CHAPTER 11

INFORMATION AGE
● Collins Dictionary: “a time when large amounts of information are
widely available to many people, largely through computer technology”
● Also known as: the digital age, Computer Age, or New Media Age

PERIODS OF INFORMATION AGE

1. Pre-mechanical Age- 3000 B.C-1450 A.d

A. Writing and alphabets communication

● Speaking and picture drawing
● CUNEIFORM- first written language and first real
information system

B. Paper and pens

● “Sumerians input technologies”: scratch marks in wet clay
● 2600 B.C- Egyptians write on the papyrus plant
● 100 A.D- Chinese papermaking
books and Libraries (permanent storage devices)
C. Books and Libraries: permanent storage devices
● 600 B.c- greek began to fold papyrus vertically and bind
then together
D. The first numbering system
● Egyptian System
a. 1-9- vertical lines
b. 10- U or circle
c. 100- coiled rope
d. 1000- lotus blossom
● Hindus in India- first numbering system between 100 and
200
● 875 A.d- the concept zero was invented
E. The first calculator
● Abacus: “abax” or “abakos” means board

2. Mechanical Age- 1400’s-1800’s

A. Pascaline by Blaise Pascal

 - First mechanical calculator
B. Stepped Reckoner by Gottfried Leibniz
- Calculator for multiplication and division

3. Electromechanical Age (Dawn of Computer Age) 1840-1940

A. Harvard Mark I
- Digital calculating machine (4 operations)
B. ENIAC
- With vacuum tubes
C. EDVAC
- Store programs and numbers in memory
D. IBM 701
- Beginning of computer age

4. Electronic Age (The Computer Age Generation) 1940-Present

● The UNIVAC was designed after ENIAC

A. Mainframes
- Household inside an airconditioned room
B. Minicomputers
- Smaller and less expensive than mainframes
- Somewhere between microcomputer and mainframe computer
C. Workstation
- When computer is connected to main computer that is called “server”
D. personal computer
- For single and personal use
E. Laptop
- Super light and handy
- Called notebook computer
F. Pocket PC’s
- Portable computers
G. Supercomputers
- Computer that is used for scientific research

Impacts of Information Age to Society

- Communication
- Businesses
- Information and knowledge
 - Experiments of scientist

COMPUTERS
- most important contributions of advances in the Information Age to
Society
- is an electronic device that stored and processes data

TYPES OF COMPUTERS
1. Personal Computer (PC)
- it is a single user instrument
2. Desktop Computer
- a PC that is not designed for portability
3. laptops
- portable computers which are somewhat larger than the typical
hardcover book
4. Personal Digital Assistants (PDA's)
- no keyboards but rely on a touchscreen
5. server
- provide network services to other computers
6. Mainframes
- huge computers that fill an entire room
7. Wearable Computers
- involve materials that are usually integrated into cellphones,
watches and other small objects or places

INTERNET
- worldwide system of interconnected networks that facilitate data
transmission among innumerable computers.
BIOINFORMATICS
- the application of information technology

CHAPTER 12
Biodiversity and Healthy Society

BIODIVERSITY
- It encompasses all kinds of life forms
- defined as the vast variety of life forms in the entire earth
ECOSYSTEM
- everything that exists in a particular environment
- geographic area where plants, animals, and other organisms, as well
as weather and landscape, work together to form a bubble of life
TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM
- community of organisms and the interactions of biotic and
abiotic components
LENTIC ECOSYSTEM
- ponds, seasonal pools, basin marshes, and lakes
LOTIC ECOSYSTEM
- river, stream or spring
NICHE
- The role a species plays in the ecosystem
HABITAT
- The physical environment in which a species lives.

How does biodiversity maintain a healthy society?

1. Biodiversity ensures health and food security (people, animals, plants)
2. Biodiversity helps fight disease (medicines)
Zoonotic diseases- infections between people and animals
3. Biodiversity benefits business
4. Biodiversity provides livelihoods
5. Biodiversity protects us

Major threats to biodiversity

1. Habitat loss and destruction
2. Over used, over harvesting
3. Pollution and contamination
4. Global climate
Environment Related Diseases
1. heart disease
- A buildup of fatty plaques in your arteries
2. cancer
- gene mutations
3. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- long-term exposure to irritants that damage your lungs and airways
4. asthma
 - long-term disease of the lungs
5. diabetes
- overweight, obesity
6. obesity
- Caused by eating too much
7. occupational injuries
- Personal injury
8. Arthritis
- Must avoid Pasta
9. malaria
- is caused by the Plasmodium parasite
10. depression
- People with low self-esteem, who are easily overwhelmed by stress

CHAPTER 13
Genetically modified organisms, GMOs

GMOs (genetic modified organisims)

- genetically engineered in a laboratory by incorporating a small foreign
DNA fragment
SELECTIVE BREEDING
- involves choosing parents with particular characteristics to breed
together and produce offspring with more desirable characteristics
FORTIFICATION
- a strengthening or improvement, as by addition of or intensification
with another traits

Genetically engineered foods claimed that:

1. More nutritious food.
2. Tastier food.
3. Disease- and drought-resistant plants that require fewer environmental
resources (such as water and fertilizer).
4. Less use of pesticides.
5. Increased supply of food with reduced cost and longer shelf life.
6. Faster growing plants and animals.

Risks of GMO
1. Harmful effects of GMOs to humans and the environment.
2. long term effect is still unknown
3. Human consumption of GMO's might have the ff. effects:
a. More allergic reactions
b. Gene mutation
c. Antibiotic resistance
d. Nutritional value

CHAPTER 14
The nanoworld

NANOTECHNOLOGY
- manipulation of matter
- scale between 1 and 100
PILLCAM
- it captures pictures of their small intestine
Vibrant Capsule
- novel vibrating device for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders
Digital pill's sensor
- activated by acid in the stomach
Ingestible capsule
- measures various gases

Two Fundamental approaches to nanomanufacturing are:

1. Bottom up fabrication-
- it manufactures products by building them up from atomic and
molecular scale components
2. Top down fabrication
- it trims down large pieces of materials and discards excess raw
materials

TYPES MICROSCOPES
1. Electron microscope
- type of microscope utilizes a particle beam of electrons
2. Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)
- for surface of a material
 3. Scanning Tunneling Microscope
- For nanoscale particles

CHAPTER 15
Climate Change

WEATHER
- Temporary environmental condition
- refers to day-to-day temperature
CLIMATE
- Long term environmental conditions
CLIMATE CHANGE
- change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human
activity
- both natural and man-made
GLOBAL WARMING
- the recent rise in the global average temperature
GREENHOUSE GASES
- Substances that trap heat energy
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
- warming that results when the atmosphere traps more heat
MITIGATION
- – reducing climate change
1. Limiting deforestation
2. Afforestation

NATURAL SOURCES
a. Water- most abundant natural green house gas
b. carbon dioxide- volcanic eruptions
c. Methane- agricultural activities
d. nitrous oxide- soil cultivation

Effects of Climate Change

1. Increase in Global Temperature
2. Extreme Weather Events