Combinepdf

Science,
Technology
and
Society
Renzo D. Romero
Department of Biology
College of Arts and Sciences
Our Lady of Fatima University
Course Description
COLLEGE ARTS AND SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT BIOLOGY
COURSE CODE STAS111
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND

DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
SOCIETY
PREREQUISITE/S NONE
CREDIT UNIT/S 3 UNITS
CONTACT HOURS PER SESSION LECTURE: 3 HOURS

AVERAGE FINAL GRADE
Grading System
100-98 1.00
97-95 1.25 GRADE PERCENTAGE
94-92 1.50 PRELIM 20%
MIDTERM 20%
91-89 1.75
88-86 2.00 FINALS 20%
85-83 2.25 PERFORMANCE TASK 40%
82-80 2.50 TOTAL 100%
79-76 2.75
75 3.00
74-BELOW 5.00
Technology and Science
Science and technology have had both a positive and negative

impact on society, especially in the following areas:
Community
Life Communication
Work
Health
Community Life
The nineteenth century witnessed the Industrial Revolution.
• Invention of textile
manufacturing machines
• Division of labor
• Increase in production
• Crowded cities
• Unsafe and unhealthy
Some of the negative aspects working conditions
of the Industrial Revolution
included poor working
conditions and long hours.
Community Life
The twentieth century saw the birth of suburbs.
• Invention of the trolley

car and automobile
• Status symbol
• Alternative to harsh,
crowded city conditions Many planned communities,
sprang up around cities during the
first half of the twentieth century.
Work
Technical innovations saved physical energy and lessened people’s

workload.
Vacuum cleaner
Tractor
Refrigerator
Washing machine
Work
The concept of leisure developed from labor-saving technology.

People use the money they earn to take advantage of leisure time.
Sporting
Television Events
Movies
Social Activities
Health
The greatest innovation of technology was longevity.

Estimated Life Expectancy of People in
the United States, 1900 - 2000
Life Expectancy (in years) 90

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
900 920 940 960 980 000

1 1 1 1 1 2
Year
Health
A large part of technology has been dedicated to the advancement

of medical science.
Sir Alexander Fleming

discovered penicillin, the
first antibiotic, in 1928.
Dr. William Thomas Green
In 1796, Edward Jenner Morton (c. 1846) was one of the
paved the way for modern first medical practitioners to use
immunology by discovering a anesthesia on a patient before
vaccine for smallpox. performing surgery.
Health
Some current innovations could have a drastic impact on society.
In 1997, scientists at the Roslin Institute Embryonic stem cell research is

in Edinburgh, Scotland, introduced Dolly another area that is at the center of
the sheep, the first mammal ever to have controversy. While stem cells might be
been cloned. Dolly quickly became the able to be used to generate new organs
symbol of the controversy over the ethics for transplant, the use of them has many
of cloning. ethical considerations.
Communication
Inventions and innovations in communication have had a major

influence on society.
• Egypt: papyrus and hieroglyphics
• Ancient Babylonia: cuneiform
• Ancient Greece: public speaking, persuasive
rhetoric, drama, and philosophy
• Ancient Rome: Roman alphabet
• Modern Europe: printing press
• World today: World Wide Web
Progress
Series of improvements in human life marked

by inventions and discoveries.
• Positive attributes of
technology must be
greater than negative
attributes
• Negative consequences:
destruction of The Exxon Valdez oil spill off the coast of
Alaska in 1989 impacted 1,300 miles of
environment and loss of shoreline and killed an enormous amount
what it means to be of wildlife.
human
Renzo D. Romero
Department of Biology
College of Arts and Sciences
Our Lady of Fatima University
Science
• Came from the Latin word “scientia” which means
knowledge
• system of acquiring knowledge through
systematic experimentation and methodology
• most often referred to a way of pursuing
knowledge
• Through the 19th century, science was closely
linked to philosophy that it is now
• Philosophers defined science as big question
mark
Branches of Science
• Natural sciences –which study the material world
• Social sciences –which study people and societies
• Formal sciences –like mathematics. It is often
excluded as they do not depend on empirical
observations.
• Applied sciences –are disciplines which use science
like engineering and medicine
THE SCIENTIFIC
METHOD OF RESEARCH
Scientific Process
• observation, identification, experimental investigation and
theoretical explanation of natural phenomena
• conducted in different ways and levels (e.g., molecular
level, ecosystem level).
• theories are tested by scientific method / experimentation
• discoveries can also be made by gathering new
information
Understanding Science
ØCuriosityis the key
ØThe Scientific Process is a firm series of steps
Five Stages:
(1) Observations are made regarding natural phenomena.
(2) These observations lead to a hypothesis that tries to
explain the phenomena. As mentioned, a useful
hypothesis is one that is testable because it makes
specific predictions
(3) Experimentation is conducted to determine if the
predictions are correct.
(4) The data from the experiment are analyzed.
(5) The hypothesis is accepted or rejected.
Hypothesis Vs. Theory
Hypothesis – proposed explanation for a
natural phenomenon.
– educated guess based on previous
observations or experimental studies.
Theory – a broad explanation of some aspect of
the natural world that is substantiated
by a large body of evidence.
Common features of experiment
(1) Data are often collected in two parallel manners
ØControl and experimental sample
(2) Data analysis
ØStatistically significant differences
ØApply statistical analyses to determine if the control
and experimental samples are different from each
other because of the single variable (not by random
chance)
DEVELOPMENT OF
SCIENCE
v Ancient Science
v Medieval Science
v Renaissance / Early Modern Science
v 19th Century / Industrial Revolution
v 20th Century / Modern Science
Ancient Science
Babylonian Greek Persian Chinese

3
5 7 9
Stone & Iron

Age
10
1
Indus-Hindu
2 6 8
4
Sumerian Roman Arabic

Egyptian
Ancient Science (8th Century)
• Science was distinguished as the
knowledge of nature, and the things which
are true in every community
• No clear boundaries separating philosophy
and experimental science
• First philosophers were particularly
interested in astronomy
Stone Age (Paleolithic Age)
Iron Age
• Started in Western Asia called Mesopotamia 3,500
BCE
• Livelihood is primarily agricultural in nature
• Credited for the first writing process called “cuneiform”
• Irrigation of fields through dikes and canals
• Plant crops and livestock for family consumption and
trade
• Trades in neighboring places were done by the
invention of sailboat
• Probable means of transportation was through
animals
• Located in the border of the famous Euphrates
and Tigris rivers in Iraq
• Ruled by:
Ø Hammurabi
ü promulgated his code of law
Ø Nebuchadnezzar
ü construction of the “Hanging Gardens of
Babylon”
• Babylonians adopted the Sumerian sexagesimal
system of counting in units and intervals
• Nile – longest
river in the world
(4,000 miles)
• The only source
of water in Egypt
• POLYTHEISM
• Scientific works done by its wise and gifted men leaved a vital
imprints in the development of science as the foundation and
pillars of Western civilization
Ø Socrates: applied philosophy to study human things,
including human nature, the nature of political communities
and the human knowledge itself
Ø Aristotle: most influential Greek philosopher, gave an
emphasis on the “theoretical” steps of deducing universal
rules from raw data
Ø Hippocrates: oath prescribing physician’s responsibility
ØHipparchus and Ptolemy: developed Astronomy by calculating
celestial motion
ØGalen: his focus was on medicine, he emphasized “blood-
letting” as a remedy for almost any ailment
ØPhythagoras: Phythagorean theorem
ØArchimedes: formulated the principle of mechanics
Odometer
Alarm Clock
Crane
• Romans made use of the wealth of
scientific knowledge acquired from
the Greeks
• Invented concrete made use for
big structures, such as domes,
colosseum, monuments, stadiums,
and other permanent structures
Yakhchal
Qanat
Baghdad Battery
Sulfuric Acid
Postal Service
Wind mill The Concept of Human Rights
Animation Taxation System

Flying Machine
Coffee
Toothbrush
University Hospital
Plastic Surgery
Cataract Surgery
Medieval Science (8th – 17th century)
• Some ancient
knowledge were lost
during the fall of the
Roman empire
• General field of science
or natural philosophy
were preserved
through the works of
the early Latin
encyclopedists like
Isidore of Seville
Medieval Science (8th – 17th century)
• The House of Wisdom was
established in Abbasid-era
Baghdad, Iraq
• It is considered as the major
intellectual center, during
the Islamic Golden age,
were Muslim scholars uses
the Aristotelian’s view point
by emphasizing
experimental data
• Late middle ages, Western
Europe became the new
geographic center of
science
Renaissance & Early Modern Science
• Contradictions began in with Science and faith and
between Philosophy and the other sciences
• Some of the philosophers during the early modern period:
a. Copernicus: formulated the heliocentric model of the
solar system unlike the geocentric model of Ptolemy
b. Galileo Galilei: Father of the modern science, made
innovative use of experiments and mathematics
Renaissance & Early Modern Science
New technology of the
printing press was widely
used in the Northern
Europe
a. Rene Descartes: used
mathematics in order to
study nature
b. Francis Bacon:
emphasized the
importance of experiment
over contemplation
19th Century / Industrial Revolution
• The term “Scientist” • Charles Darwin: published
were coined the Origin of the Species,
the evolutionary
• Discovery of X-ray by explanation of biological
William Roentgen complexity
• John Dalton: developed
the idea of atoms
20th century and beyond
• Einstein’s Theory of Relativity
and the development of
quantum mechanics
• Development of Artificial
fertilizer made possible global
human growth
• The structure of ATOM and its
nucleus was elucidated
20th century and beyond
• Extensive use of scientific
innovation led to antibiotics
and increased life expectancy,
revolutions in transportation
• In the last quarter of 20th
century, led to the revolution in
information technology and the
rise of the global internet,
mobile computing, including
smartphones
A HISTORY OF SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
CHAPTER OUTLINE:
Historical background of Science and Technology in the Philippines
• Pre-Spanish Period
• Spanish Colonial Period
• American or Commonwealth Period
• Marcos Era
• Fifth Republic
Introduction
• The need to develop a country's science and technology has generally been recognized as
one of the imperatives of socioeconomic progress in the contemporary world. This has
become a widespread concern of governments especially since the post world war II years.
• Among Third World countries, an important dimension of this concern is the problem
of dependence in science and technology as this is closely tied up with the integrity
of their political sovereignty and economic self-reliance.
• There exists a continuing imbalance between scientific and technological development
among contemporary states with 98 per cent of all research and development facilities
located in developed countries and almost wholly concerned with the latter's problems.
Dependence or autonomy in science and technology has been a salient issue in conferences
sponsored by the United Nations.
Precolonial Science and Technology
• As such, one has to reconstruct a picture of this past
using contemporary archaeological findings, accounts by
early traders and foreign travelers, and the narratives
about conditions in the archipelago which were written
by the first Spanish missionaries and colonial officials.
• According to these sources, there were numerous,
scattered, thriving, relatively self-sufficient and
autonomous communities long before the Spaniards
arrived.
• The early Filipinos had attained a generally simple level
of technological development, compared with those of
the Chinese and Japanese, but this was sufficient for their
needs at that period of time.
• Archaeological findings indicate that modern men (Homo sapiens) from the Asian
mainland first came over-land and across narrow channels to live in Palawan and
Batangas around 50,000 years ago.
• For about 40,000 years, they made simple tools or weapons of stone flakes but
eventually developed techniques for sawing, drilling and polishing hard stones.
• These Stone Age inhabitants, subsequently formed settlements in the major
Philippine islands such as Sulu, Mindanao (Zamboanga, and Davao), Negros,
Samar, Luzon (Batangas, Laguna, Rizal, Bulacan and the Cagayan region).
• By about 3,000 B.C., they were producing adzes ornaments of seashells and pottery
of various designs.
• What has survived of this ancient technology is the lowest level, i.e., the present
manufacture of the ordinary cooking pot among several local communities.
• Gradually, the early Filipinos learned to make metal tools and implements --
copper, gold, bronze and, later, iron. The iron age is considered to have lasted
from the second or third century B.C. to the tenth century A.D. Excavations of
Philippine graves and work sites have yielded iron slags. These suggest that
Filipinos during this period engaged in the actual extraction of iron from ore,
smelting and refining.
• By the first century A.D., Filipinos
were
• weaving cotton
• smelting iron
• making pottery
• glass ornaments
• engaged in agriculture.
• Lowland rice was cultivated in diked
fields, and in the interior mountain
regions as in the Cordillera, in terraced
fields which utilized spring water.
• Filipinos had also learned to
build boats for the coastal trade.
By the tenth century A.D., this had
become a highly developed
technology. In fact, the early
Spanish chroniclers took note of
the refined plank-built warship
called caracoa. These boats were
well suited for inter-island trade
raids.
• By the tenth century A.D., the
inhabitants of Butuan were trading
with Champa (Vietnam); those of Ma-i
(Mindoro) with China.
• Archaeological findings (in various parts of
the archipelago) of Chinese porcelains
made during this period support this
contention.
• The most frequently cited Chinese account in Philippine history textbooks is
that of Chao Ju-Kua in 1225. He described the communities and trading
activities in the islands of Ma-i (Mindoro) and San-hsu (literally three islands
which present-day historians think refer to the group of Palawan and
Calamian Islands).
• The people of Ma-i and San-hsu traded:
• beeswax, cotton, true pearls, tortoise shell, medicinal betel nuts, yu-ta cloth (probably
jute or ramie?) and coconut heart mats for Chinese porcelain, iron pots, lead fishnet
sinkers, colored glass beads, iron needles and tin.
• By the time the Spaniards came to colonies the Philippines in 1565, they
found many scattered, autonomous village communities (called barangays) all
over the archipelago.
• These were kinship groups or social units rather than political units. They
were essentially subsistence economies producing mainly what they needed.
Developments in Science and Technology
During the Spanish Regime
• The beginnings of modern science and technology in the Philippines can be
traced to the Spanish regime. The Spaniards established schools, hospitals
and started scientific research and these had important consequences for the
rise of the country's professions.
• The direction and pace of development of science and technology were
greatly shaped by the role of the religious orders in the conquest and
colonization of the archipelago and by economic and trade adopted by the
colonial government.
• Various decrees were issued in Spain calling for the establishment of a school
system in the colony but these were not effectively carried out.
• Primary instruction during the Spanish regime was generally taken care of by
the missionaries and parish priests in the villages and towns.
• Owing to the dearth of qualified teachers, textbooks and other instructional
materials, primary instruction was mainly religious education.
• Higher education was provided by schools set up by the different religious orders in
the urban centers, most of them in Manila.
• For example, the Jesuits founded in Cebu City the Colegio de San Ildefonso (1595)
and in Manila, the Colegio de San Ignacio (1595), the Colegio de San Jose (1601)
and the Ateneo de Manila (1859). The Dominicans had the Colegio de San Juan de
Letran (1640) in Manila. Access to these schools was, however, limited to the elite
of the colonial society -- the European-born and local Spaniards, the mestizos and a
few native Filipinos.
• Courses leading to the B.A. degree, Bachiller en Artes, were given which by the
nineteenth century included science subjects such as physics, chemistry, natural
history and mathematics.
• Throughout the Spanish regime, the royal
and pontifical University of Santo
Tomas remained as the highest
institution of learning. Run by the
Dominicans, it was established as a college
in 1611 by Fray Miguel de Benavides. it
initially granted degrees in theology,
philosophy and humanities. During the
18th century, the faculty of jurisprudence
and canonical law was established.
• In 1871, the schools of medicine and
pharmacy were opened. From 1871 to
1886, the University of Santo Tomas
granted the degree of Licenciado en
Medicina to 62 graduates.(29)
• In 1887, the Manila School of Agriculture was created by royal decree but it
was able to open only in July 1889. The School was designed to provide
theoretical and practical education of skilled farmers and overseers and to
promote agricultural development in the Philippines by means of
observation, experiment and investigation.
• Agricultural stations were also established in Isabela, Ilocos, Albay, Cebu,
Iloilo, Leyte and parts of Mindanao.
• In 1863, the colonial authorities issued a royal decree designed to reform the
existing educational system in the country. It provided for the establishment
of a system of elementary, secondary and collegiate schools, teacher-
training schools, and called forgovernment supervision of these schools.
• The full implementation of this decree, however, was interrupted by the
coming of the Americans in 1898.
• With the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 and the consequent ease in travel and
communications that it brought about, the liberal ideas and scientific knowledge of
the West also reached the Philippines.
• These included:
1. Jose Rizal who was able to pursue studies in Medicine and specialize in ophthalmology in
Spain and Germany;
2. Graciano Apacible who studied medicine in Madrid;
3. Antonio Luna who obtained his Ph.D. in pharmacy in Madrid and later worked with
renowned scientists in Ghent and Paris;
4. Jose Alejandrino who took up engineering in Belgium, and others.
• The Spaniards introduced the technology of town planning and building with
stones, brick and tiles.
• In may places, the religious (such as Bishop Salazar in Manila) personally led in these
undertakings. Because of the lack of skilled Filipinos in these occupations, the
Spaniards had to import Chinese master builders, artisans and masons.
• The native Filipinos were drafted, through the institution of compulsory labor services, to work on
these projects. In this manner, the construction of the walls of Manila, its churches,
convents, hospitals, schools and public buildings were completed by the seventeenth
century.
• By the second half of the nineteenth century, studies of infectious
diseases such as smallpox, cholera, bubonic plague, dysentery, leprosy and
malaria were intensified with the participation of graduates of medicine and
pharmacy from UST. At this time, native Filipinos began to participate in
scientific research.
• In 1887, the Laboratorio Municipal de Ciudad de Manila was created
by decree. Its main functions were to conduct biochemical analyses for
public health and to undertake specimen examinations for clinical and
medico-legal cases.
• There was very little development in
Philippine agriculture and industry
during the first two centuries of Spanish
rule. This was largely due to the
dependence of the Spanish colonizers on
the profits from the Galleon or Manila-
Acapulco trade, which lasted from 1565
to 1813. It was actually based on the
trade with China which antedated
Spanish rule.
• In 1789, Manila was opened to Asian shipping. This inaugurated an era of
increasing Philippine exports of rice, hemp, sugar, tobacco, indigo and others
and rising imports of manufactured goods.
• In 1814, Manila was officially opened to world trade and commerce;
subsequently other Philippine ports were opened.
• The prosperity arising from expanded
world trade and commerce in the
nineteenth century led to Manila's rapid
development as a cosmopolitan center.
• Modern amenities – a waterworks
system, steam tramways, electric lights,
newspapers, a banking system – were
introduced into the city by the latter
half of the nineteenth century.
• Meteorological studies were promoted by
Jesuits who founded the Manila
Observatory in 1865.
• The Observatory collected and made
available typhoon and climatological
observations. These observations grew in
number and importance so that by 1879,
it became possible for Fr. Federico Faura
to issue the first public typhoon warning.
• At the end of the Spanish regime, the Philippines had evolved into a primary
agricultural exporting economy.
• Progress in agriculture had been made possible by some government support for research
and education in this field. But it was largely the entry of foreign capital and technology
which brought about the modernization of some sectors, notably sugar and hemp
production.
• The lack of interest in and support for research and development of native industries
like weaving, for example, eventually led to their failure to survive the competition
with foreign imports.
• Because of necessity and the social prestige attached to university education, medicine and
pharmacy remained the most developed science-based professions during the Spanish
regime.
During the American Regime
• Science and technology in the Philippines advanced rapidly during the
American regime.
• This was made possible by the simultaneous government encouragement and
support for an extensive public education system; the granting of
scholarships for higher education in science and engineering; the
organization of science research agencies and establishment of science-based
public services.
• The Americans introduced a system of secularized public school education
as soon as civil government was set up in the islands.
• On 21 January 1901, the Philippine Commission, which acted as the
executive and legislative body for the Philippines until 1907, promulgated Act
No. 74 creating a Department of Public Instruction in the Philippines.
• It provided for the establishment of schools that would give free primary education,
with English as the medium of instruction.
• This was followed by the
setting up of a Philippine
Normal School to train
Filipino teachers. Secondary
schools were opened after a
further enactment of the
Philippine in Commission in
1902.
• The University of the Philippines was
created on 18 June 1908 by Act of the
Philippine Legislature.
• Among the first colleges to be opened were
the College of Agriculture in Los Baños,
Laguna in 1909, the Colleges of Liberal Arts,
Engineering and Veterinary Medicine in 1910
and the College of Law in 1911. By 1911, the
University had an enrollment of 1,400
students.
• In 1917, Act No. 2076 (Private School Act) was enacted by the Philippine
Legislature. The Act recognized private schools as educational institutions and not
commercial ventures.
• It required the Secretary of Public Instruction to "maintain a general standard of
efficiency in all private schools and colleges so that...(they shall) furnish adequate
instruction to the public..." and authorized him to "inspect and watch" these school
and colleges.
• The supervision of these schools was entrusted to a staff of four within the
Department of Public Instruction -- a superintendent, an assistant superintendent
and two supervisors.
• The Bureau of Science served as a valuable training ground for Filipino
scientists. It performed the needed chemical and biological examinations for
the Philippine General Hospital and Bureau of Health and manufactured the
serums and prophylactics needed by the latter.
• Pioneering research was done in such diseases as leprosy, tuberculosis,
cholera, dengue fever, malaria and beri-beri. Results of these studies were
readily available to the Bureau of Health for use in its various programs.
• In 1947, the Bureau of Science was reorganized into an Institute of Science.
• The American colonial authorities organized other offices which, by the
nature of their operations, contributed further to the growth of scientific
research. These were the
• Weather Bureau (1901), the Board (later Bureau) of Health (1898), Bureau of Mines
(1900), Bureau of Forestry (1900), Bureau of Agriculture (1901), Bureau of Coast and
Geodetic Survey (1905), Bureau of Plant Industry (1929) and Bureau of Animal
Industry (1929) (82)
• The Philippine Legislature passed an Act in 1933 creating the National
Research Council of the Philippine Islands (NRCP).
• Aside from working for the promotion of scientific research, the NRCP
actively participated in the deliberations and drafting of provisions affecting
science and industry in the 1934 Constitutional Convention.
Science and Technology Since Independence
• The Science Act created the National Science Development Board (NSDB)
to formulate policies for the development of science and coordinate the
work of science agencies.
• The Act also created the Philippine Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) and
the National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) and placed these,
along with the NRCP, under the NSDB.
Science and Technology Since Independence
• In 1982, NSDB was further reorganized into a National Science and

Technology Authority (NSTA) composed of four research and development
Councils;
1. Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research and Development;
2. Philippine Council for Industry and Energy Research Development;
3. Philippine Council for Health Research and Development
4. National Research Council of the Philippines
During Marcos Era
• It was only during the Marcos presidency where science was given an
importance. In 1973, during the amendment of the Philippine Constitution
of the former president, it was stated that, priority shall be given in the
advancement of science and technology in terms of national development.
• He introduced the need for science in public high school through the help of
the DepEd and National Science Development Board to provide science-
teaching equipment for a period of 4 years
During Marcos Era
• On April 6, 1968, he proclaimed 35 hectares in Bicutan, Taguig, Rizal as the
site of the Philippine Science Community.
• January 1970, he added various departments to the NSDB like the
Philippine Coconut Research Institute to the to modernize the coconut
industry and the Philippine Textile Research institute.
• The Philippine Atomic Energy Commission explored uses of atomic energy
for economic development
During Marcos Era
• In 1972, he created the National Grains Authority to provide for the
development of the rice and corn industry to fully harness it for the
economy of the country
• He established the Philippine Council for Agricultural Research to support
the progressive development of agriculture, forestry, and fisheries for the
nation.
• Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration (PAGASA) to provide environmental protection and to
utilize scientific knowledge to ensure the safety of the people. (Presidential
Decree No. 78, s. 1972)
During Marcos Era
• In 1973, he created the Philippine National Oil Company to promote
industrial and economic development through effective and efficient use of
energy sources. (Presidential Decree No. 334, s. 1973)
• In 1976, he enacted a law under Presidential Decree No. 1003-A, s. 1976 to
establish the National Academy of Science and Technology, which is
composed of scientists with "innovative achievement in the basic and applied
sciences," to serve as a reservoir of scientific and technological expertise for
the country.
During Marcos Era
• In his Fourteenth State of the Nation Address on July 23, 1979, he said that
the government invested funds and time in organizations for scientific
research, such as the NSDB, the Philippine Council for Agricultural Research
and Resources, the Plant Breeding Institute, the International Rice Research
Institute, the Bureau of Plant Industry, and the Bureau of Forest Products
• He enacted a law on the completion of the National Agriculture and Life
Sciences Research Complex at the University of the Philippines at Los
Baños. (Executive Order No. 840, s. 1982)
During the Fifth Republic
A. CORAZON AQUINO
o NSTA to Department of Science and Technology (DOST), giving science and
technology a representation in the cabinet
o she stated that science and technology development shall be one of the top three
priorities of the government towards an economic recovery
o Science and Technology Master Plan (STMP) for Philippines to achieve “newly
industrialized country” status by the year 2000
o Abolishment of the Philippine Inventors Act R.A. No. 3859
o Science for the Masses Program which aimed at scientific and technological literacy
among Filipinos
B. FIDEL RAMOS
o significant increase in people who specialize in the field of science and technology
o Philippine Science High School in Visayas and Mindanao
o modernized and updated schools with addition of high-tech equipment
o Doctors to the Barrio Program which led to the change in life expectancy from 67.5 years
to 69.1
o Magna Carta for Science and Technology Personnel to give incentives and rewards to people
who have been influential in the field of S&T
o National Program for Gifted Filipino Children in S&T a nationwide system if high schools
specializing in the field of science and engineering
C. JOSEPH ESTRADA
o Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999
o Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 which outlaws computer hacking and provides
opportunities for new businesses emerging from the Internet-driven New Economy
D. GLORIA MACAPAGAL – ARROYO
o “Golden Age” of science and technology
o ”Filipinnovation” term used in helping the Philippines to be an innovation hub in Asia
o R.A. 9367 of “Biofuels” Act
o Agriculture and Fisheries Sector through Mechanization (AFMech)
E. BENIGNO AQUINO
o honored four National Scientists
1. Gavino C. Trono – helped families of the coastal population through his extensive studies
on the seaweed species
2. Angel C. Alcala – pioneer and advocate of coral reefs
3. Ramon C. Barba – changed the seasonal supply of fresh to an all year round availability of
mangoes
4. Edgardo D. Gomez – steered the national-scale assessment of damage coral reefs which led
a national conservation
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION
AND HOW IT DEFINED THE SOCIETY
R E N ZO D. RO M E RO
D E PA RT M E N T O F B I O LO GY
CO L L EGE O F A RTS A N D S C I E N C ES
O U R L A DY O F FAT I M A U N I V E RS I T Y
INTELLECTUAL
Science Challenges the Old Ideas
Ptolemaic model was not seriously challenged until the 15th
century during the Renaissance.
Nicholas Copernicus
(1473-1543) rediscovered the heliocentric model (Aristarchus).
Copernican Revolution
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres.
• Proposed a sun-centered view. (Helio-centric)
• Universe consisted of 8 spheres.
• Planets including earth rotated around the sun but
the moon revolved around the earth.
• Apparent revolution of the sun and stars around the
earth was due to the rotation of the earth.
• Did not reject the Ptolemaic vision of the fixed
spheres.
• His views did not make a big splash either pro or con,
but there was growing dissatisfaction with the
Ptolemaic view.
He found to his dismay that it better fit the observed facts than
the geocentric model.
Seven points of the Copernican system:
1. The celestial spheres do not have one common center. The
Earth is not at the center of everything.
2. Earth is not the center of the universe, only the center of
gravity and the lunar orbit. Only the Moon orbits Earth.
3. All the spheres orbit the Sun. Spheres means the planets.
4. Compared to the distance to the stars, the Earth to Sun distance is
almost nonexistent. The stars are very much farther away than the Sun.
5. The motion of the stars is due to the Earth rotating on its axis.
6. The motion of the Sun is the result of the Earth’s motions.
(rotation and revolution)
7. The retrograde and forward motions of planets is caused by the
Earth’s motion. It is caused by the fact that Earth’s orbit is a different
length than the other planets.
The Copernican model was not well accepted by scholars or the
public. It violated the religious teaching of the time.
Sigmund Freud
ÒBorn 1865 in Freiberg, Moravia to Jacob, his wool-merchant
father. Mother was Jacob’s third wife.
ÒMoved to Vienna in 1860 until 1938.
ÒVienna exciting place of opportunity and optimism. In 1867,
Jews granted political rights and accepted into society.
ÒFreud assimilated, identifying as a German.
ÒAbout the time he was 15, liberal political atmosphere
evaporated and anti-Semitism became virulent, shattering
assimilation
ÒGraduated from University of Vienna medical school with strong
interest in research but quickly married and realized only private
practice would provide needed financial support.
ÒPublished well received scholarly papers on neurological
disorders.
16
Freud’s Topographical Model of the Mind
A. Conscious mind
ü Consists of thoughts that focus on
the present state of mind
B. Preconscious mind
ü Consists of what can be retrieved
from the memory
C. Subconscious mind
ü Consists of primitive desires,
wishes, or impulse which is
mediated by the preconscious mind
Freud’s Structural Model of the Mind
A. EGO
ü Drives a socially acceptable way to satisfy the
demands of if as it operates the conscious
and unconscious mind
B. ID
ü Comprises Eros, the life or survival instinct of
man and Thanatos the death or destructive
instinct of man
C. SUPER-EGO
ü Operates based on the principles of morality
that drive man to become socially
responsible and behave in an acceptable
manner
ü Drives a man to follow the rules and resolves
the conflict between the id and ego
Freud’s theory is complex because:
He kept modifying it as he went along
He never presented a comprehensive summary of his final views
His theory is more comprehensive than must since it has a number of
aspects. For example, he gives us:
◦ A theory of motivation
◦ A theory of thinking (which includes dreaming, etc.)
◦ A theory of personality development (psychosexual theory)
◦ A theory of mental structures (id, ego, superego)
◦ A theory of psychopathology and symptom formation
◦ A theory of psychotherapy
19
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
Charles Darwin: 1809 – 1882 AD
•British biologist
•Studied medicine and to be a priest for
the Anglican Church
•Spent most of his time collecting
beetles and butterflies
•Went on a scientific expedition on the
Beagle voyage
•From his observations, he developed
the theory of evolution.
•Famous Evidence: the tortoises of the
Galapagos Islands in the Pacific
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Challenged Christian Ideas
Varied Responses to Darwin
1. Some Christians abandoned their faith
a. Industrialisation and Urbanisation
had done much already to cut
people’s links with the churches
b. Some became Humanists; some
supported Social Darwinism
2. Some Christians rejected evolution –
interpreted Genesis literally; USA Bible
Belt; Monkey Trials
3. Many Christians welcomed and
supported evolution from the start,
reinterpreting their Christian message
Other remarkable developments:
Galileo Galilei • He built a telescope and became the first man to
use this tool to study the moon and planets.
• What he saw made Galileo believe Copernicus's
idea that the Earth was not the center of the
universe.
Johannes Kepler Developed the Laws of Planetary Motion

1) Planetary orbits around the sun are elliptical;
2) Planets do not move at A uniform speed;
3) Time it takes to orbit directly related to its distance
from the sun
Isaac Newton • He reasoned that the earth must have a power

that draws objects to it. This was the beginning of
the law of gravity and motion.
• Law of Universal Gravitation
-Every object in the universe attracts every other
object. The degree of attraction depends on the
mass of the objects and the distance between them.
Other remarkable developments:
Anton Van Dutch scientist who first examined a drop of pond
Leeuwenhoek water under the microscope and, to his amazement,
observe the teeming microscopic “animacules”, he
also perfected the construction of microscope.
William Harvey • English doctor who published On the Movement of

the Heart and Blood in 1628 in which he described
circulation of the blood.
• He was the founder of modern physiology
Rene Descartes “The Father of Modern Philosophy”

•Descartes believed everything should be doubted until
proved by reason. Tradition should not be accepted as truth.
•Instead of using experimentation, Descartes relied on

mathematics and logic.He linked algebra and geometry as a
new tool for scientific research.
MESOAMERICAN PERIOD
(1200 B.C. - 3RD CENTURY A.D.)
•Greek word mesos which means “in the middle”. This period is characterized by the following
civilizations:
A. OLMECS (1500 B.C. – 400 B.C.)
o Mother culture of Mesoamerica
o They were located in the hot and swampy
lowlands along the coast of the Gulf of
Mexico south of Veracruz.
o Composed of priests and nobles as the top of
the society who lived in ceremonial centers.
o Carved colossal heads from volcanic rocks as
portraits of their rulers
o Invented calendar and carved hieroglyphic
writing into stone
MESOAMERICAN PERIOD
B. MAYANS (300 B.C. – 900 A.D)
o Located in the Mexican and Central American rain forest
o Polytheistic religion - pyramids
o Organized into city-state without political unity but economically bounded
o Developed methods of farming such as shifting agriculture and raised bed farming
o Developed numbering system including place value and the concept of zero
o Hieroglyphics as form of writing that were used for recording astronomical
observations, rituals, and religious matter but was burnt during the invasion of
Spanish conquerors
o Developed the solar calendar with 365 days and ritual calendars with 260 days
MESOAMERICAN PERIOD
C. AZTECS (12TH – 15TH CENTURY)
o Located in arid valley in central Mexico
o Built with empire which has a ruler with his council consisting of nobles, priests,
and military leaders
o Made up of commoners, indentured workers, and slaves.
o Most people were farmers, but they also traded with people in the surrounding
areas.
o Built chinampas or “floating gardens” to plant crops
o Developed a calendar with 365 days and a ritual calendar with 260 days
o Believed that illness is a punishment from the Gods but still used herbs and
medicine for treatment
o Present-Day Mexico-City is built on top of this city.
MIDDLE EAST PERIOD
(17TH CENTURY)
• A geographic location that extends from Egypt to Afghanistan where Islam arose
• Followed the teachings of Muhammad who was believed by Muslims as the messenger of God
• Islamic rules are symbolized by five pillars of Islam: Witness (Shahada), Worship (Salat), Fasting,
(Sawm), Tithing (Zakat), and Pilgrimage (Hajj)
• Qur’an (Koran) as the holy book of Islam
• The practicality of Islam and openness to embracing knowledge resulted to some advancement
in the following field:
A. GEOGRAPHY
o Worship prayers require knowledge in geography to know the direction of the Qublah
o In 1166, accurate world map was produced that has continents, mountains, rivers, and
famous cities
o Al-Muqdishi, a geographer, also produced an accurate colored map
o Muslims are great navigators for the expeditions of other countries
MIDDLE EAST PERIOD
(17TH CENTURY)
B. MATHEMATICS C. MEDICAL CONTRIBUTIONS
o Symbols to express an unknown quantity o Used cadaver in studying and understanding
o Made use of zero and decimal system human anatomy and physiology
o Introduction of algebra in solving equation o Wrote an encyclopedia of medical knowledge
from the first director of the House of o Spearheaded the construction of the first
Wisdom Islamic Bimaristans (hospital)

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Science,

COURSE CODE STAS111

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND

CREDIT UNIT/S 3 UNITS

CONTACT HOURS PER SESSION LECTURE: 3 HOURS

97-95 1.25 GRADE PERCENTAGE

94-92 1.50 PRELIM 20%

88-86 2.00 FINALS 20%

85-83 2.25 PERFORMANCE TASK 40%

82-80 2.50 TOTAL 100%

Science and technology have had both a positive and negative

The nineteenth century witnessed the Industrial Revolution.

The twentieth century saw the birth of suburbs.

• Invention of the trolley

Technical innovations saved physical energy and lessened people’s

The concept of leisure developed from labor-saving technology.

The greatest innovation of technology was longevity.

Life Expectancy (in years) 90

900 920 940 960 980 000

A large part of technology has been dedicated to the advancement

Sir Alexander Fleming

Some current innovations could have a drastic impact on society.

In 1997, scientists at the Roslin Institute Embryonic stem cell research is

Inventions and innovations in communication have had a major

Series of improvements in human life marked

Babylonian Greek Persian Chinese

Stone & Iron

Sumerian Roman Arabic

Animation Taxation System

• In 1982, NSDB was further reorganized into a National Science and

Johannes Kepler Developed the Laws of Planetary Motion

Isaac Newton • He reasoned that the earth must have a power

William Harvey • English doctor who published On the Movement of

Rene Descartes “The Father of Modern Philosophy”

•Instead of using experimentation, Descartes relied on

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