 18th century and steam powered

industrial machine.
• 2nd phase - start of 20th century and electric-powered
industrial machine.
• 3rd phase - start of 1970 and industrial automation
through electronics & IT.
• 4th phase - today and industrial operation based on cyber
physical system
 A cyber-physical system or intelligent system is a
computer system in which a mechanism is controlled or
monitored by computer-based algorithms.
 Guide Questions

Based on the revolutionary ideas of the three noted

intellectuals, why are these intellectual thoughts
considered as revolutionary?

Name some important inventions and how did these

technological advancements impact society.

How can science influence government policies?

 In the name of the Father …
We thank you Lord
for the knowledge we learned today.
Please help us to become worthy students
and apply this knowledge
in our daily life activities.
Glory be to the Father …
In the name of the Father …
Goodbye and God bless Everyone!
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