SHEPHERDVILLE COLLEGE

(FORMERLY JESUS THE LOVING SHEPHERD CHRISTIAN COLLEGE)

Talojongon, Tigaon, Camarines Sur, Philippines
Tel. No. (054) 884-9536
“Excellence in truth in the service of God and Country”

Module

in

Teaching Social Studies in Elementary Grades

(Culture and Geography)
Final’s Module

2nd Semester A/Y: 2022-2023

Prepared by:
 JASON V. COMPETENTE
Instructor

COMPETENCY # 15: BASIC CONCEPTS OF GEOGRAPHY & GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF THE PHILIPPINES

❖ Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
● Describe the concepts and perspectives of geography as a field of study and the geographical
features of the Philippines.
● Explain the five themes of geography.

● Analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the geographical location of the Philippines.

MOTIVATION

Answer the trivia questions for additional information about geography in this link,
https://www.usefultrivia.com/geography_trivia/. Afterwards, record and assess your score.

Why do we need to study geographic features of the Philippines? What is unique about the geography
of the Philippines? How do you describe the geographical location of the Philippines?

INTRODUCTION

Geographers investigate and interpret the places that make up our world by exploring, analyzing and
understanding their characteristics and the processes that shape them. Geographers use a number of
concepts in this process. Concepts are the big, organizing ideas which, together, uniquely belong to Geography
as a field of study.

CONTEXT

Geography is the study of places and the relationships between people and
their environments. Geographers explore both the physical properties of Earth’s surface and the human
societies spread across it. They also examine how human culture interacts with the natural environment, and
the way that locations and places can have an impact on people. Geography seeks to understand where things
are found, why they are there, and how they develop and change over time.

Ancient Geographers
The term "geography" comes to us from the ancient Greeks, who needed a word to describe the
writings and maps that were helping them make sense of the world in which they lived. In Greek, geo means
“earth” and -graphy means “to write.”  Using geography, Greeks developed an understanding of where their
homeland was located in relation to other places, what their own and other places were like, and how people
and environments were distributed. These concerns have been central to geography ever since.
 Mapmaking probably came even before writing in many places. But ancient Greek geographers were
particularly influential. They developed very detailed maps of areas in and around Greece, including parts of
Europe, Africa, and Asia. More importantly, they also raised questions about how and why different human
and natural patterns came into being on Earth’s surface, and why variations existed from place to place. The
effort to answer these questions about patterns and distribution led them to figure out that the world was
round, to calculate Earth’s circumference, and to develop explanations of everything from the seasonal
flooding of the Nile River to differences in population densities from place to place.
During the Middle Ages, geography ceased to be a major academic pursuit in Europe. Geographers of
this Islamic Golden Age created the world’s first rectangular map based on a grid, a map system that is still
familiar today. In addition to the advances in the Middle East, the Chinese empire in Asia also contributed
immensely to geography. Until about 1500, China was the most prosperous civilization on Earth. The Chinese
were scientifically advanced, especially in the field of astronomy. Around 1000, they also achieved one of the
most important developments in the history of geography: They were the first to use
the compass for navigational purposes. In the early 1400s, the explorer Cheng Ho embarked on
seven voyages to the lands bordering the China Sea and the Indian Ocean, establishing
China’s dominance throughout Southeast Asia.

Age of Discovery
Through the 13th-century travels of the Italian explorer Marco Polo, Europeans learned about the
riches of China. Curiosity was awakened; a desire to trade with wealthy Asian cultures motivated a renewed
interest in exploring the world. The period of time between the 15th and 17th centuries is known in the West
as the Age of Exploration or the Age of Discovery.

The study of geography regained popularity in Europe. The invention of the printing press in the mid-
1400s helped spread geographic knowledge by making maps and charts widely available. Improvements in
shipbuilding and navigation facilitated more exploring, greatly improving the accuracy of maps and geographic
information.

Geography also became an important part of other academic disciplines, such as chemistry, economics,

and philosophy. In fact, every academic subject has some geographic connection. Chemists study where
certain chemical elements, such as gold or silver, can be found. Economists examine which nations trade with
other nations, and what resources are exchanged. Philosophers analyze the responsibility people have to take
care of the Earth.

Emergence of Modern Geography

Geography is concerned with many different topics—people, culture, politics, settlements,
plants, landforms, and much more.

What distinguishes geography is that it approaches the study of diverse topics in a particular way (that
is, from a particular perspective). Geography asks spatial questions—how and why things are distributed or
arranged in particular ways on Earth’s surface. It looks at these different distributions and arrangements at
many different scales. It also asks questions about how the interaction of different human and natural
activities on Earth’s surface shape the characteristics of the world in which we live.

Geography seeks to understand where things are found and why they are present in those places; how
things that are located in the same or distant places influence one another over time; and why places and the
people who live in them develop and change in particular ways. Raising these questions is at the heart of the
“geographic perspective.”

Exploration has long been an important part of geography. But exploration no longer simply means
going to places that have not been visited before. It means documenting and trying to explain the variations
that exist across the surface of Earth, as well as figuring out what those variations mean for the future.

Applying a geographic perspective demonstrates geography’s concern not just with where things are,
but with “the why of where”—a short, but useful definition of geography’s central focus.

Studies of the geographic distribution of human settlements have shown how economic forces and
modes of transport influence the location of towns and cities. For example, geographic analysis has pointed to
the role of the U.S. Interstate Highway System and the rapid growth of car ownership in creating a boom in
U.S. suburban growth after World War II. The geographic perspective helped show where Americans were
moving, why they were moving there, and how their new living places affected their lives, their relationships
with others, and their interactions with the environment.

Investigations of the geographic impact of human activities have advanced understanding of the role of
humans in transforming the surface of Earth, exposing the spatial extent of threats such as water pollution by
manmade waste. For example, geographic study has shown that a large mass of tiny pieces of plastic currently
floating in the Pacific Ocean is approximately the size of Texas. Satellite images and other geographic
technology identified the so-called “Great Pacific Garbage Patch.”

These examples of different uses of the geographic perspective help explain why geographic study and
research is important as we confront many 21st century challenges, including environmental
pollution, poverty, hunger, and ethnic or political conflict.

Because the study of geography is so broad, the discipline is typically divided into specialties. At the
broadest level, geography is divided into physical geography, human geography, geographic techniques,
and regional geography.

Physical Geography
The natural environment is the primary concern of physical geographers, although many physical
geographers also look at how humans have altered natural systems. Physical geographers study Earth’s
seasons, climate, atmosphere, soil, streams, landforms, and oceans. Some disciplines within physical
Geography include geomorphology, glaciology, pedology, hydrology, climatology, biogeography,
and oceanography.
 Geomorphology is the study of landforms and the processes that shape them. Geomorphologists
investigate the nature and impact of wind, ice, rivers, erosion, earthquakes, volcanoes, living things, and other
forces that shape and change the surface of the Earth.

Glaciologists focus on the Earth’s ice fields and their impact on the planet’s climate. Glaciologists
document the properties and distribution of glaciers and icebergs. Data collected by glaciologists has
demonstrated the retreat of Arctic and Antarctic ice in the past century.

Pedologists study soil and how it is created, changed, and classified. Soil studies are used by a variety of
professions, from farmers analyzing field fertility to engineers investigating the suitability of different areas for
building heavy structures.

Hydrology is the study of Earth’s water: its properties, distribution, and effects. Hydrologists are
especially concerned with the movement of water as it cycles from the ocean to the atmosphere, then back to
Earth’s surface. Hydrologists study the water cycle through rainfall into streams, lakes, the soil, and
underground aquifers. Hydrologists provide insights that are critical to building or removing dams,
designing irrigation systems, monitoring water quality, tracking drought conditions, and predicting flood risk.

Climatologists study Earth’s climate system and its impact on Earth’s surface. For example,
climatologists make predictions about El Nino, a cyclical weather phenomenon of warm surface temperatures
in the Pacific Ocean. They analyze the dramatic worldwide climate changes caused by El Nino, such as flooding
in Peru, drought in Australia, and, in the United States, the oddities of heavy Texas rains or an unseasonably
warm Minnesota winter.

Biogeographers study the impact of the environment on the distribution of plants and animals. For
example, a biogeographer might document all the places in the world inhabited by a certain spider species,
and what those places have in common.     

Oceanography, a related discipline of physical geography, focuses on the creatures and environments
of the world’s oceans. Observation of ocean tides and currents constituted some of the first oceanographic
investigations. For example, 18th-century mariners figured out the geography of the Gulf Stream, a massive
current flowing like a river through the Atlantic Ocean. The discovery and tracking of the Gulf Stream helped
communications and travel between Europe and the Americas.
Today, oceanographers conduct research on the impacts of water pollution, track tsunamis,
design offshore oil rigs, investigate underwater eruptions of lava, and study all types of marine organisms
from toxic algae to friendly dolphins.

Human Geography
Human geography is concerned with the distribution and networks of people and cultures on Earth’s
surface. A human geographer might investigate the local, regional, and global impact of rising economic
powers China and India, which represent 37 percent of the world’s people.
 Human geographers study how political, social, and economic systems are organized across
geographical space. These include governments, religious organizations, and trade partnerships. The
boundaries of these groups constantly change.

The main divisions within human geography reflect a concern with different types of human activities
or ways of living. Some examples of human geography include urban geography, economic geography,
cultural geography, political geography, social geography, and population geography. Human geographers
who study geographic patterns and processes in past times are part of the subdiscipline of historical
geography. Those who study how people understand maps and geographic space belong to a subdiscipline
known as behavioral geography. Many human geographers interested in the relationship between humans
and the environment work in the subdisciplines of cultural geography and political geography.

Cultural geographers study how the natural environment influences the development of human
culture, such as how the climate affects the agricultural practices of a region. Political geographers study the
impact of political circumstances on interactions between people and their environment, as well as
environmental conflicts, such as disputes over water rights.

Some human geographers focus on the connection between human health and geography. For
example, health geographers create maps that track the location and spread of specific diseases. They analyze
the geographic disparities of health-care access. They are very interested in the impact of the environment on
human health, especially the effects of environmental hazards such as radiation, lead poisoning, or water
pollution.

SAQ #1: Describe the focus of geography as a field of study. Differentiate physical geography from human
geography. (2 points)

Geographic Techniques
Specialists in geographic techniques study the ways in which geographic processes can be analyzed and
represented using different methods and technologies. Mapmaking, or cartography, is perhaps the most basic
of these. Cartography has been instrumental to geography throughout the ages.

As early as 1500 BCE, Polynesian navigators in the Pacific Ocean used complex maps made of tiny sticks
and shells that represented islands and ocean currents they would encounter on their voyages. Today,
satellites placed into orbit by the U.S. Department of Defense communicate with receivers on the ground
called global positioning system (GPS) units to instantly identify exact locations on Earth.

Today, almost the entire surface of Earth has been mapped with remarkable accuracy, and much of
this information is available instantly on the internet. One of the most remarkable of these websites is Google
Earth, which “lets you fly anywhere on Earth to view satellite imagery, maps, terrain, 3D buildings, from
galaxies in outer space to the canyons of the ocean.” In essence, anyone can be a virtual Christopher
Columbus from the comfort of home.
 Computerized systems that allow for precise calculations of how things are distributed and relate to
one another have made the study of geographic information systems (GIS) an increasingly important specialty
within geography. Geographic information systems are powerful databases that collect all types of
information (maps, reports, statistics, satellite images, surveys, demographic data, and more) and link each
piece of data to a geographic reference point, such as geographic coordinates. This data,
called geospatial information, can be stored, analyzed, modeled, and manipulated in ways not possible before
GIS computer technology existed.
The popularity and importance of GIS has given rise to a new science known as geographic information science
(GISci). Geographic information scientists study patterns in nature as well as human development.

Regional Geography
Regional geographers take a somewhat different approach to specialization, directing their attention to
the general geographic characteristics of a region. Regional geographers may also study smaller regions, such
as urban areas. A regional geographer may be interested in the way a city like Shanghai, China, is growing.
They would study transportation, migration, housing, and language use, as well as the human impact on
elements of the natural environment, such as the Huangpu River.

Thinking geographically helps people to be aware of the connections among and between places and
to see how important events are shaped by where they take place.  Finally, knowing something about
geography enriches people’s lives—promoting curiosity about other people and places and an appreciation of
the patterns, environments, and peoples that make up the endlessly fascinating, varied planet on which we
live.

The Five Themes of Geography

Geography is more than memorizing names and places. Geographers organize space in much the same
way that historians organize time.

To help organize space, geographers are concerned with asking three important questions about things in the
world:
• Where is it?
• Why is it there?
• What are the consequences of its being there?

The five themes of geography help answer these questions:

• Location: Where is it located?
• Place: What's it like there?
• Human/Environment Interaction: What is the relationship between humans and their environment
• Movement: How and why are places connected with one another?
• Regions: How and why is one area similar to another?

1. Location: Position on Earth's Surface

 Absolute and relative location are two ways of describing the positions and distribution of people and
places on the earth's surface.
Absolute location answers the questions: Where is it? Absolute location is nothing more than a simple
dot--often identified as a grid coordinate on the surface of the earth. Latitude and longitude can be used to
pinpoint a location. For example, the absolute location of New Orleans, Louisiana, is 30 degrees north, 90
degrees west. Finding absolute location is the starting point for geographic research.
Absolute Location – Maps provide the exact location of a place on a mathematical grid of the earth divided
by two sets of imaginary arcs: meridians and parallels. A meridian is an arc drawn between the North and
South Poles that measures longitude, a numbering system that calculates distance east and west of the prime
meridian.
The prime meridian is located at the observatory in Greenwich, England at 0 degrees. The meridian at the
opposite side of the globe is 180 degrees, and all meridians placed in between are designated as either “east”
or “west” of the prime meridian. A parallel is a circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator, an
imaginary circle that lies exactly half way between the North and South poles. Parallels measure latitude, or
distance north and south of the equator. The equator is 0 degrees latitude, the North Pole 90 degrees north
latitude, and the South Pole is 90 degrees south latitude. So any absolute location of a place on the surface of
Earth may be described in terms of longitude and latitude. 

Relative location is the relationship of a place to other places. For example, New Orleans is located at the
place where the Mississippi River empties into the Gulf of Mexico, which gives it easy access to ocean and river
shipping. Your home has a relative location. Where is it located in relation to schools, stores, and convenient
transportation? Location is only one piece of the framework of geography, yet it is an important theme
because it helps us know and express where things are.

Time Zones
The earth is divided into 360 Degrees of longitude (180 d. west of the prime meridian and 180 d.
east).International agreement – lines of longitude are spaced 15 d. apart in both directions from Greenwich,
England. Uniform time – 12 p.m. – noon is meant to be where the sun is high in the sky everywhere in the
world. 12 a.m. midnight – night everywhere. System was set up in the late 19th century to accommodate
internal railroad travel.

International Date Line

One consequence of the organization of the world into time zones is that somewhere on the globe the
date has to change. This occurs at 180 d. longitude, also called the International Date Line that divides the
world from pole to pole through the Pacific Ocean. If a traveler crosses the line headed from Asia to America,
he sets the clock back 24 hours; likewise, a traveler crossing the line headed from America to Asia will set the
clock ahead 24 hours.

Uses of Maps Geographers use maps in two basic ways-

Reference material – Maps are efficient tools for storing information. Once a map is drawn it may be pulled
out to help find relative locations of places. Maps show roads or waterways that connect places, and they
have been used for centuries by travelers. For example 16th century European explorers use maps to help
them cross the Atlantic Ocean, just as 21st century Americans use maps to visit vacation destinations.

Communications / education – Maps may be used to explain spatial perspectives to others. These maps are
often thematic because they are designed to explain a type of geographic information. Examples are maps
that show soil types, relative elevations, economic prosperity levels, and spatial arrangements of racial and
ethnic groups. 

Map Projections: An important problem with communicating information through maps is that the only
accurate representation of earth is a globe. When spatial information is presented on a flat piece of paper, a
cartographer immediately faces the issue of distortion caused by trying to represent a three-dimensional
object (like the earth) on a two dimensional surface (a flat map). Different methods have been devised to
increase accuracy, but it is impossible to avoid some type of distortion.

SAQ #2: What is the difference between an absolute and a relative location? Give at least one example of
absolute and a relative location with your location as a point of reference. (4 points)

2. Place: Physical and Human Characteristics

The theme of place addresses this question: What's it like there? This theme considers the
characteristics that make one place different from all other places on earth. Geographers describe a place by
two kinds of characteristics; physical and human. The physical characteristics of a place make up its natural
environment and are derived from geological, hydrological, atmospheric, and biological processes. They
include land forms, bodies of water, climate, soils, natural vegetation, and animal life. The human
characteristics of a place come from human ideas and actions. They include bridges houses, and parks. Human
characteristics of place also include land use, density of population, language patterns, religion, architecture,
and political systems.
The theme of place helps flesh out information about location. Taken together, the themes of location and
place provide a basis for observation in geography. These themes can be used to help answer the first two
questions of geography: Where is it? and Why is it there? With a sense of physical and human place, we can
read the landscape around us and make observations about what we see.

3. Human/Environment Interaction: Shaping the Landscape

The physical and human characteristics of a place provide keys to understanding the interrelationships
between people and their environments. This geographic theme addresses this question: What is the
relationship between humans and the environment?
Three key concepts underlie human/environment relationships:
• Humans depend on the environment: The natural environment is made up of living things and non living
things. Humans depend on the natural environment for their basic needs; food, shelter, and clothing.
• Humans modify the environment: People modify the natural environment to meet their needs. For
example, they build dams, plow and irrigate fields, and dig mines. They build houses, schools, and shopping
centers on land.
 • Humans adapt to the environment: Humans have settled in virtually every corner of the world by
successfully adapting to various natural settings. For example, people who live in the northeastern United
States use heating units to keep their homes warm in winter People in the southern part of the country use air
conditioning much of the year to stay cool in the heat. The ways people choose to adapt to their settings
reflect their economic and political circumstances and their technological abilities. Studying geography
furthers appreciation of our natural environment and of our cultural differences.

SAQ #3: Cite specific examples of human/environment interaction do you see in your place. (2 points)

4. Movement: Humans Interacting on the Earth

The theme movement addresses this question: How and why are places connected with one another?
Relationships between people in different places are shaped by the constant movement of people, ideas,
materials, and physical systems such as wind. Our world is in constant motion, constantly changing. Like blood
flowing through our bodies, movement brings life to a place.

SAQ #4: What examples of movement of people, goods, or ideas do you see in your area? Has immigration
had an impact in our country? How? (3 points)

5. Regions: How they Form and Change

A region is a basic unit of geographic study. It is defined as an area that has unifying characteristics. The study
of regions helps us answer these questions: How and why is one area similar to another? How do the areas
differ? Most regions differ significantly from adjoining areas.
Some regions are distinguished by physical characteristics. Physical characteristics include land forms, climate,
soil, and natural vegetation. For example, the peaks and valleys of the Rocky Mountains form a physical
region. Some regions are distinguished by human characteristics. These may include economic, social, political,
and cultural characteristics.

Key Geographical Concepts in Context

The ten key geographical concepts are: place, scale, distance, distribution, movement, region, change,
process, spatial association and sustainability.

Place
Location is the ‘where of place’ and is an important component of place in its own right. For example,
Sassafras Creek flows through the town of Sassafras in Melbourne’s Dandenong Ranges. The latitude and
longitude of Sassafras is 37° 52’ S latitude, 145° 21’ E longitude. Stringybark Creek flows through Mt Evelyn
which is located at 38° 78’ S latitude, 145° 38’ E longitude.
Relative location refers to the distance and direction from one place to another. The use of place
names, landmarks and regions helps to specify the relative location of one place by comparing to the location
of another place.
Understanding a place relates to the perception of, and meaning people attach to a location and its
immediate surroundings; this creates their ‘sense of place’. Though people may recognise the significance of
the place as a home, the sense of place is naturally much greater for the person living there because of their
direct attachment to, experiences in, and valuing of that place

Scale
Scale refers to the size of something compared with something else and is used in one of two practical
ways in Geography

In one sense, we use scale on maps to determine the size relationship between the reality of
something on the Earth’s surface and the size at which that thing can be represented on a much smaller map.
The scale of a map influences how it can be used. Smaller-scale maps depict a larger area in less detail, often
being useful to show an overview or context for what is being studied. A map of Australia and surrounding
islands would be a small-scale map. The scale of such a map may be 1:16 000 000. Large-scale maps show
smaller areas in greater detail. For example, topographic maps showing individual buildings and minor as well
as major roads are usually large-scale maps. The scale of a topographic map may be 1:25 000.
The second use of scale is observational. These are the logical and descriptive size-based units into
which geographers divide the world in order to structure the study and understanding of places, regions and
phenomena.
Land cover changes resulting from deforestation, desertification, melting sea ice and sea level change
vary in their scale of distribution and impact. At times these events are observed and measured at a local or
national scale. A number of case studies in this textbook are provided at a range of scales.

Distance
Distance is measured in a number of ways. In its simplest form, it is the space between two different
locations and can be determined using an absolute measure such as kilometres. Distance is used to assist with
defining where things are in space, often also using direction.
Distance is clearly used as an indication of proximity, which itself often relates to the existence of
relationships between things. Greatly distant phenomena are less likely to influence one another.
Relative distance is a second broad category that can be measured in other ways. The amount of time
it takes to travel a given distance (e.g. ‘I live 20 minutes away from here’), or the cost of travelling a certain
distance (e.g. it’s expensive to fly to South America), are examples of relative distance.

Distribution
Distribution involves the arrangement of features or objects on the Earth’s surface. Distribution can
occur at all scales, and often patterns can be observed and described as the arrangement or density of
phenomena. The distribution of land use change and land cover change is not uniform across the Earth or
within a given country or region. This is due to a range of factors including differences in the physical
landscape and natural environments. Significant differences in policies, management strategies and
socioeconomic conditions also have an impact on the location and extent of land use change and land cover
change.

Movement
 Movement involves a change in location of phenomena such as people, goods and ideas through travel
or flow. The development of transport infrastructure and mode of transport can have an impact on the
movement of goods and services, and is an important consideration in urban planning and land use change.
The movement of people to outer suburbs and urban–rural fringes can rapidly alter land use.

Movement is an important consideration in land cover change. Consider regions that are increasingly
affected by desertification. The impact of this process can be the movement of people from rural to urban
areas; or the movement of sand and soil no longer held in place by vegetation resulting in dust and sand storm
events.

Region
A region is a definable area containing one or more characteristics that distinguish it from surrounding
areas. Regions can be defined at a range of scales by physical characteristics such as mountain ranges and
drainage basins, politically by official decisions about boundaries and names, and by common usage or for a
given purpose by selecting a particular characteristic such as the western suburbs of Melbourne. Smaller
regions can exist within larger ones, and different regions can overlap. Region is important in terms of scale.
Regions can be seen and defined at each of the local, national and international scales.

Change
Change relates to the degree to which something alters, or is modified, over time. As phenomena
studied in Geography are dynamic, they are often best understood by investigating how the focus of
investigation has developed over space and time. It is also valuable to examine the effects and impacts of
change, and this often relates to sustainability.
Change can be spatial and place-related. This can include changes in the location (that is, movement),
size, distribution, density or pattern of phenomena. The transformation of the use, nature or quality of a place
can also be identified. Change can be nonspatial and still be of relevance to Geography such as changes in land
use policies. Varying occurrences of something over time can provide important information for geographers.

Process
Processes involve a series of ongoing events or steps that lead to the development, change or
preservation of something. Often processes create cause-and-effect relationships between things. Processes
can operate within and between places, and at a variety of scales. For example, planning processes such as the
decision to build a freeway in an urban area can result in changed patterns of movement of people and have
an impact on population densities

Spatial Association
Spatial association is the degree to which two or more phenomena are similarly distributed or
arranged on the Earth’s surface. Where distribution patterns of phenomena are consistently similar, a strong
or high degree of spatial association exists. For example, there is a strong spatial association between areas of
the Earth with low rainfall and low population density. When one phenomenon has a high frequency and
another phenomenon is lower in frequency, there is a weak or low degree of spatial association. For example,
there is a low spatial association between urban areas and the distribution of native animals in Australia. It is
also possible for there to be no spatial association at all. The task of the geographer is to determine the degree
of spatial association and explore potential underlying reasons for the existence of a relationship, or lack
thereof.

Sustainability
Sustainability is a different concept from the others and it encourages the formation of evaluations or
judgments about current situations and their potential change into the future. Sustainability is the capacity of
the environment and social systems to support people and other living things now and into the future. It
involves environmental, social, economic and political considerations. There is a strong relationship between
changing land cover and climate change.

SAQ #5: Why do we need to study geography? What are the importance of geography in your everyday life
as a student and as a future teacher? Cite specific examples. (3 points)

GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF THE PHILIPPINES

Philippines, island country of Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. It is an archipelago
consisting of some 7,107 islands and islets lying about 500 miles (800 km) off the coast of  Vietnam. Manila is
the capital, but nearby Quezon City is the country’s most-populous city. Both are part of the National Capital
Region (Metro Manila), located on Luzon, the largest island. The second largest island of the Philippines
is Mindanao, in the southeast.

The Philippines takes its name from Philip II, who was king of Spain during the Spanish colonization of
the islands in the 16th century. Because it was under Spanish rule for 333 years and under U.S. tutelage for a
further 48 years, the Philippines has many cultural affinities with the West. It is, for example, the second most-
populous Asian country (following India) with English as an official language and one of only two
predominantly Roman Catholic countries in Asia (the other being East Timor). Despite the prominence of such
Anglo-European cultural characteristics, the peoples of the Philippines are Asian
in consciousness and aspiration.

Philippine Geography, History, and Economy

The Philippine archipelago is composed of about 7,107 islands and lies strategically within the arc of
nations that sweeps southeastward from mainland Asia to Australia. It has a total land area of 300,000 square
kilometers, 92 percent of which is found on the 11 largest islands. The country can be grouped geographically
into the three major islands groups: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Accounting for 47 percent of the total land
area, Luzon is the largest island group and is situated in the north. Mindanao, the second largest group is
located in the south and occupies 34 percent of the total land area, while the Visayas is a group of smaller
islands between Luzon and Mindanao comprising the remaining 19 percent of land area.

Island country of Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. It is an archipelago consisting of some
7,107 islands and islets lying about 500 miles (800 km) off the coast of Vietnam. Manila is the capital, but
nearby Quezon City is the country’s most-populous city. Both are part of the National Capital Region (Metro
Manila), located on Luzon, the largest island.
 The Philippine archipelago is bounded by the Philippine Sea to the east, the Celebes Sea to the south,
the Sulu Sea to the southwest, and the South China Sea to the west and north. The islands spread out in the
shape of a triangle, with those south of Palawan, the Sulu Archipelago, and the island of Mindanao outlining
(from west to east, respectively) its southern base and the Batan Islands to the north of Luzon forming its
apex. The archipelago stretches about 1,150 miles (1,850 km) from north to south, and its widest east-west
extent, at its southern base, is some 700 miles (1,130 km). The island of Taiwan lies north of the Batan group,
the Malaysian portion of the island of Borneo is to the south of Palawan, and the eastern islands
of Indonesia lie to the south and southeast of Mindanao. Only about two-fifths of the islands and islets have
names, and only some 350 have areas of 1 square mile (2.6 square km) or more.
The large islands fall into three groups:
(1) the Luzon group in the north and west, consisting of Luzon, Mindoro, and Palawan,
(2) the Visayas group in the centre, consisting of Bohol, Cebu, Leyte, Masbate, Negros, Panay,
and Samar, and
(3) Mindanao in the south.

The northernmost island is Y’ami, only 240 kilometer from Taiwan. The southernmost island is Saluag
isle which is about 24 kilometer from Sabah (North Borneo).
SAQ #6: Describe the geographical features of the Philippines. (3 points)

The Philippine location is important because:

1. It is the only Christian nation in the non-Christian Asian world.
2. It is the melting pot of races and cultures, with a unique heritage from Asia, Europe, Latin America and
North America.
3. It is the bridge that links the Occidental and Oriental Worlds.
4. It is the crossroads of Asia’s air and sea routes.
5. It is the bastion of democracy in Asia where most countries are kingdoms, military dictatorships, or
one-party government.
The 11 main islands and their areas are:
1. Luzon (104, 687 sq. km)
2. Mindanao (94, 630 sq. km)
3. Samar (13 080 sq. km)
4. Negros (12 709 sq. km)
5. Palawan (11 785 sq. km)
6. Panay (11 515 sq. km)
7. Mindoro (9 735 sq. km)
8. Leyte (7 214 sq. km)
9. Cebu (4 422 sq. km)
10. Bohol (3 864 sq. km)
11. Masbate (3 269 sq. km)
On June 11, 1978, President Marcos signed Presidential Decree No. 1596, declaring the KALAYAAN (Spratly
Island) a part of the Philippines, to be administered as municipality of the Province of Palawan.
Topography
Topography means the physical features of country. The Philippines is an inverted Y-shaped
archipelago of numerous islands, and islets, coral reefs, abundant rivers, lakes and bays; mountains and
valleys; cool plateaus and scenic volcanoes. It has the longest discontinuous coastline in the world – 34 600
kilometers. It has 61 natural harbors and 20 landlocked straits. Manila Bay is the finest harbor in Asia and also
the largest bay in the Philippines. The narrowest strait in the world is the San Juanico Strait between Samar
and Leyte, now connected by San Juanico Bridge. The great Peninsulas in the country are historic Bataan
Peninsula and the fertile Bicol Peninsula in Luzon, and the Zamboanga and Davao Peninsula in Mindanao.
The lowest place in the country is the “Philippine Deep” some 89 km. northeast of Mindanao. With
depth of 37 732 ft. below sea level, it is said to be the “deepest place in the world”. The Philippines has softly
mountains and numerous valleys.
SAQ #7: What are the advantages and disadvantages of Philippines geographical location? (3 points)

Seven Major Mountains Ranges

The longest being the Sierra Mountain range from Cagayan Province in the North and to Laguna in the
South. The highest mountain is Mt. Apo in Mindanao (9, 690 ft or 2 954 meters) above sea level. The second
highest peak is Mt. Pulog on the Ifugao-Benguet boundary in Luzon. Other noted peaks are Mt. Banahaw in
Laguna-Quezon; Mt. Bulusan in Sorsogon; Mt. Halcon in Mindoro Oriental; Mt. Kanloan in Negros Occidental;
and Mt. Matutum in Cotabato.

Four Major Lowland Plains

The Central Plain and Cagayan Valley in Luzon and Agusan Valley and the Cotabato Valley in Mindanao.
The Central Plain is the “rice granary” of the Philippines. Cagayan Valley is the greatest tobacco-producing
region in Asia and also the largest valley. Among the famous plateaus are the Benguet Plateau in Northern
Luzon on which nestles the summer capital of the Philippines, Baguio (City of Pines), and the fertile Bukidnon
Plateau in Mindanao. Famous for its delicious pineapples.
About 132 rivers traverse the country. Its longest river is the Cagayan River, whose annual flood
fertilizes the Cagayan Valley as the Nile River of Egypt. In water volume, the Rio Grande de Mindanao is the
largest river. Most historic of the Philippine Rivers is the Pasig River, which is unfortunately is now so badly
polluted and gradually dying. Out of 59 natural lakes, the largest is Laguna de Bay, which was source of
inspiration for Jose Rizal our national hero.

Climate
The Philippine climate is tropical and monsoonal in character. The temperature varies from 21 to 32 C
(70 to 90 F). There are two distinct seasons – the dry season from December to May and the wet season from
June to November.The coldest month is January and the hottest month is May. Rainfall is the most important
factor in climate, with most rainy days from July to October.

SAQ #8: How does the geographical location of the Philippines affect the way we live and how do Filipinos
adapt to it? (3 points)

Natural Calamities
 The Philippines sits on “Ring of Fire” where most natural calamities happen. These natural calamities
are typhoons, earthquakes, or volcanic eruptions. They cause great damage to people, property and nature.
One natural calamity is the typhoon. It is the Chinese word meaning strong wind and heavy rain.In English, it is
called “storm”. During the months of June to October, more than a dozen Typhoon hit the country. The most
terrible earthquake that hit the country was on July 16, 1990. The earthquake, which measured 7.7 on the
Richter scale killed more than 1 500 people on the main island of Luzon.

Volcanoes
There are more than 50 volcanoes in the country. Most famous and scenic of the Philippine volcanoes
is Mt. Mayon in Albay, Bicol which has a nearly perfect one. It has erupted more than 30 times in recorded
history from 1616 to the present. It’s most destructive eruption occurred on February 1, 1814, when the town
in Cagsawa was buried where 1 200 people died.
Taal is the smallest and the most unusual volcano, being surrounded by a lake in Batangas erupted
more than 20 times.
The worst volcanic eruption in history happened at Mt. Pinatubo, Zambales in June, 1991. Mount
Pinatubo has been dormant for 611 years started to emit fumes on April 3, 1991. June 12-15, 1991 – the most
destructive eruptions. Its ashfalls reached as far as Metro Manila, Palawan, Mindoro and Cambodia. The
Pinatubo volcanic eruption damaged six provinces in Central Luzon. It is believed that the Pinatubo affected
climate in the world.
Active Volcanoes are Iraya in Batanes, Pinatubo in Zambales, Taal in Batangas, Banahaw in Quezon,
Mayon in Albay, Bulusan in Sorsogon, Kanlaon in Negros, Hibok Hibok in Camiguin, Makaturing in Lanao, and
Apo in Davao.

Natural Resources
The natural resources of the country include soil, plant and animal life, fish and marine resources,
minerals, energy resources, and scenic beauty in nature.

Soil
Soil is the country’s more important natural resources because most of the people earn a living from
tilling the land. The people are fortunate to have a highly fertile soil. According to the Bureau of Soils, about
75% of the country’s arable land of 11 million hectares has been badly eroded.
When properly cultivate the farms and plantation can yield good crops-rice, corn, sugar, coconut,
abaca, and tobacco, and fruits (bananas, pineapples and mangoes) and nuts. The Philippines ranks first in
world production of coconuts and hemp products; second in sugar, and fifth in tobacco.

The World’s Greatest Diversity

God has blessed our country with the greatest diversity of plant and animal life on earth. We have
richest and most numerous species of plants and animals.

Plant Life
 According to agricultural experts, 8 120 species of plants growth in the country. About 1 000 varieties
of orchids, 1 000 species of rice, and 3 000 species of tress found in it. The “Queen of the Philippine Flowers” is
the famous Sampaguita, the national flower.

Animals Life
About 850 species of birds are found in the country, more than Australia, Japan, and other Asian
countries. The biggest bird is the Eastern Sarus Crane known as Tipol in Luzon and Labong in Visayas. It is the
wadding bird with very long legs and neck. When full grown, it is five and half feet.
Other remarkable birds in the country are:
The Philippine or Monkey Eating Eagle, the World’s largest eating eagle, which is now the National
Birds. The “Kalaw” called the “Clock of the Mountains” by the Spanish colonizers because it always make a
loud call at noon in the mountains. The “Katala” which can talk and sing like a human. The Palawan Peacock, a
dancing bird with gorgeous plumage. The Limbas, a hawk which screams repeatedly as it soars into the sky;
tik-wee tik-wee. The most useful of the animals is the Carabao (water buffalo), the farmers best friend.

Four unique animals are:

1. The Tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and is fierce like a tiger.
2. The Tarsier of Bohol, reputed to be the smallest monkey in the world.
3. The mouse deer of Balabac island (Palawan Province) which is the smallest deer in the world.
4. The Zebronkey, which is half zebra and half donkey, bred for the first time at the Manila Zoo in 1962.

Forest Resources
The forest lands have total area of 16 633 000 hectares, representing 55 percent of the total land
area.More than 3 000 species of trees are found in our forests, 1 000 of which are commercial timber. The
most famous of forest trees is the Narra “Queen of the Philippine Wood”. It is the National tree.

Fish and Marine Resources

At least 2 000 species of fish are found in the waters of the archipelago. Both the world’s largest fish
and the world’s two smallest fish are found in the Philippines. The huge of “whale shark” (Rhincodon Typus) is
called “pating bulik” (striped shark) by fishermen because of its black stripes. It is about 50 feet in length and
weighs several tons, and was first sighted in 1816 at Mariveles Bay. The Pigmy goby fish (Pandaka pygmea)
and tabios, the two smallest fish were found in the Philippine waters like the size of grain rice. Of the world’s
60 000 species of shells some 20 000 are available in the Philippines. The most rarest and most expensive
shell, called Glory of the Sea (Conus gloriamaris) and the Golden Cowrie, another rare shell, are both found
here. Also present in Philippine waters are the world’s largest shell, Tridacna gigas, and the world’s smallest
shell, Pisidium. The world’s largest natural pearl, Pearl of Allah, is said to be 350 years old, 14 pound sin
weight. It was valued in US at 3.5 million dollars.

Minerals
Many minerals are found in the country (metallic or non-metallic). Metallic mineral like nickel. Copper,
iron and gold are relatively abundant. The country is one of Asia’s great gold producing regions. The best
known copper district in the country is Mankayan in the Mountain Province where the oldest and best copper
mine still exist. The greatest iron bearing areas in the country are in the Surigao Provinces (del norter and del
sur).

Regions and Provinces

a. Ilocos Region (Region I)
b. Cagayan Valley (Region II)
c. Central Luzon (Region III)
d. CALABARZON (Region IV - A)
e. MIMAROPA (Region IV - B)
f. Bicol Region (Region V)
g. Western Visayas (Region VI)
h. Central Visayas (Region VII)
i. Eastern Visayas (Region VIII)
j. Zamboanga Peninsula (Region IX)
k. Northern Mindanao (Region X)
l. Davao Region (Region XI)
m. Soccksargen (Region XII)
n. Caraga (Region XIII)
o. Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM)
p. Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)
q. National Capital Region (NCR)

List of Landlocked Provinces in the Philippines

All provinces of Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR): Apayao, Abra, Kalinga, Mt. Province, Ifugao and
Benguet
Two provinces of Cagayan Valley (Region II): Nueva Vizcaya and Quirino
Two provinces of Central Luzon (Region III): Nueva Ecija and Tarlac
Four provinces of Mindanao: Bukidnon of Northern Mindanao (Region X), South Cotabato Province of
Soccksargen (Region XII) and Agusan del Sur of Caraga (Region XIII).
Similarly, Laguna and Rizal province of CALABARZON (Region IV-A) have coastlines in Laguna de Bay.
Since lakes do not allow to seaborne trade, these provinces are still considered to be landlocked.

Territories Claimed by the Philippines

The Philippines has claimed many lands throughout its history. These include the Spratly Islands,
Sabah, Scarborough Shoal, Benham Plateau, Palmas or Miangas Island, the Sangir Islands, Orchid Island,
Marianas Island, and Caroline Islands.

SAQ #9: Is the geographical features of the Philippines important to study? Why? (2 Points)

SUMMARY

● Human Geography – focuses on people – where are they? How are they are alike and different? How
do they interact? How do they change the natural landscapes, and how do they use them? Because
other fields of study – such as history, sociology, economics, and political science – also deal with
human behavior, human geography often overlaps and interacts with these disciplines.
 ● Physical Geography – focuses on the natural environment itself. Example: Physical Geographers might
study mountains, glaciers, coastlines, climates, soils, plants, and animals. Of course, neither human nor
physical geography could exist without the other because the two fields inevitably intersect and
interact, making them inextricably bound to one another.
● All geographers are very interested in the way places and things are arranged and organized on the
surface of the earth. This common bond – the spatial perspective – means that they notice patterns of
both natural and human environments, distributions of people, and locations of all kinds of objects.
Words can describe space, and so some geographical data may be communicated through written and
spoken language; however, the map is a powerful geographical tool that is almost as old as geography
itself.
● The Philippine archipelago is bounded by the Philippine Sea to the east, the Celebes Sea to the south,
the Sulu Sea to the southwest, and the South China Sea to the west and north. The islands spread out
in the shape of a triangle, with those south of Palawan, the Sulu Archipelago, and the island of
Mindanao outlining (from west to east, respectively) its southern base and the Batan Islands to the
north of Luzon forming its apex. 
● Outstanding physical features of the Philippines include the irregular configuration of the archipelago,
the coastline of some 22,550 miles (36,290 km), the great extent of mountainous country, the narrow
and interrupted coastal plains, the generally northward trend of the river systems, and the spectacular
lakes. The islands are composed primarily of volcanic rock and coral, but all principal rock formations
are present. The mountain ranges for the most part run in the same general direction as the islands
themselves, approximately north to south.
● The most important rivers of the Philippines are the Cagayan, Agno, Pampanga, Pasig, and Bicol on
Luzon and the Mindanao (Río Grande de Mindanao) and Agusan on Mindanao. 

REFERENCES:

● https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/geography/

● https://www.csustan.edu/sites/default/files/TeacherEd/FacultyStaff/betts/Handouts/PDFs/Five
%20Themes%20of%20Geography.pdf
● https://docs.google.com/document/d/1zSCzNHKFJsECNGsDSMTgxBNPFPRBkatyB2dGk7yP6qk/edit

● https://www.gtav.asn.au/documents/item/583#:~:text=In%20VCE%20Geography%2C%20the
%20ten,and%20support%20one%20another%20extensively.
● https://www.britannica.com/place/Philippines/Plant-and-animal-life

● https://www.britannica.com/place/Philippines

EVALUATION
A. Identify the term described in each item. Write your answer on the space provided for.

_______________ 1. The study of nature and impact of wind, ice, rivers, erosion, earthquakes, volcanoes,

living things, and other forces that shape and change the surface of the Earth.
_______________ 2. The degree to which two or more phenomena are similarly distributed or arranged on
the Earth’s surface.
_______________ 3. They study how the natural environment influences the development of human culture,
such as how the climate affects the agricultural practices of a region.
_______________ 4. A circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and an imaginary circle that lies
exactly half way between the North and South poles.
_______________ 5. The capacity of the environment and social systems to support people and other living
things now and into the future.

B. Read and understand each item. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

6. Landlocked provinces means that they have no access to the sea or ocean. How many landlocked provinces
does the Philippines have?
a. 12 b. 15 c. 16 d. 1

7. This is a region that is composed of cities and not provinces.

a. National Capital Region
b. Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
c. Cordillera Adminstrative Region
d. The Negros Island Region / Region 18

8. The West Philippine Sea is formerly known as the _________________.

a. South Vietnam Sea b. Philippine Sea c. South China Sea d. Celebes Sea

9. Region 4-b is also called as MIMAROPA. What provinces are located in this particular region?
a. Mindoro, Palawan, Romblon, and Marinduque
b. Mindoro, Pasay, Rosario, and Masbate
c. Mindoro Occidental and Oriental, Palawan, Romblon,and Marinduque
d. Mindoro, Masbate, Romblon and Palawan

10. The world: Nile River; The Philippines: _____

a. Cagayan River c. Rio Grande de Mindanao
b. Rio Grande Pampanga d. Agno River

ASSIGNMENT
Make a crossword puzzle for this topic. Questions or hints must be at least 20 items. Afterwards,
upload your output in our google classroom. Then, make a photo collage of the different geographical features
and resources of the Philippines. Then on another page, make an essay about your collage. Afterwards, submit
it via google classroom.
 SHEPHERDVILLE COLLEGE
(FORMERLY JESUS THE LOVING SHEPHERD CHRISTIAN COLLEGE)
Talojongon, Tigaon, Camarines Sur, Philippines
Tel. No. (054) 884-9536
“Excellence in truth in the service of God and Country”

Name: ____________________________________________Course/Year/Sec: ________________ Date: ____________

Competency # 15 Answer Sheet

Basic Concepts of Geography & Geographical Features of the Philippines

SAQ #1: Describe the focus of geography as a field of study. Differentiate physical geography from human
geography. (2 points)

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SAQ #2: What is the difference between an absolute and a relative location? Give at least one example of
absolute and a relative location with your location as a point of reference. (4 points)
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SAQ #3: Cite specific examples of human/environment interaction do you see in your place. (2 points)
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SAQ #4: What examples of movement of people, goods, or ideas do you see in your area? Has immigration
had an impact in our country? How? (3 points)
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SAQ #5: Why do we need to study geography? What are the importance of geography in your everyday life
as a student and as a future teacher? Cite specific examples. (3 points)
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SAQ #6: Describe the geographical features of the Philippines. (3 points)

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SAQ #7: What are the advantages and disadvantages of Philippines geographical location? (3 points)
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SAQ #8: How does the geographical location of the Philippines affect the way we live and how do Filipinos
adapt to it? (3 points)
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SAQ #9: Is the geographical features of the Philippines important to study? Why? (2 Points)
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EVALUATION

A. Identify the term described in each item. Write your answer on the space provided for.

_______________ 1. The study of nature and impact of wind, ice, rivers, erosion, earthquakes, volcanoes,

living things, and other forces that shape and change the surface of the Earth.
_______________ 2. The degree to which two or more phenomena are similarly distributed or arranged on
the Earth’s surface.
_______________ 3. They study how the natural environment influences the development of human culture,
such as how the climate affects the agricultural practices of a region.
_______________ 4. A circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and an imaginary circle that lies
exactly half way between the North and South poles.
_______________ 5. The capacity of the environment and social systems to support people and other living
things now and into the future.

B. Read and understand each item. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

6. Landlocked provinces means that they have no access to the sea or ocean. How many landlocked provinces
does the Philippines have?
a. 12 b. 15 c. 16 d. 1

7. This is a region that is composed of cities and not provinces.

a. National Capital Region
b. Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
c. Cordillera Adminstrative Region
d. The Negros Island Region / Region 18

8. The West Philippine Sea is formerly known as the _________________.

a. South Vietnam Sea b. Philippine Sea c. South China Sea d. Celebes Sea

9. Region 4-b is also called as MIMAROPA. What provinces are located in this particular region?
a. Mindoro, Palawan, Romblon, and Marinduque
b. Mindoro, Pasay, Rosario, and Masbate
c. Mindoro Occidental and Oriental, Palawan, Romblon,and Marinduque
d. Mindoro, Masbate, Romblon and Palawan

10. The world: Nile River; The Philippines: _____

a. Cagayan River c. Rio Grande de Mindanao
b. Rio Grande Pampanga d. Agno River
ASSIGNMENT
Make a crossword puzzle for this topic. Questions or hints must be at least 20 items. Afterwards,
upload your output in our google classroom. Then, make a photo collage of the different geographical features
and resources of the Philippines. Then on another page, make an essay about your collage. Afterwards, submit
it via google classroom.