SHEPHERDVILLE COLLEGE

Talojongon, Tigaon, Camarines Sur

Philippines

Module in Science, Technology, and Society

Topic: Intellectual Revolutions that Defined Society
Competency #1

Prepared by:

AL C. DELLOVA, LPT

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I. OBJECTIVES

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

a. define science;
b. explain what does scientific revolution mean;
c. discuss how the ideas postulated by Copernicus, Darwin, and Freud
contributed to the spark of science revolution; and
d. analyse how scientific revolution is done in various parts of the world
like Latin America, East Asia, Middle East, and Africa.

II. MOTIVATION:
If you are going to invent something that would change the world, what would it
be?

III. INTRODUCTION

This lesson will give light to the development of science and technology ideas in
the heart of society. It is the goal of this lesson to articulate ways by which society is
transformed by science and technology. Science is as old as the world itself. There
is no individual that can exactly identify when and where science began. From the
genesis of time, science has existed. It is interwoven with the society.

 DEFINITION OF KEYWORDS

 Scientific Revolution- drastic change in scientific thought that took place

during 16th and 17th centuries.

 Science- a branch of knowledge or study dealing with a body of facts or

truths systematically arranged and showing operation of general laws.

 Technology- is the study and transformation of techniques, tools, and

machines created by humans.

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  Society- an organized group of people associated together for religious,
cultural, scientific , political, patriotic, or other purposes.

 Intellectual Activity- a meaningful functioning of mind or intelligent thinking.

 Social activity- anything that brings members of the community together to

interact.

IV. CONTENT:

Scientific Revolution
How can Science be defined?

1. Science as an idea. It includes ideas, theories, and all available systematic

explanations and observations about the natural and physical world.
2. Science as an intellectual activity. It is a systematic and practical study of
the natural and physical world. This process of study involves systematic
observation and experimentation.
3. Science as a body of Knowledge. It is a subject or a discipline, a field of
study that deals with the process of learning about the natural and physical
world.
4. Science as a personal and social activity. Science is both knowledge and
activities done by human beings to develop understanding of the world
around them. It is a means to improve life and survive in life.

SQA #1: For you, what is Science? (2 points)

Scientific revolution was the period of enlightenment when the developments in

the field of mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology and chemistry transformed the
views of society about nature. The idea of scientific revolution is claimed to have started
in the early 16th century up to the 18 th century in Europe. It started in this continent
because printing machine was invented in Europe. During that time many scholars
engaged in blooming intellectual activities in various places of learning.

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 Scientific revolution explained the emergence or birth of modern science as a
result of these developments from the discipline mentioned. The generated ideas
enable people to reflect, rethink, and reexamine their beliefs and their way of life. This
ignited vast human interest to rethink how they do science and view scientific process.
SCIENCE IDEAS

SCIENTIFIC
REVOLUTIONS
HUMANS SOCIETY

Figure1. Influences to Scientific Revolution

Scientific revolution is very significant in the development of human beings,

transformation of the society, and formulation of scientific ideas.

SQA #2: Why scientific revolution started in Europe? (2 points)

SQA #3: What’s the importance of scientific revolution? (2 points)

Some Intellectuals and their Revolutionary Ideas

Nicolaus Copernicus

He was a Polish astronomer who proposed a heliocentric system that the

planets orbit around the Sun; that Earth is a planet which, besides orbiting the
Sun annually, also turns once daily on its own axis; and that very slow
changes in the direction of this axis account for the precession of the
equinoxes.

Image Source: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nicolaus-Copernicus

Charles Darwin

He was a British naturalist who proposed the theory of biological evolution by

natural selection. Darwin defined evolution as "descent with modification," the
Image Source: https://www.thoughtco.com/interesting-facts-about-charles-darwin-
idea1224479
that species change over time, give rise to new species, and share a
common ancestor.

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 Sigmund Freud

He was an Austrian neurologist and the founding father of psychoanalysis, a

method for treating mental illness and also a theory which explains human
behaviour. Freud believed that events in our childhood have a great influence
Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud
SQA #4: What is the
on our major
adult lives,contribution
shaping our of Copernicus in the in the field of science?
personality.
(2 points)
SQA #5: What is Darwin’s contribution to modern science? (2 points)
SQA #6: By looking for other sources and literature, what are the controversies or
questions to Freud’s ideas? (2 points)

Cradles of Early Science

Development of Science in Mesoamerica

Mesoamerica includes the entire area of Central America from Southern Mexico
to the border of South America. Mesoamerica region is rich in culture and knowledge
prior to the arrival of European colonizers.

The Mayan Civilization

 Developed accurate calendar
 Built steeped temple and pyramids and used advance agricultural techniques.
 Developed a system of mathematics including the concept of zero.
 Located in a Yucatan Penesula.
 Ruled large cities based in southern and southeastern Mexico, as well as central
America highlands.

The Inca Civilization

The following were scientific ideas and tools that they developed to help them in
everyday life:
 Roads paved with stones
 Stone building that surmounted earthquakes and other disasters.
 Irrigation system
 Calendar with 12 months to mark their religious beliefs and prepare them for
planting season.

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  The first suspension bridge.
 Quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep records that only experts can interpret.
 Inca textile

The Aztec Civilization

Some of their contributions are the following:
 Mandatory education
 Chocolates
 Antispasmodic medication
 Chinampa- It is a form of Aztec technology for agricultural farming in which the
land was divided into rectangular area and surrounded by canals.
 Aztec calendar
 Invention of the canoe
Development of Science in Asia
India
 Manufacturing of iron and metallurgical works.
 Ayurveda –use of medicinal plants to cure various illnesses.
 Developed theories on the configuration of the universe.
 Tried to standardize measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy and
designed a ruler, the Mohenjo-daro ruler.
 Introduced a number of trigonometric functions, tables and techniques, as well as
algorithms of algebra.
 Brahmagupta, suggested that gravity was a force of attraction.
 Hindu-Arabic numeral system.
China
 Known for traditional medicine example is the practice of acupuncture.
 Developed compass, papermaking, and gunpowder and printing tools.
 Invented tools like iron plough, wheelbarrow and propeller.
 Developed designs of different models of bridges.
 Invented the first seismological detector and dock facility.
 Made significant records on supernovas, lunar and solar eclipses and comets.

Middle East Countries

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  Muslim scientist named Ibm al-Haytham is regarded as the Father of Optics for
providing empirical proof of intromission theory of light.
 Coined the word algebra from the word al-jabr.
 Muslim chemists and alchemists played important role in the foundation of
modern chemistry.
 Ibn Sina pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was the first
physicians to conduct clinical trials.

Development of Science in Africa

Egyptian Civilization
 Developed geometry
 Built pyramids
 Built early dam to divert water from Nile river.
 Known to be a centre of alchemy.
 First to study human anatomy and pharmacology.
 Developed 3 types of calendar: lunar, solar and stellar
 Known as good in using the 4 fundamental operations.

SQA #7: Select one country each region and identify their
contributions to the following fields: astronomy,
mathematics and medicine. (2 points)

V. SUMMARY
 The scientific revolutions significantly changed how people study science
and do scientific activities. It inspired human creativity and critical thinking.

 There are many intellectuals who made essential contributions in science

during Nicolaus Copernicus the period of scientific revolution:

Nicolaus Copernicus developed a model of the universe in which

everything moved around the single centre at unvarying rates. He placed
the sun in the center of the universe and all the planets were orbiting it.

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 Charles Darwin made significant contribution in the field of evolutionary
biology and philosophy of science. His theory of evolution by natural
selection is very useful in many fields until now.

Sigmund Freud developed the idea of psychoanalysis that helped in

understanding human behaviour especially neurological condition.

 Science also developed in different parts of the world: in Asia, Europe,

Mesoamerica, and Africa. People in these continents invented tools to
help them in everyday life, discovered medicines to cure diseases,
observed heavenly bodies, built structures, discovered many things and
invented mathematics as a tool and a discipline.

 REFERENCES
Serafica, J.P. (2018). Science Technology, and Society. 1st ed. REX
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nicolaus-Copernicus
https://www.thoughtco.com/interesting-facts-about-charles-darwin-1224479
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud

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VI. ASSESSMENT:

NAME: ______________________ COURSE/YEAR: __________ SCORE: ________

INSTRUCTOR: AL C. DELLOVA DATE: ____________________

COMPETENCY #1: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET (25 POINTS)
Direction: Answer the following questions: (2 points each)
1. Give the major contributions of the following scientists:
a. Nicolaus Copernicus

a. Charles Darwin

c. Sigmund Freud

2. Fill out the table about the development of science in different continents. (1 point
each)
Country Tools Medicine Structure Mathematics Astronomy
Invented They Built
Development of
Science in
Mesoamerica
Development of
Science in Asia
Development of
Science in
Africa

3. Using your own words, define the following terms: (2 points each)
a. Science

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 b. Scientific Revolution

NAME: ______________________ COURSE/YEAR: __________ SCORE: ________

INSTRUCTOR: AL C. DELLOVA DATE: ____________________

COMPETENCY #1: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY

SQA Answer Sheet (14 points)
SQA #1: For you, what is Science? (2 points)

SAQ #2: Why scientific revolution started in Europe? (2 points)

SQA #3: What’s the importance of scientific revolution? (2 points)

SQA #4: What is the major contribution of Copernicus in the in the field of science? (2
points)

SQA #5: What is Darwin’s contribution to modern science? (2 points)

SQA #6: By looking for other sources and literature, what are the controversies or
questions to Freud’s ideas? (2 points)

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SQA #7: Select one country each region and identify their contributions to the following
fields: astronomy, mathematics and medicine. (2 points)

VII. ASSIGNMET
Make an infographic about the contributions in the field of science of Copernicus,
Darwin and Freud.

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