STS Unit I XI Merged

NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Cabanatuan City
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
College of Arts and Sciences
Mathematics and Science Department
Module in
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY,
& SOCIETY
UNIT I.
GENERAL CONCEPTS AND HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Danny O. Alfonso Cristo Mark D. Ancheta Roel S. Ang

Leonardo M. Aquino Bryan Joshua V. Bacani Joseph R. Del Carmen
Jaynelle G. Domingo Angel Joyce C. Fajardo Gian Carlo S. Gaetos
Alpha B. Gumayagay Jewell Ann P. Manabat Darwin U. Ong
Olympia O. Riogelon Julius Jay N. Rodriguez Janina C. Sercenia
Glenda R. Tandingan Diwata Y. Villaflor
This module is a property of the Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology
Overview
There is a secure connection between science and technology with society, which began even in
ancient times. The historical development of science and technology was based on the needs and demands
of the existing society. Unit I gives you ideas on how science and technology evolved, starting from the
ancient world until the present time of ‘Information Age’. The unit will help you understand how social
considerations changed the course science and technology. Additionally, you will become aware of the
different factors that increased and decreased science and technological advancements in the Philippines
and other countries.
Learning Objectives:
At the end of the unit, I am able to:

1. discuss how science and technology affect the environment and society;
2. discuss the factors which affect the advancement of science and technology;
3. identify the important persons throughout the history of science and technology, and discuss
the importance of science and technology in society.
Setting Up
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________

Course/Year/Section: ___________________________
Directions: In order to meet the needs of ancient people, many technologies have emerged. Answer the
following questions based on your understanding of the ancient world.
1. What are the technologies that arose in ancient times? How were these technologies meet the needs of
the primitive people?
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2. Give examples of ancient technologies from which our modern day technologies evolved.
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Lesson Proper
Introduction to Science and Technology
What is Science?
‘Science’ can be explained into three definitions. First, science is a branch of knowledge that
seeks to understand and describe natural phenomena such as thunder, seed germination, and tidal
waves. Second, ‘science’ is an intellectual activity wherein it refers to the process of systematic and
objective investigation of the natural world. Third, ‘science’ is a personal and social activity in which
it makes way for humans to have a better understanding of the world and their inner selves,
realizing that science is connected with everyone’s life and the society.
What is Technology?
‘Technology’ can be defined as an artifact from which it refers to products that are invented
and are widely used by people such as a printer, the computer, and television. Technology can be
construed as a technique. It refers to processes that benefit the different sectors of the economy, like
grafting and hydroponics for agriculture, surgery, chemotherapy, biopsy, etc., in medicine.
Technology can be described as personal and social activity. Technology serves as a tool to improve
and facilitate human living and social interaction with others.
Science and Technology

Science and Technology affect each other in ways from which they are needed so that each
can be used successfully. Science is required to progress technology as well as technology is
necessary to improve science.
Science and technology is described as a personal and social activities, they also have dual
interactions with society.
Ancient World
In early times, human ancestors used tools made from stones and woods as technology during the
stone age. The use of these progresses as the early hunters developed skills and techniques to make
weaponry through fire. Interaction and migration of people came to the development and advancement of
this technology.
As population increases and food resources started to decrease, people switched from foraging to
agriculture. Humans started to cultivate the land to plant different crops and domesticate animals as
sources of meat and milk products. This lead to the Agricultural Revolution, which started primarily in the
Middle East.
Through the Agricultural Revolution, many new plants and animals were cultivated and
domesticated for human consumption and feedstock. Humans started to use, and metal and ceramic
products. Copper is the first metal known and used by man in 6500 BC. In this period, human settlement
through towns started.
Transportation was improved through the development of wheels. Ceramics was further utilized,
and communication prospered through the invention of writing. Also, many products made from bronze,
copper, and iron began to emerge. This preceded the rise of civilizations from which scientific knowledge
and technological advancements further flourished through the rise and improvement of bridges, roads,
and agricultural irrigations.
Classical Antiquity
The present perception and concept of science started in this period of classical antiquity, which
began in the center of mediterranean sea interlocking between Greek and Roman civilizations. The Ionian
School of Philosophy particularly introduced the earliest form of the scientific method, which is based on
observation and reasoning.
Many Greek philosophers who laid the foundation of modern-day science arose in this period. They
are the ones who used the basic foundation of the scientific method initially for the understanding of the
natural world and the universe. The significant philosophers of classical antiquity were Socrates, Plato, and
Aristotle.
Socrates (470-339 BC)

Socrates built the basic foundation of making a hypothesis, which is the initial building block
of the scientific method for specific research in his known method of inquiry called elenchus. By
applying this method, a specific problem or situation was broken down into a series of questions
that need to be answered.
Plato (427-37 BC)

Plato highlighted the concept of having ‘proof’ in research. He emphasized a clear hypothesis
of understanding nature and believed that all substances are made up of air, water, earth, and fire.
Plato was a student of Socrates.
Aristotle (384-322 BC)

Aristotle initiated the discipline of using the deductive method of scientific inquiry. He
established natural principles as achieved through careful observation, which is also an essential
component of the scientific method. Aristotle was a student of Plato.
The center of scientific knowledge was established in the city of Alexandria in Egypt. In
Africa, the Edwin Smith Papyrus, one of the first important scientific texts about ancient surgery
methods, was made. Another, the scientific discipline of chemistry through the process of
fermentation, distillation, and tanning, was also established.
The construction of the Great Wall of China was one of China's technological achievements
at that time.
Middle Ages
The progression of science and technology turned to decrease due to the onset of diseases, poverty,
wars, and scarcity of food resources at the middle ages during 530 AD.
The rise of Christianity in Europe was also considered a factor in the decline of science. The strong
hindrance of the Church about early philosophers and scientists' teachings and ideas greatly impacted the
development of science and technology. The Roman Empire, from 530 AD to 1000 AD, was not so much
interested in theoretical science.
As science seemed to decline in Europe, medicine remained and grew due to an important need. The
deadly plague ravaged Europe, and Christians felt the need to further their knowledge of medicine to
develop a cure. On the contrary, the outbreak of the deadly disease that devastated Europe and Christians
paved the way to escalate the field of medicine to develop a cure or vaccine.
Due to this, the center of science and technology was shifted to Asia, specifically in China and nearby
countries. In India, for example, astronomy, medicine, and mathematics became well-advanced. One of
their important contributions is the significance of the number zero in mathematics. Another to be
considered is the onset of Islamic civilization from which through this civilization, new techniques, new
chemicals such as borax, and new astronomical table for the calculation of planetary positions, eclipses,
and calendrical information was established. In the field of medicine, new instruments and treatment
procedures were developed. However, there is a failure to advance the area of anatomy as Islam disallow
the process body autopsy during that time.
Emperor Charlemagne revived science in Europe wherein, he ordered the establishment of schools
that became centers of knowledge and discovery. Other advancements in science and technology during
the middle ages include the development of clocks and moving objects and the utilization of water and
wind as sources of electricity.
The latter part of the Middle Ages was considered to be the Age of Discovery and Exploration. These
explorations were made possible through the advancements in science and technology. Two of the most
important developments were ships made for long voyages and the compass's invention. The progress in
geography and cartography became so famous as human societies spread after The Black Death in Europe.
Modern Age
The need for Europe’s revival became more advantageous for science and technology. This marked
the end of the Middle Age and the start of the Modern Age. The beginning of the modern age hastens
technological advancements, primarily for defense and trade. Many technologies were taught in
universities.
Renaissance is a cultural movement that is based on humanism, which a system of intellectual

movement emphasizing the value of humans than supernatural powers. During this period, many artists
also became scientists such as Leonardo da Vinci. In the latter part of the Renaissance, the Scientific
Revolution and foundation of England’s Royal Society emerged, giving rise to a more organized community.
Benjamin Franklin and Sir Isaac Newton and are the two significant members of the society.
The Scientific Revolution advanced the field of astronomy due to the invention of the telescope. The
astronomers, Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1573) became the center of controversy due to his model of the
heliocentric universe, which was opposed by the church. This opposition marked the so-called Copernican
Revolution, a shift from a geocentric view of the universe to a heliocentric model with the Sun at the center
of the Solar System.
The invention of the microscope significantly advanced science during the Renaissance period.
Through the use of microscope, many microorganisms were identified and the many types of diseases
associated with them. This gave rise to the formulation of antibiotics to prevent infections and inhibit the
growth of bacteria.
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was noted to be the leading figure of the Scientific. He introduced
experimentation using the scientific method and led the development of modern science, making him the
"father of the scientific method” and the "father of modern science". He invented many equipment and
devices as well as many mathematical explanations to natural concepts.
The publication of Carolus Linnaues’ works on the biological classification made him the “father of
taxonomy”.
This age is also known as the period of ‘Enlightenment’, which highlighted the importance of logical
reasoning. This was a shift from the Renaissance dominated by the teachings of the Church and the early
Greek and Roman philosophers. Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) worked on Principia, which established the
foundation of modern-day physics. He developed theories from observations and experiments and used
the scientific method in the understanding of the natural world.
The invention of the steam engine by James Watt (1736-1819) in 1765 made many industrial
processes possible. Because of this, many other machines that made things faster and more efficient were
invented and paved the way for the Industrial Revolution.
However, the Industrial Revolution's progression led to the rapid destruction of the environment
because of the pollution caused by these industries. To obtain wood for charcoal, many forests were
destroyed. Large industries collected many natural resources and minerals to continue their operation.
Industrial wastes polluted rivers and other bodies of water. Many disputes came during this period
between the science community and the society for the green environmental movement.
The theory of evolution proposed by Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace became very controversial
and was opposed by the church and the general community. However, this theory was considered and
accepted as a milestone in the field of biology.
During the 19th century, there were more collaboration efforts among scientists which gave rise to
more discoveries and inventions. The communal between scientists paved the way to advanced science
faster than the previous centuries. These scientific and technological advancements highly impacted
society. Many new lifestyles, habits, and recreations appeared due to advancements in communication,
transportation, entertainment, and wardrobe economy. The demand for more technologies further
expanded, and many people migrated to cities. Many workers became more skilled and knowledgeable in
their chosen fields.
Scientific and technological advancements also gave way for the invention of explosive weapons
such as atomic bombs, nuclear bombs, and dynamites. These developments led to more deaths and
casualties during warfare.
The invention of plastics in the 1940’s and 1950s led to the development of new appliances and
products made from plastics. However, plastics became a problem to the environment as significant
pollutants affect wildlife habitat and humans because of its deficient ability to degrade.
The discovery of the DNA structure in1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick with the aid of
Rosalind Franklin advanced the field of genetics and molecular biology, leading to the development of gene
therapy and genetic engineering.
The period of the Agricultural revolution occurred in 1940 with the development of the pesticide
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane or more commonly known as DDT. Other inventions that greatly helped
this period were hybrid seeds, organic/inorganic fertilizers, and farm machinery equipment. The
agricultural revolution helped the economy, especially the farmers, largely because of better food
production. However, DDT was found out to destructive impacts on biodiversity and health. Hence, many
movements for the environment emerged as society’s response.
Moreover, the development of the internet, computers, softwares, and other digital technologies
marked the beginning ‘Digital Revolution’ or ‘Information Age’. These technologies also paved way for
crowdsourcing, cyber warfare, e-commerce, and distance learning. The digital revolution has greatly
affected the public. Nowadays, many people became addicted to using electronic games and social media.
In the Philippines
Here in the Philippines, the history of science and technology is not clear. However, based on
archaeological findings, primitive Filipinos have simpler technology than neighboring countries in Asia,
such as China and India. Simple stones and metal tools were used, which gave rise to the development of
ceramics, potteries, weavings, handicrafts, and other devices.
Since water bodies surround the Philippines, Filipinos created good technology in shipbuilding in
1000 AD. These ships were used for transportation, trading, and fishing.
In the 16th century, artillery was used by the Filipinos during their battle against Spaniards. These
good weapons include bows, spears, and swords. The agricultural industry became a good source of income
through practices such as rice farming, crop production, livestock raising, and fishing, and forestry.
The onset of modern science and technology in the Philippines came upon colonization of the
Spaniards. Science as a profession arose after establishing schools, hospitals, and research facilities that
were controlled by religious sectors at that time. However, the research discoveries and technologies were
for the benefit of Spain's colonial government, not for the Filipinos. The Church was so influential and
dominant in those times that the study of natural sciences was discouraged.
During the Spanish time, there were only limited science courses available for the Filipinos.
Successful Filipino scientists went to Europe to gain study and training. Some of these scientists were Leon
Ma. Guerrero, Anacleta del Rosario, and Trinidad Pardo de Tavera. However, the science profession did not
grow well as the colonial government preferred Spanish scientists over Filipinos.
The end Spanish regime developed only two science professions, the medicine, and pharmacy
professions since the Philippines also became a predominantly agricultural country. Industrial sectors such
as the sugarcane and tobacco industry were modernized due to the entry of foreign technology and
investments. At the same time, other areas, such as weaving, declined because of a lack of support from the
government.
Science and technology in the Philippines rapidly advanced due to Americans. During the American
settlement in the country, secularized public schools were established wherein the early educators were
Americans. The University of the Philippines and the Philippine Normal College (now the Philippine
Normal University) were established. Scientific knowledge and many technological advancements were
taught primarily in those universities.
In 1905, the main research facility in the country until World War II was established. This was the
Bureau of Science responsible for doing researches about science and technology. Since leprosy, dengue,
and malaria were the most frequent or common diseases, researchers focused on the development of the
cure for such diseases. In 1906, the Philippine Journal of Science was established to report scientific
findings and observations of Filipino scientists.
The ‘National Research Council of the Philippines’ was established in 1933 to promote scientific
research. However, despite the increase in the number of scientists and engineers of the country, the
Philippines still relied heavily on agriculture due to its vast resource of tropical crops. During the
Commonwealth period, the government-supported many industries which made scientific productivity
came to increase. Many Filipinos went abroad for post-graduate studies until World War II stopped the
scientific and technological progress.
In 1947, the Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of science. In 1952, the Science
Foundation of the Philippines was established to promote science among Filipinos.
After World War II, scientific and technological development was revived. Because of this, more
institutions for higher education were established. Science and technology in the country further
developed due to increased government support and higher public awareness. More scientists, scientific
researches, and scientific organizations grew and came up. However, the Philippines is still behind its
neighboring Asian countries in terms of scientific outputs. One of the reasons for these is that Filipinos'
general performance in science and mathematics is generally not good.
Based on a study done in 1957, there were four key reasons for the sudden decline of science and
technology in the Philippines. These four key reasons include the
1. lack of government support,
2. many outstanding scientists have died or went abroad,
3. low morale among local scientists, and
4. low awareness about general public science.
References
Bandhari, S. (2017). Top 10 Contributions of Aristiotle in scientific Field. Retrieved january 20, 2019, from Still
Unfold.Com: https://stillunfold.com/science/top-10-contributions-of-aristotle-to-science.
Bunch, B., & Hellesman. A. (2004). The History of Science and Technology. New York: Houghton Mifflin
Company.
Caoli, O. C. (1986). A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines. Diliman, Quezon City, University of
the Philippines Science Research Foundation.
Department of Science and Technology. (2014, April 26). About History and Logo. Retrieved January 2o, 2019,
from Department of Science and Technology: https://www.dost.gov.ph/tranaprency/about-
dost/history-and-logo.html
Jan, D., & Haward, H. (2006). Science & Technolgy Historical Timeline. Retrieved January 20, 2019, from Bridge
Online: http://www.bridge-online.cz/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/38_science_and_technology.pdf
McClellan III, J. E. & Dorn, H. (2015). Science and Technology in World History: An Introduction (r3d ed,)
Baltimore,
McGinn, R. E. (1991). Science, technology, and society. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: prentice hall, 301 pp,,
Nebres, B. F. (2007). Building a Science Culture in the Philippines. Trans. Natl. Acad. Sci. & Tech. Philippines,
29, 177-196.
Offor, f. (2012). Socrates, science and Technology. Canadian Social Science, 8(4), 101-107
Weisstein, E. (n.d.) Plato. Retrieved January 20, 2019, from Wolfram Research:
http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Plato.html
Assessing Learning
Activity 1
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________ Score: _______________________
Directions: The following grid contains terms names associated with science and technology. Look for them
in any directions and encircle. (20 pts.)
G A L I L E O G A L I L E I B C S Q W E
B V Z N A S E T A R C O S D E F C R T Y
U X Z A S D F G O W W S O X C H I N A T
I N F O R M A T I O N A G E R A E B B I
I C H P I N C H C R O U T E A R N I C E
R E N A I S S A N C E L P J E W C W E L
O V J Q A J U L I B R H A N G E E L Y P
P B K A D A R U T E C H N O L O G Y A L
A N L S W I N S N G S I A N G G E R N A
S M W S O M E O A R W O R L D W A R I T
C L A S S I C A L R R M I E L U I G U O
D M E D A N E A A M A S C H O O L S Y F
F N R F A G A D Y A L P H A O M E S R A
E U R O P E S T O N E G A O I N D I A R
G B T G E E L D A N G I J A Y E M A M M
H V Y Y L R L I N N A E U S N E L L E I
J C U R K A N C P N Y A N A T I E N T N
K X A A N C I E N T W O R L D C E I A G
L H I P H E T A S V H T A E D K C A L B
C Z O J I R S E N I P P I L I H P T U E
Activity 2
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________
Directions: Briefly answer the following questions.
1. What were the problems of the society that science and technology wants to address?
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2. What are the significance of these advancements in science and technology?

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3. What are the negative impacts of these advancements in science and technology in the society?
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4. If you are given a chance to change a certain invention, what will be your suggestion or other idea?
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Activity 3
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________
Directions: Write an essay on each of following questions. (Minimum of 100 words, and maximum of 200
words). Use a separate piece of paper if necessary.
1. The COVID-19 pandemic has displayed the interconnection of society around the world. This
coronavirus is considered the greatest challenge of science and technology after world war II. What
do you think is the effect of COVID-19 on the environment, now and in the future? What is society's
role in helping the science and development research sector prevent the spread of the virus? What
is the role of science and technology to attain social protection and sustainable economy while
providing solutions for COVID-19, such as making vaccines and medicines?
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2. What are the impacts of science and technology in society in terms of economy, leisure,
employment, or unemployment? What do you think are the responsibilities of science and
technology in society. In your own opinion, does public trust in science and technology matter
during times of pandemic? Why?
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Cabanatuan City
Module in
& SOCIETY
UNIT II.
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY

Overview
In the previous unit, you have learned how scientific and technological development affects society.
You became familiar with the interactions of science, technology, and society through antecedents of
history. Thus, you fully understood now a glimpse of concepts on STS historical development.
In this unit, you will learn about the development of science and scientific ideas in society. Activities
included will allow you to figure out the different intellectual revolutions like Copernican, Darwinian and
Freudian, and other intellectual revolutions that shaped the society. In this unit, you will also appreciate
the various contributions of some selected great civilizations found on the world that adds transformation
to the science and technology that build significant changes to the heart of the society.

1. differentiate intellectual revolution to scientific revolution;
2. analyze intellectual revolutions like Copernican, Darwinian and Freudian; and
3. appreciate contributions of some selected world civilizations like in Mesoamerican, Middle East,
African and Asian Civilizations.
Setting Up
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________

Directions: The following grid contains 10 words associated with intellectual revolution. Find and encircle
them. Look for them in all directions including backwards and diagonally.
N I C H O L A S C O P E R N I C U S R S K H
G X O L L E U I X P L I X O A H H U N T N I
S M M P R J W Q C H J Q K U B I F P A U P N
O N P R U B B E R B A L L S C N K E I D W D
E X U M S D O L Q Z X F I Y D A J R D V Q U
A C Q B L A W C O D E S K M W M L E U W O I
K B H O W V O F Y P O M K N E P M G E X G S
W L K G Q R Z W K T I N L O X A O O R Y E M
C H A R L E S D A R W I N W G S P Q F Z K L
Lesson Proper
Intellectual Revolution vs. Scientific Revolution
Frontlearners Module (2019) defined Intellectual Revolutions as the historical changes in

thoughts, beliefs, and social institutions due to new ideas and principles like Copernican, Darwinian, and
Freudian. It may also refer to the historical period when science became more important and influential
during the Middle Ages. Intellectual Revolution also considered a golden age in the history of science
because it marked the birth of science as a discipline wherein many scientific ideas and discoveries were
developed. Meanwhile, Frontlearners Module (2019) cited that when science and technology are the
centers of an intellectual revolution, it can be called then as a Scientific Revolution.
Some Intellectuals Who Made Essential Contributions in Science during the Period of Scientific
Revolutions:
❖ Nicholas Copernicus (Copernican) – developed a model of the universe in which everything moved
around a single center at unvarying rates. He placed the sun in the center of the universe, and all the
planet were surrounding or orbiting it. Copernicus’ Model of planets orbiting around the sun
automatically positioned the planets into a logical sequence [Ang, R., Cruz, J., et al. (2018)].
Heliocentric Model – adopted to used to prove the idea that the sun is the center of the solar
system.
❖ Charles Darwin (Darwinian) - His theory of evolution by natural selection (process) is instrumental
in many fields until now. Content of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution. All organisms are related and
have descended from a common ancestor. Variation in a population helps different species to
survive. The animals that do survive and reproduce are better-adapted organisms (survival of the
fittest). A random genetic mutation occurs within an organism's genetic code, aid survival [Ang, R.,
Cruz, J., et al. (2018)].
❖ Sigmund Freud (Freudian) - developed the idea of psychoanalysis that helped in understanding
human behavior, especially neurological conditions. Human actions result from the interactions
among three parts of the mind: id, ego, and superego [Ang, R., Cruz, J., et al. (2018)].
➢ Id – part of the personality that is present at birth; primitive personality existed within
unconscious.
➢ Super ego - include the ideas of right and wrong acquired from society and the culture.
Overpower the urges of the id and tries to make the ego morally, rather than realistically.
Composed of people's internalized ideals acquired from parents and society.
➢ Ego – less primitive than the Id, partly conscious and unconscious. It facilitates the demands
of the Id, superego and reality. - It prevents people from acting on the basic urges created
by the id and works to balance their moral and idealistic standards created by the superego.
Information Revolution
Accompanied the history of mankind and began as early as 3000 BC with Sumerian Pictographs. -
Triggers profound changes both in the way of lives and, in a way, perceive the self as human beings[Ang,
R., Cruz, J., et.al (2018)].
Milestone on Information Revolution are:
o 1455, Johannes Gutenberg’s invention on printing press.

o Early 1830s, Charles Babbage worked on Analytical Engine.
o During 1870s, Invention of the first telephone.
o During World War II, Alan Turing refining the concept of algorithms and computation using the
Turing Machine. He contributed to the Turing test concerning the possibility of developing a
conscious and thinking machine in Artificial Intelligence.
Science provided different ancient civilizations the means to survive and understand the natural and
physical world. Helped humans to develop various technologies used in everyday tasks. Cited below are
some ancient civilizations and their significant contributions that defined the society [Ang, R., Cruz, J., et.al
(2018)].
Mesoamerican Civilization
- Located in the region and cultural area in the Americas - Contributed greatly in agriculture ( as early
as 7000 BC)
- Transition from hunter-gatherer tribal groupings to the organization of sedentary agricultural
villages.
- Main food sources were beans, corns, & squash (a triad of products known as the “three sisters”;
introduce the rotational crops and slash-and-burn aided in retaining the nutrients in the soil.
- Value cacao as an essential crop because it is used as a trade currency and in rituals.
- Cotton plant & rubber trees used for making culturally significant products like textile (vibrant
colors) and rubber balls (used in performance games) due to ritual significance.
- Created chinampas (plots of mud and soil placed on top layers of thick water vegetation)
- First to use irrigation techniques.
- First one to create calendar (like civil calendar or Haab and Tzolkin Calendar).
Asian Civilization
- Asia bore 2 of the world’s great early civilizations: From India & China
- Birth of the two world’s known religion: Hinduism & Buddhism.
- In Hinduism, based on Vedas (4 sacred books; believed written by Aryan People); People believed
to be divided into a “caste system”; Priests called Brahmans (ranked highest) and the
“untouchables” as lowest.
- In Buddhism, praise Buddha (meaning “The Enlightened One”) who is in the person of Siddharta
Gautama (believed that human greed and selfishness lead to human pain).
- Another religion Confucianism, developed along the Huang Ho riverbank in Northern China, based
on the teaching of Confucius.
- Created the Great Wall of China, built to protect from invasions of “barbarians” from other parts of
Asia.
Middle East Civilization
- Considered as the home to the “Cradle of Civilization” (seen world’s oldest culture and civilization).
- First to practice intensive year-round agriculture and currency-mediated trade as opposed to
barter.
- Gave the rest of the world the first writing system.
- Laying the foundation for astronomy and mathematics.
- Created the first generalized government and law codes.
- Invented the clay cylinder seals (on which little pictures of objects could be recorded.
- Early writings evolved from pictures baked on clay tablets.
African Civilization
- According to some historians, Africans were nothing more than savages whose only contributions
to the world were farming and slaves.
- Lineage and culture of achievements emerged at least 40,000 years ago in Africa. Some were the
following:
• Developed modern concepts in mathematics like the first method of counting.

• People in present-day Zaire and Yoruba (now Nigeria) developed Numeration system 8,000
years ago.
• In the Yoruba, the system lauded this system because it required much abstract reasoning.
African Stonehenge (in present-day Kenya) constructed around 300 BC the remarkably accurate
calendar.
• Meanwhile, Dogon people of Mali have various astronomical discoveries like Saturn’s rings,
Jupiter’s moon, the spiral structure of the Milky Way, and the orbit of the Sirius Star.
• They built great architectural Monuments along the Nile like Great Pyramid of Giza, Great Sphinx
of Giza, great cities like in Zimbabwe & Mozambique (made of massive stone complex and huge
castle-like compounds existed).
• The Empire of Mali boasted impressive cities, including Tumbuktu with grand palaces, mosques
& UNIVERSITIES in the 13th century.
• In Medicine, some practices were: use of plants with salicylic acid for pain, kaolin for diarrhea,
and extracts that confirmed to kill Gram-Positive bacteria.
• Other plants used had anticancer properties, caused abortion, and treated malaria.
• Some medical procedures performed in ancient Africa: Vaccination, autopsy, limb traction and
broken bone setting, bullet removal, brain surgery, skin grafting, filling of dental cavities,
installation of false teeth, anesthesia and tissue cauterization.
References
Ang, R., Cruz, J., et. al. 2018. Science, Technology and Society. Muntinlupa City: Panday-Lahi Publishing
House, Inc.
Alata, E.J., Pawilen, G.,et.al. 2018. Science, Technology and Society. First Edition. Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.
https://frontlerners.com/blended/ 4/20/2020
Assessing Learning
Activity 4
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________
Directions: One of the focus of intellectual revolution is to highlight the different scientific ideas that define
the present society. Have you ever ask yourself about the relationship of science and society? With this,
answer briefly the following questions by writing on spaces provided: (5 points each)
1. As student, how do you see connection between science and society?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. How science shaped the society?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Cite two (2) scientific ideas that defined our society.

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_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Activity 5
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________
Directions: Using Venn diagram answer/ differentiate the following:
A. Intellectual Revolution and Scientific Revolution
B. Positive and Negative influence of Intellectual Revolutions like Copernican, Darwinian and
Freudian to the society.
C. Pros and cons of knowing some of the contributions of selected world ancient civilizations like in
Mesoamerican, Middle East, Africa and Asian Civilizations.
Activity 6
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________
Directions: Before you begin writing, read the passage carefully and plan what you will say. Your essay
should be as well organized and as carefully written as you can make it.
Discuss your insight on the quotation made by Charles Darwin: “It is not the strongest the species that
survive nor the most intelligent but the one most responsive to change.” Write your answers on the
spaces provided.
Scoring Guide:
Focus = 30%
Organization = 30%
Sentence Fluency and Word Choice = 20%
Conventions = 20%__
Total =100%
Activity 7
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________
Directions: As an STS student, create your poem with at least 5-stanza using the free verse format. Your
objective is to show your understanding and appreciation of any of the different scientific ideas cited under
the intellectual revolution that you have learned in this unit. The challenge is how you will show the
positive and negative impact of your selected topic to us.
You will be graded base on the following:

Content = 40%
Originality = 30%
Neatness/clarity of the poem = 20%
Creativity =10%__
Total: 100%
Cabanatuan City
Module in
& SOCIETY
UNIT III.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN NATION BUILDING

Overview
This module gives you an idea about the general concepts of Science and technology and its
importance in building the nation. Having a strong science and technology foundation will help to achieve
significant breakthroughs. Various significant changes that happened in the society are brought about by
Science and its technology.
But what does happen to Science and technology in the Philippine setting? Let us look at it very
carefully.

1. discuss the role of Science and technology in Philippine nation-building;
2. evaluate government policies on Science and technology in terms of their contributions to nation-
building;
3. identify the government's actual science and technology policies and appraise their impact on
the Filipino nation; and
4. cite the importance of science-related programs and projects in the development of the
Philippines economy.
Setting Up
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________

Directions: Science and technology plays an integral part in human development and society. With this
stance, answer the following questions on spaces provided.
1. Why is science and technology important in nation building?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. How can science and technology help build our nation?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Lesson Proper
Importance of Science and Technology in Building the Nation
Science and Technology (S&T) are fundamental for social and economic progress in developing
countries. It is a well-established fact that Science and technology impact all aspects of our lives and the
planet we live in. The Science and technology-induced changes have, for the most part, benefited
humankind. However, science and technology-based innovations have been overused and misused that
may harm humanity, pursued wealth and power, or both, which is the responsibility of all concerned to
ensure that science and technology are used responsibly for the good of humankind. (Ratnasiri, 2006).
In the Philippines, the critical role of Science and Technology is recognized: (1) In the 1987
Philippine constitution, Science and technology are given priority to "foster patriotism and nationalism,
accelerate social progress, and promote total human liberation and development."; (2) In section 10, Article
XIV, it is stated that "Science and technology are essential for national development and progress."
Philippine Government Science and Technology Agenda
How the Philippine Government manages and develops Science and technology through its policies
and program? The government mandates an "increase use of scientific and technological breakthroughs."
The government aims to do this by "promoting and accelerating technology adoption" and stimulating
innovation." It is based on the Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022.
The Philippine Department of Science and Technology (DOST; Kagawaran ng Agham at

Teknolohiya) is the Philippine government's executive agency responsible for organizing science and
technology-related programs, Philippines, and for formulating science and technology policies and
initiatives to promote national growth. This agency established to "provide central guidance, leadership,
and coordination of research and technical activities and ensure that the findings from such activities are
directed and used in areas of full economic and social benefits for the people." DOST is composed of three
(3) sectoral planning councils, seven (7) research, and development institutes, two (2) collegial bodies, six
(6) service institutes, and several regional and provincial offices (Department of Science and Technology,
2014)
Each of DOST 's programs, projects, and activities aims to produce the following outcomes.
1. Stimulation and innovation
2. Promotion and acceleration of technology adoption
3. Development of critical mass of globally competitive human resources on Science and Technology
4. Increased productivity and efficiency of micro, small, and medium entrepreneurs (MSMEs)
5. Ensure resiliency to disaster risks and climate change
6. Reduced inequality in science and technology capacities and opportunities
7. Achieve practical science and technology governance
Major Development Programs and Personalities in Science and Technology in the Philippines
Balik Scientist Program

Our Science and Technology workers' continued migration abroad has led to brain drain in
our country. The Department of Science and Technology has improved the Balik Scientist Program
(BSP) to reverse the brain drain. The Balik Scientist Act of 2018 or RA 11035 signed by the President
last June 2018. This program aims to sustain and make the program more attractive to Philippine
scientists working and residing abroad.
The Balik Scientist Program encourages scientists, technologists, and experts from the
Philippines to return to our country, to share their expertise for the country's technological, agro-
industrial, and economic growth, including building human resources in science, technology, and
innovation. As of December 2017, 497 scientists served under the program. Most of our National
Artists came from Asia, North America and, a few from Europe, Australia, and Africa (Dimailig,
2019)
The Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic, and Natural Resources Research and
Development (PCAARD), Philippine Council for Industry, Energy, and Emerging Technology
Research and Development (PCIEERD), and Philippine Council for Health Research and
Development (PCHRD) are the three DOST councils responsible for the engagements of the BSP
awardees.
Order of National Scientist

The award Order of National Scientists is the highest distinction for a Filipino by the
President of the Republic of the Philippines, with exceptional scientific and technical achievements.
The difference instituted in 1976 through Presidential Decree 1003-A, which created the National
Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) as the country's highest recognition and advisory body
in Science and technology. NAST recognizes national scientists annually for outstanding individual
or joint accomplishments in Science or technology and gives the President the rank and title.
Executive Order 236 lifted the status of National Scientists into the Order of National Scientists in
2003. (University of the Philippines Diliman, 2020)
As of 2018, there are 41 National Scientists. Two of them are engineer agriculturist Ramon
Barba and biologist Angel Alcala.
Small and Medium Enterprise Technology Upgrading Program (SETUP)

SETUP stands for Small and Medium Enterprise Technology Upgrading Program is one of the
flagship programs of DOST. SETUP is a national strategy aimed at encouraging and assisting small
and medium-sized enterprises in adopting technology innovations to improve their operations, thus
boosting their productivity and competitiveness. The program helps businesses to tackle their
technological challenges through technology transfer and development interventions.
According to DOST, in 2018, the companies supported by SETUP produced: 42,853 jobs, P
8.344 billion cumulative gross sales, and 41% productivity increase, a total of 20635 technology
inventions, and There 773 projects funded.
Grants-In-Aid Program
The Grants-In-Aid (GIA) is one of the programs of the Department of Science and Technology
that aims to harness the country's scientific and technical capacities to promote sustainable
economic growth and development. The GIA program is structured by funding related science and
technology (S&T) undertakings to contribute to Filipinos' productivity and quality of life through
the generation and promotion of appropriate technologies. It also aims to reinforce participation,
transfer, use of technology, human resources development, dissemination of information, advocacy,
and linkages.
The GIA program offers grants for implementing programs/projects defined in the current
DOST priorities and thrusts and supports S&T activities classified under the General Appropriations
Act (GAA).
Forest Products Research and Development Institute

The Forest Products Research and Development Institute (FPRDI) researches forest
products from wood and non-wood. It is the center of applied technologies in the country for the
utilization of forest products.
Legal Basis:
• Executive Order No. 257 (1957). The transferred the Forest Products Research Institute (FPRI)
from the Bureau of Forestry of the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources to the
University of the Philippines (as Forest Products Laboratory).
• Republic Act No. 5526 (June 21, 1969) created the Forest Products Research and Development
Commission (FORPRIDECOM) under the National Science Development Board (NSDB).
• Executive Order No. 784 (March 17, 1982) renamed the NSDB to the National Science and
Technology Authority (NSTA), and the FORPRIDECOM became the Forest Products Research
and Development Institute (FPRDI).
• Executive Order No. 128 (January 30, 1987) reorganized the NSTA into the Department of
Science and Technology (DOST), with the FPRDI being retained under it.
Philippine Nuclear Research Institute
The Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI), formerly the Philippine Atomic Energy
Commission (PAEC), was founded on June 13, 1958. It is one of the research institutes within the
Department of Science and Technology. It is authorized to perform research and development
activities on the peaceful use of nuclear energy, aiming to lay down regulations on these uses and
enforce those regulations. This will help protect the health and safety of workers and the general
public.
Project NOAH (Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards)

Project NOAH was an integrated disaster prevention and mitigation program of the
Department of Science and Technology (DOST). This project designed to employ Science and
technology to produce reliable data and meet the conditions required by national government
agencies, private sector stakeholders, and academy to make informed decisions on disaster risk
management activities. Project NOAH aims to fulfill its vision of disaster-free and empowered
communities by providing open access to accurate, reliable, and timely hazard and risk information
that has been updated and enhanced using advanced technology. This also undertakes research
projects to develop technology and resources that further strengthen government capacity and help
the public plan for and respond to disasters.
In March 2017, study, development, and extension services on natural hazards, disaster risk
management, and climate change actions developed at the University of the Philippines as the UP
NOAH Centre.
Philippine-California Advanced Research Institutes (PCARI) Project

The Philippine-California Advanced Research Institutes (PCARI) project is a new approach
to enhance the skills and abilities of Philippine universities and colleges' faculty and staff through
scholarships, training and research collaborations with leading research universities in California,
USA, in the priority areas of information infrastructure development (IID) and health innovation
and translational medicine (HITM).
Philippine Space Program

The Philippines' space program is technically decentralized and managed under the
Department of Science and Technology (DOST) by different agencies. It aims to set the foundation
for the establishment of a Philippine Space Agency. The Philippine government passed the
"Philippine Space Act" (Republic Act 11363) in 2019. It is under the newly formed Philippine Space
Agency (PhilSA) to see the integration and centralization of space research and development.
The development of the space program is essential for national security, agricultural
development, environmental management, and climate change mitigation. The program aims to
develop technologies such as uncrewed aerial vehicles, microsatellites, and communication
satellites.
Science Education in the Philippines
Science is part of the K to 12 curriculum, which focuses on improving student scientific literacy
skills, beliefs, and attitudes, such as objectivity, curiosity, integrity, and habits of mind, including critical
and logical thinking skills. Science stimulates learners' interest and knowledge of phenomena and events
of the world around them. In general, all these skills, values, attitudes, and dispositions are likewise
relevant to the individual student for his personal development, future career, and life.
Science is relevant because of its links to technology and industry, which, from a national
perspective, are areas of high development priority. Scientific research provides a systematic way to make
sense of the world.
DOST Scholarship Programs

The DOST-SEI Merit Scholarship Program mandated under the Republic Act 7687 or the
Science and Technology Act of 1994. The program is awarded to highly qualified students in Science
and mathematics and can pursue careers in science and technology. Most Filipino scientists,
inventors, innovators, engineers, and professionals have benefited from DOST scholarship
programs.
Philippine Science High School
The Philippine Science High School System (PSHS) is a highly specialized public high school
system in the Philippines that operates as an attached DOST agency. It is considered the top high
school in the Philippines and ranked among the highest in the ASEAN region in 2016. It has 16
campuses located in the following areas nationwide.
Regional Science High School Union

The Regional Science High School Union (RSHS-Union) established in the Philippines during
the 1994-1995 school year. It is a specialized system of public secondary schools managed and
regulated by the Department of Education, with a curriculum that focuses heavily on Math and
Science.
The DOST established several programs to improve science education in the country, such
the following: (1) Project HOTS; (2) VISSER; (3) STAR BOOKS; and (4) InnoBox Project.
Indigenous Science and Technology in the Philippines
The indigenous Science and technology in the Philippines are rich in cultural diversity. Our country
has more than 100 tribes or groups, and each has a different but interconnected indigenous science and
technology.
Many herbal medicines that we are currently using to treat some diseases have an indigenous origin.
Many indigenous practices in resource management have been documented, like the muyong system in
Ifugao and the lapat system in Apayao.
References
Braan-Imai, R. (2018, October 2). Watershed Sentinel. Retrieved from Indigenous Science and Technology:
https://watershedsentinel.ca/articles/indigenous-science-technology/
Bueno, D. C. (2019). Science, Technology and Society. Mandaluyong City: Books Atbp. Publishing Corp.
Commission on Higher Education. (2019). Retrieved from Philippine-California Advanced Research Institutes:
https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-california-advanced-research-institute-pcari/
Department of Science and Technology. (2014, April 26). Retrieved from The DOST in Brief:
http://www.dost.gov.ph/transparency/about-dost/history-and-logo.html
Dimailig, C. J. (2019, June 25). Philippine Council for Health Research and Development. Retrieved from Balik
Scientist Program (BSP): Balik Puso, Balik Pilipinas:
http://www.pchrd.dost.gov.ph/index.php/news/6455-balik-scientist-program-bsp-balik-puso-balik-
pilipinas
DOST Region 9. (2016, September). Retrieved from Small Enterprise Technology Upgrading Program:
http://www.region9.dost.gov.ph/products-and-services
Giacomin, N. (2019, November 18). Space Legal Issues. Retrieved from The Philippine Space Act:
https://www.spacelegalissues.com/the-philippine-space-act/
Ilagan, Y. A. (2018). Science Technology and Society. Muntinlupa City: Panday-Lahi Publishing House Inc.
Ratnasiri, N. (2006). The role of Science and Technology in Nation Building. J. Natn. Sci. Foundation, 113.
Science Education Institute (SEI)-Department of Science and Technology (DOST). (2019). Retrieved from
http://www.sei.dost.gov.ph/index.php/programs-and-projects
SEI-DOST Region 8. (2005). Retrieved from Grants in Aid Program: http://region8.dost.gov.ph/programs-
services
University of the Philippines Diliman. (2020). Retrieved from National Scientists:
https://upd.edu.ph/national-scientists
Assessing Learning
Activity 8
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________
Directions: Answer the following questions by writing on spaces provided.
1. Discuss the important role of science and technology in the following field/sector:
a. Health
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
b. Social Services
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
c. Agriculture
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
d. Economy
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
e. Natural disasters
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_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
f. Environment
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Among the research agenda, which do you think is most appropriate to your community? Evaluate
your answer.
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_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Explain how the following programs/projects were able to contribute to nation building.
a. Balik Scientist Program

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
b. Small and Medium Enterprise Technology Upgrading Program (SETUP)

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
c. Grants-in-Aid Program
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
d. Project NOAH
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
e. Philippine Space Program

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Activity 9
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________
1. Discuss the important role of science education in the development of the country.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. As a student, what problems have you experienced in Philippine science education? What solution/s
can you recommend to address these problems?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. If you were given a chance to talk with the President of your university, what aspects of science
education would you suggest to change, and why?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. How do you differentiate the science courses in high school under K12 curriculum and the science
courses before its implementation?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Activity 10
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________
1. Provide specific examples to differentiate indigenous science from indigenous technology.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the role of indigenous science in the development of science and technology in the
Philippines?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Cabanatuan City
Module in
& SOCIETY
UNIT IV.
HUMAN FLOURISHING

Overview
This unit gives you an idea of how humans can flourish, what is Human Flourishing from a different
point of view, how to flourish, and the impact of technology in humans. This will help you analyze the
difference between human flourishing in philosophers' views and the modern world concept. You will also
identify the negative and positive effects of technology and how it affects humans. This chapter will reflect
your life in self-actualization. So that you will know your role in society as a student and as a human as
well. Also, you will be able to deeply understand your needs (emotional aspect; strength and weakness)
and how you will overcome it.

1. define flourishing in philosopher point of view and modern world concept;
2. familiarize with the two Greek philosophers and their opinion on virtue;
3. appreciate the application of technology and its relation to human flourishing; and
4. explain the connection of human flouring to science and technology
Setting Up
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________

Directions: “The true secret of happiness lies in the taking a genuine interest in all the details of daily life”.
This is one of the best quotes that define happiness by William Morris. Have you asked yourself if you are
happy? With this, answer the following questions by writing on the space provided.
1. What is your own definition of happiness?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. When is the last time you feel happy and how did you feel it?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Give a situation in your life that you feel down/miserable and what did you do to overcome it?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. What makes you happy?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Lesson Proper
Human Flourishing
According to Aristotle, Human is defined as a rational animal because they can think and use reason
consistently. The way human beings do things is by making rational choices that take specific actions or
scientific investigations that are mostly in-line in their personal preferences. Hence, a human being is a
person who makes up society and is responsible for the research and innovations currently being used and
existing today. Understanding the behavior of humans (strength and weakness), their nature, values,
norms, needs (material or spiritual), and how to cater to these is an essential tool to live a flourishing life.
A. Human Flourishing: Based on Ancient Greek Philosophers’ Perspective.
Flourishing. It is a state where people experience positive emotions and positive social
functioning (. Is a descriptor and a measure of positive mental health in life well-being (the state of being
happy, healthy or prosperous).
How to live a flourishing life?

Two of the most recognized Greek Philosophers that tries to answer the question. PLATO and
ARISTOTLE. These great philosophers called flourishing life as “EUDAIMONIA”; it is usually
associated with HAPPINESS. For them, happiness is the result of eudaimonia or human flourishing.
PLATO’S interpretation of “Human Flourishing”

PLATO (428/427 – 348/347 B.C.). For him, “all human beings naturally desire eudaimonia or
human flourishing”. To be flourish, Plato believed that one must have moral thought and virtuous
action. (VIRTUE – trait or quality that is deemed to be morally good). The well-being of a human
individual must NOT depend on external goods (such as fame, wealth, good appearance). To live just
for the sake of these external goods will not lead to flourishing.
If having a VIRTUE is needed in order to FLOURISH, How does one develop virtue?
According to Plato, Human being can develop virtue by the following:
1. By examining things and thinking more
2. By masterly using reason
3. By living the Four Cardinal Virtues (Wisdom, Courage, Temperance, Justice)
By examining things and thinking more

Plato believed that humans can reason and must use it to become wiser to flourish. He said
that human being who does not examine his or her life and surroundings would not flourish.
By masterly using reason

According to Plato, using reason over desires makes human to be good. Reasoning allows the
control of oneself, and limiting one’s reason may result in negative consequences. A human can
flourish if he or she can control itself through reason and act for the common good.
By living the four cardinal virtues

Wisdom: The quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgement; the quality of
being wise. One must pursue learning based on curiosity, which leads to more efficacy and self-
mastery, which are needed to have a fulfilling life.
Courage: It is important to have courage in society today; it is needed to face life’s challenges
because JUSTICE needs courageous individuals to stand for what is right and to correct what is
wrong.
Temperance: According to Joel (2011), it is defined as moderation or voluntary self-restraint.

Plato believed that having temperance prevents corruption and chaos. It is important in the society
because a human without temperance will not flourish since lack of self-restraint can lead to vices
and violence.
ARISTOTLE’S interpretation of “Human Flourishing”.
ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.) He explained that eudaimonia or human flourishing is the highest
good of human beings. Zey (2001) introduced the Rational Choice Theory, which is used to model
human decision making. It explains the behavior of human being in order to satisfy human needs.
What are the aspects of Human Nature?

There are four aspects of Human nature according to Aristotle.
1. Physical
2. Emotional
3. Social
4. Rational
Humans are Physical Being. For humans, to keep their body physically and mentally
functioning, they need air, water, food rest, and exercise.
Humans are Emotional Being. Humans are the highest forms of animals. Like any other
animals, humans have needs, desires, and wants. Humans have emotional needs to express different
emotions in such reaction.
Humans are Social Being. The feeling of satisfaction, flourishing, or well-being can be
experienced when learning to socialized. As social beings, it is inherent that humans need
friendship, companions, cooperation, and a sense of belongingness in society.
Humans are Rational Being. As Aristotle said, a human is defined as a rational animal because
they can think and use reason consistently. Rationality is what differentiates humans from other
animals. It allows human to express, be creative, or obey reason.
How does human become more virtuous?

For Aristotle, a virtue is a character trait that enables a person to flourish. Just like Plato,
Aristotle believed that humans, through reason, seek knowledge about the world. He also believed
that by gaining knowledge, humans would flourish. He called it “INTELLECTUAL
VIRTUE” (According to King (2014), intellectual virtue is an excellent personal trait or character
strength that is deemed to be morally good for thinking and learning and is often associated with
knowledge and cognitive ability.) Aristotle made an important distinction between knowledge and
human flourishing.
2 Types of Knowledge:
1. Theoretical knowledge. This type of knowledge is about the nature of the principle. It allows
us to manipulate nature; however, without practical knowledge, it cannot be done.
2. Practical knowledge. This is the knowledge of applying principles. Thus, knowledge is very
important in life, but it is the application of this knowledge that leads to flourishing.
Aside from intellectual virtue, the other virtue in life is the virtue of character. Aristotle
believed that to flourish, one must possess the 11 virtuous traits. (Courage, temperance, liberality,
magnificence, magnanimity, patience, truthfulness, wittiness, friendliness, justice, and Shame). In
addition, Aristotle stated that all virtues are connected by PHRONESIS or “PRACTICAL
WISDOM”. It enables an individual to apply the appropriate virtue in each situation. A virtuous life
can be attained through education and habit. In summary, when an individual
possesses INTELLECTUAL VIRTUE and VIRTUES OF CHARACTER, he or she will
attain EUDAIMONIA or HUMAN FLOURISHING.
B. Human Flourishing: A Modern World Concept
In Psychology, Human Flourishing has different components: happiness, life satisfaction, mental
and virtue, close social relationship, and financial and material stability.
1. Flourishing is intrinsically worthwhile

It contrasts with the Greek Philosopher’s point of view that human flourishing is a means to
an end goal, happiness. Flourishing is naturally good and is worth striving for. Therefore, it is
intrinsically worthwhile.
2. The actualization of the human potential
When an individual uses his or her potentials and capabilities it is called human flourishing.
The level of flourishing for every individual will cannot be compared because every individual has
different potential and encounter different opportunities.
Criteria for Human Flourishing
a. Life as a whole. In studying an individual’s flourishing, it is needed to understand his or her

nature as a whole person/life, which means it is important to study not only some parts of an
individuals life but its totality as a human as a well.
b. Human flourishing is a dynamic state. Human flourishing is self-motivated. It requires a

developmental process/progress to portray human potential. To become a flourishing human
being, one must continuously develop or endlessly growing.
c. Objective good. Everyone needs to be flourish. There are things that are good and otherwise bad
for everybody. Good things or objective goods such as good social relationships, positive
emotions and purpose, and so on, if developed, will contribute to having a flourishing life.
C. The Human Person Flourishing in Terms of Science and Technology
Now that you have an idea and a good perspective about human flourishing. What do you think is
the role of Science and Technology in Human Flourishing?
Role of Science and Technology in Human Flourishing

Remember, Aristotle said that humans flourish by gaining new knowledge. He called it
“intellectual virtue.” He also distinguished theoretical knowledge and practical knowledge. On the
other hand, Science is a systematic body of knowledge that seeks to explain life and the world.
SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY
-Comparable to theoretical -Comparable to practical
knowledge. knowledge
-Explains the nature or -Applies the theoretical
principles behind an object, knowledge in order to have
event or phenomenon. an output.
Elucidating the importance of science and technology to human being, scientific and
technological discoveries allow humanity to gain intellectual virtues. For example, through science,
the antibiotic nature of Penicillium notatum was discovered. But through technology, the penicillin
medicine was developed and provided a cure to many diseases.
Alvin Tofler is an American writer and futurologist who focused his writings on technology
expansion and its impact on society (Zakaria, 2012). Advancement in Science and Technology
provides a positive impact on human life such as the following:
- made work easier, efficient or practical

- made people happy or entertained
- kept people healthy and safe
- helped to address social issues and concerns
- helped in the development of human talent and abilities
Having an advantage, science and technology can be exploited that results to negative impact
or serious disadvantages. As a result, technological developments made possible industrialization
which made humans become machine-like workers. It also caused pollution that causes diseases
that causes life loss. Technologies such as nuclear weapons also cause extermination.
To help you understand the lesson, read the article by Connolly and Miller, “is Human
Flourishing in the ICT World of the Future likely? (Optional)
D. Technology as a Way of Revealing
For this topic try to read the essay by Martin Heidegger: The Question Concerning Technology.
(Optional)
http://monoskop.org/images/4/44/Heidegger_Martin_The_Question_Concerning_Technology_and_O
ther Essays.pdf
Martin Heidegger (1889-1976). It is one of the most original and important philosophers in the 20th
century. In his essay, he suggested how humans establish a “free relationship” with technology. Heidegger
focused on orientation to technology, not on the form or function.
How do we generally think about technology?

For Heidegger, First, technology is a means to an end. It refers to the instrumental
definition of technology. And secondly, technology is a human activity that refers to the
anthropological definition. These two definitions of Heidegger are correct; however, limiting the
understanding of human relationships with technology. Heidegger discussed the concepts of
causality to fully understand what is meant by “technology as a means to an end.”
There are four causes of causality/connection.

1. Causa materialis. It refers to the material used to form an object.
2. Causa formalis. It refers to the form or shape.
3. Causa finalis. It refers to an end.
4. Causa efficiens. It refers to which brings about the effect
“CAUSA,” Latin word means “that which brings about.” Furthermore, Heidegger preferably
uses the Greek word “aition,” which means “that which is responsible for something else.” And that
leads him to use the terms hyle, eidos, telos, and logos as a replacement to the four causes. Heidegger
termed technology as a kind of poesis, a way of bringing forth or revealing referred to as – “the
realm of truth.” Technology came from the Greek word “technikon” that is related to techne.
Heidegger made two points about techne. It refers to both manufacturing and to the arts. It is usually
part of poesis. Techne is a kind of knowing. It may refer to “expertise” or “know-how.” In a sense,
technology is not in the instrumental production of good or manipulation of materials, but rather in
“revealing.” Heidegger differentiates older forms of technology and modern form of technology. He
said that modern technology has a different kind of revealing, and it is challenging. Old windmills,
for instance, draw energy from the wind but do not extract and store energy, unlike modern
technology.
To understand more of modern technology as revealing differently. Heidegger introduced

the idea of “standing reserve.” He explained that technology transforms the world into a standing
reserve. It is said that “nothing in the world is good in and of itself, but only good for something. An
airplane, for instance, has no good or value in and of itself, but it is good for humanity as a mode of
transportation. It can be disposed of, leaving it with no value its disposal by humanity depends on
its goodness. Humans can become standing reserves of technology. Since humans are responsible
for technological advances, humans will never completely become as standing reserves. In the same
way, nature and nature's mode of revealing will never completely become under human control.
Despite humans having now the capacity to destroy nature, the natural world reveals itself
to humans on their terms. Example: Humans cannot directly control the formation of coal deposits
or accumulate nitrogen in the soil. They can only control the way humans orient themselves to their
thinking and actions, with such resources. Humans manage to think of technology as an instrument,
a means of getting things done.
References
Green, Joel (2011). Dictionary of Scripture and Ethics. Grand Rapids, Mich: Baker Academic. P.768 ISBN 978-
0-8010-3406-0.
King, N. (2014). What are intellectual virtues. The Table. Bible University. Center for Christian thought.
Mental health Foundation of New Zealand, Flourishing, Positive Mental Health and Wellbeing: How can they
be increase
Zakaria W.F.A.W. (2012). Alvin Tofler: Knowledge and Change in Future Society. International Journal of
Islamic Thought. 1: 54-61.
Zey, M.A (2001). Rational Choice and Organization Theory. International Encyclopedia of the Social and
Behavioral Sciences. DOI.10.1016/BO-08-043076-7/04212-1.
http://frontleraners.com/blended/2020/june/23.
http://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2015/sep/23/developing-poor-
countries-de-develop-rich-countries-sdgs.
http://monoskop.org/images/4/44/Heidegger_Martin_The_Question_Concerning_Technology_and_Other
Essays.pdf
http://www.researchgate.net.PDF web results is human flourishing in the ict world of the future likely?-
ResearGate.
www.keepinspiring.me/quotes-about-happiness/
Assessing Learning
Activity 11
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________
Directions: Identify the terms or names being defined or identified by the given statements. Write your
answer on the space provided before each number. ANY form of ERASURE/ALTERATION will be
considered wrong.
___________________________1. He defined human as a rational animal because they can think and use reason
consistently.
___________________________2. Is a state where people experience positive emotions and positive social
functioning.
___________________________3. A trait or quality that is deemed to be morally good.
___________________________4.
According to Plato human beings can develop virtue by
___________________________5. means of?
___________________________6.
___________________________7. When an individual possesses intellectual virtue and virtues of character, then,
he or she will attain ___________________.
___________________________8.
___________________________9. Give three (3) words that is associated with Happiness.
__________________________10.
Activity 12
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________
Directions: Read the article by Jason Hickel and answer the questions.
“Forget’ developing’ poor countries’, it’s time to’ develop’ rich countries’”
By: Jason Hickel
Questions:
1. The article criticized the use of growth as the main strategy for the eradication of poverty. Why is
that so?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Based from the article, why do we need to de-develop rich countries? Do you agree?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the connection of the article to human flourishing and the progress of science and
technology?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Activity 13
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________
Directions: Read the following question and answer it precisely. (This could show how will you reflect the
role of science and technology in human flourishing). Reflection Paper
What part of your life for the past years was the most fulfilling/worthwhile? What made you flourish
on those past years? and what is the role of science and technology that affect that experience?
Cabanatuan City
Module in
& SOCIETY
UNIT V.
THE GOOD LIFE

1
Overview
In this unit, you will learn about what different schools of thought and individuals consider as the
“good life” and its accompanying limitations and responsibilities. These will help you identify the ways of
how you can enjoy a good life through science and technology within the bounds of society’s moral
principles and ethical standards.

1. define what is the “good life”; and
2. examine shared concerns that make up the good life to come up with innovative, creative
solutions to contemporary issues guided by ethical standards
2
Setting Up
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________

Directions: Everyone has a different definition of what having a “Good Life” looks like. Have you considered
what a good life is like? To help you answer the following questions on the space provided.
1. What does living a “Good Life” mean to you? (When can you say that a person is actually living a
good life?)
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Do you believe that you are living a good life right now? Why or why not?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What role do you think science and technology plays in helping people achieve what they think is a
good life?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3
Lesson Proper
The Good Life
As you may have realized in the previous activity, the answer to the question, “What is a Good Life?”
varies among individuals. It can also vary among people from different places, cultures, and schools of
philosophy! The time or period during which a person lives will also affect how he or she defines a good
life. For example, do you think a person living in the 16th century England will have the same idea of a good
life as a person living in the Philippines during the present day? Of course, not!
Let us begin by discussing the three main ideas that address the good life: The Moral Life, The
Fulfilled Life, and The Life of Pleasure.
The Moral Life is a concept of the good life introduced by Socrates and Plato. Are you familiar with
these two philosophers? To give you a bit of a background, Socrates is a Greek philosopher who is also
considered as the father of western philosophy. Plato was his most famous student and apprentice (Ancient
History Encyclopedia, 2009)
According to them, a person who has a good life is someone who possesses and practices the most
important virtues. These virtues are courage, kindness, loyalty, and generosity. They believed being
virtuous is superior overall supposedly good things like pleasure, power, or wealth. The concept of the
Moral Life as a good life also believes that:
• Questioning, reflecting, and examining the nature of things is important in order to have a good life.
• Servitude to others is essential.
• To have a good life, one must have full control of his or her desires and passions with proper reason.
Aristotle, another famous philosopher that I’m sure you are familiar with, claims that a good life
is The Fulfilled Life. Aristotle is the student of Plato. Aristotle views the good life more comprehensively
and that it all boils down to man’s desire to be happy. He believes that someone has a good life if he or
she:
• is morally virtuous
• has a good health and long life
• leads a prosperous lifestyle
• has good friends
• respects other people
• has good luck or fortune, and
• is able to use his or her abilities, talents, and capacities.
According to this theory, we value things because they are a means to achieve other things. For
example, we value money because it allows us to buy our needs and wants. We value leisure because it
lets us rest and has time to pursue our interests. However, happiness is something we value in itself and
not because we get something else when we have it. In other words, the value of happiness is intrinsic
rather than instrumental (Westacott, 2020).
Last but not the least, another philosopher named Epicurus suggested the concept of The Life of
Pleasure. According to him, life is worth living because of pleasures. Pleasure can be defined as a mental
state that is enjoyable, positive, and worth seeking. This view that pleasure leads to a good life or that
pleasure is what makes life worth living, is known as hedonism (Westacott, 2020) There are many kinds
of pleasures in this world, some of which are wealth, fame, food, and sexual pleasures. Calling someone a
hedonist often has a negative connotation because it suggests that he or she is devoted to “lower”
pleasures like food, drinks, sex, and other sensual indulgences.
Although Epicurus thinks these can give a person a good life, he also believes that a person should
not lose himself or herself to pleasures because:
1. This will reduce one’s pleasure in the long run

2. Pleasure from things like friendship and education are more important.
4
3. Everyone should live a virtuous life.
There are Three Aspects of Good Life, namely self-mastery, servitude to society, and
contemplation, and learning. The good life is said to be an integration of these aspects, disregarding the
hedonistic idea mentioned earlier.
Ethics and Ethical Standards
Now that you have a background on “What is a Good Life”, the next question is : “How should I
live?”.
The answer to this question is a matter of Ethics. Ethics is the system of moral principles,
meaning a standard for choosing between right and wrong. It is mainly concerned with what is good for
an individual, or yourself, and the society (BBC, 2014). It is the key in solving the following dilemmas:
a. How to live a good life

b. Knowing your rights and responsibilities
c. The language of right and wrong
d. Identifying what is good and what is bad
Since humans are set apart from other creatures because of the ability to reason out and the
capacity to observe rational thinking, this idea of right and wrong and living an ethical life is unique. Ethics
provides a foundation for answering complex questions and allowing humans to behave and act
according to moral principles.
For example, all of us encounter ethical dilemmas in our everyday lives. These are situations in
which a difficult choice or decision must be made between two or more alternatives, especially equally
undesirable ones. It is important that whatever we do or say is based on moral principles. Here are some
ethical dilemmas that you can think about:
1. Will you tell your parents or guardians about getting low or failing grades in some of your subjects?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Do you think it is okay to eat in fancy restaurants when some people have nothing to eat?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. If you find out that your friend’s partner is cheating, will you tell your friend about it even though you
know it will hurt him/her?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
After trying to answer and think about these ethical dilemmas, consider what made you choose
your final decisions. Is it for the good of yourself and your loved ones, or is it based on the good and bad
standards set by the society around you? You are more likely to realize that it is often a combination of
both.
The Role of Ethics in Innovation
Question: Do you think Ethics is important in innovation? Why or why not?

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5
Before we discuss the role of ethics in innovation, let us first understand what innovation is
(Callegaro, 2017).
1. Divergence
The goal of innovation is to change the status quo of the ways we have been used to it. It aims to
create and develop new concepts, ideas, and methods, therefore diverging from common. Through
this, different problems and issues can be solved using new and maybe even better approaches and
solutions.
2. Curiosity
Aristotle once said that our curiosity allows us to search for our intellectual virtues. Curiosity
urges us to examine things closely, probe, explore ideas, and ultimately gain new knowledge. In other
words, innovation begins with curiosity.
Intellectual virtues are excellent character strengths or personal traits considered to be morally
good for thinking and learning. These are often associated with knowledge and cognitive ability (King,
2014). Good thinking and learning also require traits like being intellectually honest, humble, careful,
and attentive. These are all intellectual virtues.
3. Multi-disciplinary
To come up with any innovative solution, you should be able to look at a problem from multiple
perspectives, or a multi-disciplinary approach must be applied. This provides us with a deeper
understanding of the problem and a more holistic idea about potential solutions. This can be made
possible through the collaboration of experts and people with diverse skills and backgrounds.
4. Resilience
Innovation is not a one-time task and is often a product of many trial and error experiments.
Innovators must be resilient, persistent, and determined to keep testing ideas and continue the
process despite many failed attempts and mistakes.
5. Effect to people
Innovators must also think about the effect or impact of their innovation to people. Of course, the
goal is to benefit all end-users since the people or the end-users are the ultimate judges if the
innovation is relevant, helpful, and useful to them.
6. Shared responsibility
However, we must also remember that any innovation's success is a shared responsibility
between the innovator and the community. The innovator’s intention should be for the common good
and benefit of the community. Likewise, the community should make sure to use the innovation
responsibly.
What is the distinction between technology and innovation?
Innovation is a human-centered perspective and process. It is the formulation of new

concepts, ideas, and methods to provide solutions to problems.
Technology, on the other hand, can be a product of innovation. It is the application of scientific
knowledge for practical purposes. Therefore, technology is an essential part of innovative
development (Callegaro, A. 2017).
Economic gain and technological advancement should not be the sole consideration of
innovation. It should also be ethical. Innovation can affect people in many different ways and impact
many aspects of our lives, such as our health, communication, education, politics, and justice system.
Thus, innovation should be accomplished within the bounds of an ethical framework.
Innovations are considered ethical innovations if they possess the following characteristics
(Brown & Wyatt, 2010):
6
• Humanistic
Innovations should be human-centered. Meaning, it should be helpful, useful, and relevant to the
people for which it is intended.
• Participatory
The process of planning, designing, and creating innovations should be done with the people
and not just for the people.
• Sustainable
Innovations are only ever important and necessary if they could be sustained for a long
period of time considering political, social, economical, and environmental aspects.
So, how can we relate the Good Life, Ethics, and Innovation to each other?
To further understand the lesson, please read this UNEP report with the title, “Towards a Green
Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication”
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/126GER_synthesis_en.pdf
After reading the Online Article, discuss your answer to the following questions:
• How can we relate the green economy to sustainable development?

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
• What are the main principles of the green economy?

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
• In what ways can a green economy contribute to achieving a good life for people and the society?
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion/ Summary
Living a good life is a part of human flourishing. Without focusing on self-pleasure (the
hedonistic approach), the good life is a combination of self-mastery, servitude to the society, and
contemplation and learning.
Ethics helps us answer the question, “How should I live?”. It is a system of moral principles for
considering what is good for oneself and society and other people.
Innovation is a human-centered perspective and process. It is the formulation of new

concepts, ideas, and methods to provide solutions to humanity’s problems. It also plays a role in
achieving a Good Life. However, to attain a good life though innovation, our decisions must be based
on ethical standards and moral principles.
References
Ancient History Encyclopedia (2009). Socrates. Retrieved from

https://www.ancient.eu/socrates/#:~:text=Socrates%20(469%2F470%2D399,356%2D323%20BCE)
on July 20, 2020
BBC (2014). Ethics - Introduction to ethics: Ethics: A general introduction. Retrieved from
http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/introduction/intro_1.shtml on July 21, 2020.
Brown, T. & Wyatt, J (2010) DesignThinking for Social Innovation. Stanford Social Innovation Review
7
Callegaro, A. (2017) Why Innovation and Technology Aren’t the same. -UNHCR Innovation.
King, N. (2014) What are intellectual virtues. The Table Bible University. Center for Christian thought
Westacott, E. (2020). What does it mean to live the good life? Retrieved from
https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-the-good-life-4038226 on July 20, 2020
8
Assessing Learning
Activity 14
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________
Directions: To help understand the lesson, watch this documentary entitled, “That Sugar Film” (2015).
Write a reaction paper about the documentary film on the next page of this module. You can use an
extra sheet if you need to. You can submit your reaction paper in a handwritten or printed format. If
you will opt to submit a printed paper, use Font: Cambria, Font Size: 12, Line Spacing: 1.5 and Paper
size: 8.5 x 11” (short bond paper/ letter size).
Refer to the following guide questions:
1. What do you think is the purpose of the film?
2. Did you find the information offered up in the film to be shocking, or were you aware of the role sugar
plays in your life? Discuss.
3. Do you think you can survive a 30-day sugar-free diet? Why or why not?
4. How can you relate this film and sugar consumption to the concepts of the Good life that we have
discussed?
Grading Rubrics:
Cabanatuan City
Module in
& SOCIETY
UNIT VI.
WHEN TECHNOLOGY AND HUMANITY CROSS

1
Overview
Humans started to develop technology as a means to improve their living. In order to make life
easier, scientific knowledge must be applied to different processes. However, despite the good intentions
of technological advancement and development through scientific knowledge, there are still disadvantages
caused by these technologies, which raised societal concerns. Ethical dilemmas regarding the introduction
of these technologies changed the social behavior and preferences of humans. Unit VI emphasizes how the
rapid acceleration in science and technology influenced some ethical standards of society. Advantages and
disadvantages of the newly acquired technologies are presented, including how these advancements
brought ethical dilemmas to the community. Inherent human rights are also presented in this unit.

1. know and assess human rights in order to know the underlying rights concerning some
tecnological ethical dilemmas;
2. discuss the implications of the interaction between science and technology and human social
behaviour; and
3. relate human rights and the emerging technological dilemmas.
2
Setting Up
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________

Directions: Encircle the words/terms about communication technology. (20 pts.)
R S T V E A R A D I O Y T P
T E I E M A I L S J K L G A
E P L M N B V C X Z A N S I
L Q O K I N S E C T I B S N
E W S S E E B A T G T U E T
V E S L T A K A G O Y G A I
I R D Q A A S O L I K G S N
S T F S L X L A M W B Y C G
I Y G D L B E D S S I S A O
O U H C O W O I T Y A K P U
N U E R O H P A M E S M I T
O I C I O P Q S Z C V B N D
P I J L M O R S E C V D E T
M A T E L E P H O N E D E F
3
Lesson Proper
Technology and Its Importance to Human Society
Technology, which is the application of scientific knowledge on techniques and processes, has
practical impact by sustaining different sectors of the community especially in agriculture, health,
education, and transportation sectors. The use of technology started when human civilization developed
tools as they learn complex human behavior associated with their survival.
Through many years of constant change, the present condition of the society is very much different
with the society many years ago. The present-day generation have great desire for transformation,
innovation, transmission, and domination of information. Although there are many social consequences of
technological applications, many people nowadays became technologically dependent because of the ease
and comfort that these technologies gave. Because of this, the influence of science and technology in human
daily living is growing. There is also an intense competition in the marketing of these new technologies in
the society. However, the impact of technological inventions to the society must always be considered.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Modern Technology
Advantages
Based on Ramey (2013) online articles and SKILLs learning schools (2016), today’s
generation has recognized the advantages of modern technology to society.
• Communication was improved through communication tools that were invented to make the
transmission of information easier and faster.
• Dissemination of information can be made easily with the help of social media. Housing, lifestyle,
and entertainment was also improved.
• Materials used to build modern houses, and other facilities are far more sophisticated today.
• Equipment used for home activities, and entertainment purposes are automated and more versatile.
A smart TV can now perform both television and computer functions.
• Education today is not only limited to a classroom setting. Distant learning through online courses
and other web-based seminars became effective platforms of learning.
• The modern-day transport system, like the use of the railway, skyway, ships, and airport systems,
can be attributed to societal progress.
• Technological advancement has changed the medical field's structure by introducing more
sophisticated equipment for diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Recent breakthroughs have
allowed for the discovery of new treatment procedures.
• New technologies provide different industries to increase productivity and efficiency by reducing
labor costs and meeting the demands of a growing society. Moreover, technology opens an avenue
for more creative and innovative entrepreneurship through online businesses.
Disadvantages
Several negative effects of technological advancements complicated human social well-
being.
• A possible shift in economies may occur, especially in areas where human labor is used as the main
workforce.
• The adoption of new product innovations by companies raised some concerns over possible
massive job displacement.
• Technology has further developed destructive weapons such as machineries that caused massive
death among countries. Other examples of these weapons include drones, submarine, missiles, and
nuclear weapons.
• Physical and social isolation due to the absence of interactive relationships increased loneliness for
many individuals. Most people focus their attention on gadgets and social technology rather than
building harmonious relationships among family members through interaction.
• Increased dependence on modern tools and technologies reduced human creativity and
intelligence, which may lower their competency.
The above disadvantages of modern technology lead to technological ethical dilemmas

4
Human Rights
According to the United Nations, human rights are “rights inherent to all human beings, whatever
nationality, religion, ethnic group, race, sex, or any position in the society.” Human rights are
untransferable, which means they could not be removed in a person unless declared or instructed by law.
An example of this is a condemned individual awaiting execution because the crime he committed might
lose some of his rights. Human rights are universal, as stated in the Universal Declaration on Human Rights
in 1948. Human rights are inseparable and interconnected. When one right is improved, it will affect the
enhancement of others. Also, when one right is harmed, it hostiled the rights of others.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights

The General Assembly of the United Nations proclaimed the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights on December 10, 1948. Under the universal declaration of human rights, the state shall strive
to promote and secure the universal and effective recognition of rights through teaching and
providing education. These adopted human rights include the articles below:
Article 1 Right to Equality

Article 2 Freedom from Discrimination
Article 3 Right to Life, Liberty, Personal Security
Article 4 Freedom from Slavery
Article 5 Freedom from Torture and Degrading Treatment
Article 6 Right to Recognition as a Person before the Law
Article 7 Right to Equality before the Law
Article 8 Right to Remedy by Competent Tribunal
Article 9 Freedom from Arbitrary Arrest and Exile
Article 10 Right to Fair Public Hearing
Article 11 Right to be Considered Innocent until Proven Guilty
Article 12 Freedom from Interference with Privacy, Family,
Home, and Correspondence
Article 13 right to Free Movement in and out of the Country
Article 14 Right to Asylum in other Countries from Persecution
Article 15 Right to a Nationality and the Freedom to Change It
Article 16 Right to Marriage and Family
Article 17 Right to Own Property
Article 18 Freedom of Belief and Religion
Article 19 Freedom of Opinion and Information
Article 20 Right of Peaceful Assembly and Association
Article 21 Right to Participate in Government and in Free
Elections
Article 22 Right to Social Security
Article 23 Right to Desirable Work and to Join Trade Unions
Article 24 Right to Rest and Leisure
Article 25 Right to Adequate Living Standard
Article 26 Right to Education
Article 27 Right to Participate in the Cultural Life of the
Community
Article 28 Right to Social Order that Articulates this Document
Article 29 Community Duties Essential to Free and Full
Development
Article 30 Freedom from State of Personal Interference in the
above Rights
Aside from the rights enlisted in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, there are other
human rights included in the Constitution of each state, treatises, local laws, and policies.
Human rights should always be considered before a certain technology is introduced to avoid
technological ethical dilemmas. The persons or corporations involved should verify what human
rights will be at risk by introducing their newly created technologies.
5
Ethics and Ethical Dilemma
Ethics is a system of moral principles or values that govern a person's behavior concerning what is
good for oneself and the society that he belongs to. It is a measure of motivation to which people are
motivated to act morally.
People encounter many different problems in everyday living. Most of these problems can be
answered easily and in an uncomplicated manner. However, an ethical dilemma may occur in many
situations wherein there can be two possible solutions. Still, both of them were unpleasant or not
acceptable from an ethical perspective. This can sometimes be called an ethical paradox or moral dilemma.
In the case of an ethical dilemma, a deeper and better understanding of the underlying issue is required
and can lead to multiple solutions.
How do people approach ethical dilemmas?

People approach ethical dilemmas in different ways. The following are some steps from
which people approach ethical dilemmas.
1. Acknowledge or accept the ethical issue.

✓ Does the situation give rise to conflicts?
✓ Is it an ethical conflict?
2. These decisions can be made through the help of these questions:

✓ What are truths/facts behind the issue that can be used for the collection of reliable
information?
✓ What are the key values and ethical principles involved?
✓ What are the possible options or alternative choices?
3. Subject the dilemma to critical evaluation. Investigation of the situation may answer the
following questions:
✓ Which option can protect the rights of the individuals?
✓ Which option can lead to the best outcomes?
✓ Which option can best promote the common good?
2. Make a decision and evaluate the consequences.

✓ Which option or alternative is the best?
✓ Ask “Was my action the best action?”
Emerging Technological Ethical Dilemmas
Advances in technology are rapidly changing in many disciplines, such as agriculture, engineering,
education, medicine, etc. Farmers can improve crop yield through newly developed advanced pieces of
machinery for planting and harvesting, new engineering concepts can unlock solutions on problems
relating to genetics and chemical synthesis, teachers can modify and spread education through distance-
education and virtual classroom, and doctors can reduce medical mistakes by increasing potential to
improve health through precision medicine. However, these advancements in technology also have the
potential to transform individuals' lives negatively. Because of this, technological ethical dilemmas arise.
Technological ethical dilemmas occur when new and emerging technologies raise ethical, social, and
privacy issues. These dilemmas arose from the conception, production, use, and effect of technology. Few
of these technologies can be labeled as dangerous that may pose a threat to human lives. While other
technologies have high impact on society, they can change societal growth positively or negatively.
Four factors are placed at risk when ethical dilemmas occur due to certain technologies. These four
factors include the environment, individual health, individual rights, and the affected society. To have
better deal with technological ethical dilemmas, these four factors should always be considered.
6
The need to explore conceptual, ethical and policy issues of the society where modern technological
advancement interacts promotes the advancement of science and technology for the common good. It
should be clear that recent technologies and innovations should not hinder an individual from enjoying
any of the rights mentioned in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
In 2015 and 2016, the Reilly Center for Science Technology and Values at the University of Notre
Dame released some of what it considers emerging policies related to science and technology.
1. Real-time Satellite Surveillance Imagery

Satellite generated images are helpful in planning and solving humanitarian problems,
crimes, and disaster risk reduction. But if theses data would reach the hands of potential leftists,
this might clearly violate the privacy of human life.
2. Colonizing Mars: An Astronaut Bioethics

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and a private company, Mars
One, worked together for a space mission to colonize the planet Mars. In 2018, Mars One planned
to launch a robotic mission to Mars, and by 2025, four humans will be sent on a one-way mission
to establish the first community outside the earth. Despite the possibility of a breakthrough in
the history of science and technology, there is a need for risk assessment.
3. Wearable Technology
Companies around the globe have developed several wearable technologies to suit human
behavior and activities. These technologies have beneficial functions in education and health,
but privacy problems could be a problem.
4. State Sponsored Hacktivism and “soft war”

Soft war is an unarmed force using cyberwar and hacktivism to transform the cultural values
and identities of society. It can influence the social aspect of a given political system and invade
cultural and psychological operations. The use of cyberattacks to any government agency could
be a problem.
5. Enhanced Pathogens
Researches about the gain of function of known diseases such as influenza, Severe Acute
Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) have been
suspended in the United States because of biosafety concerns. Gains of function researches have
beneficial impacts such as understanding the virus and the mode of treatment for these viruses.
However, this kind of research could also increase mammalian transmission. This could be an
avenue of exposing the virus into the general population that could have devastating effects, just
like the present pandemic, COVID-19.
3. Non-lethal weapons
Non-lethal weapons are not designed to kill but remained to be an ethical dilemma. Some
examples are laser missiles, blinding weapons, pain rays, sonic weapons, and gasses and sprays.
Indiscriminate use of such could be used as a means of torture.
4. Robot Swarms
Some researchers of Harvard University focused on the development of “kilobots”, a group
of robots capable of communicating with each other and perform simple tasks that do not
require any human intervention. These groups of robots can be used in environmental clean-
7
ups or in responding to disasters. There is a risk of this technology to malfunction and cause
harm.
5. Artificial life forms

This technology is through synthetic biology, which is focused on custom-building of life
forms by introducing synthetic DNA to an existing organism. This raises concerns on some ethics
and policy issues. Safety issues are also of great concern since biological weapons using these
organisms may arise.
6. Resilient social-ecological systems

The need to build resilience in the social and ecological systems of each nation is necessary,
especially in facing societal problems brought about by poverty, economic globalization, and
natural phenomena such as climate change and natural disasters.
7. Brain-to-brain interfaces
This technology is about direct communication from one brain to another without the use of
speech but using electroencephalography (EEG), a machine that detects brain activity. Ethical
issues that arise are the kind of neurosecurity that can be used to prevent accidental sharing or
removal of information from an individual brain, intellectual property rights, and the liability
between the sender and receiver if one commits a mistake.
References
Carbonell J.G., Michalski R.S., Mitchell T.M. (1983) An Overview of Machine Learning. In: Michalski R.S.,
Kleinig, J., & Evans, N. G. (2012). Human Flourishing, Human Dignity, and Human Rights. Law and Philosophy.
32(50. 539-564. Doi:10.1007/s10982-012-9153-2
Marshall, K. P. (1999) Has Technology Introduced New Ethical Problems?. Journal of Business Ecthics, 19(1).
81-90. Doi:10.1023/aa:1006154023743
OHCHR. (n.d.). what are human rights? Retrieved January 29, 2019, from
https://www.ohchr.org/en/issues/pages/whatarehumanrights.aspx
Ramey, K. (2013) What is technology – Meaning of technology and its use. Use of Technology techucation
Rasmussen, d.B. (1989). Individual Rights and Human Flourishing. Publioc Affairs Quarterly. 3 (1), 89-103.
Retrieved from http://www. Jstor.org/stable/40435703
Stansberry, K., Anderson, J., & Rainie, L. (2018). Experts Optimistic About the Next 50 Years of Digital Life.
University of Notre Dame. (2012. December 17). Emerging Ethical Dilemmas in science and technology.
ScienceDaily. Retrieved February 19, 2019 from
www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/121217162440.htm
Wright, D., Finn, R., Gellert, R., Gutwirth, S., Schutz, P., Friedwald, M., Venier, S., &Mordini, E. (2014). Etical
Dilemma scenarios and emerging technologies. Technological Forecasting ansd Soccial Change, 86,
325-336. Doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2013.12.008.
Younkins, Dr. E. (2003) Aristotle, Human Flourishing, and the Limited State. Le Que becois Libre Nov. 133
(2003): 1-9. Retrieved from Le quebecois Libe database 13 Dec. 2010.
8
Assessing Learning
Activity 15
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________
Directions: Answer the following questions on technological ethical dilemmas and present your answers in
the class.
Questions:
1. What are the human rights proclaimed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights that need to
be considered on ethical dilemmas concerning Colonizing Mars: An Astronaut Bioethics, Robot
Swarms, Non-lethal weapons, Enhanced Pathogens, and Artificial life forms.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is your view or stand on these ethical dilemmas?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Activity 16
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________
Directions: Read the article entitled ‘Is google making us stupid?’. Answer the questions that follow in the
next page and present your answers in the class. The article is available through this link:
https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2008/07/is-google-making-us-stupid/306868/
Questions:
1. Why did the author suggest that Google is making us stupid?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the ethical dilemmas discussed in the article?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What is your view or stand on those ethical dilemmas?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Activity 17
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________
Directions: Discuss your stand about the following technological dilemmas. (Minimum of 100 words). Use
extra sheets of paper.
1. We are now in the midst of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, wherein new technologies and global
integration accelerate more rapidly. The technology that is now under development is artificial
intelligence or machine learning. Artificial techniques became part of our everyday lives today
because of computers, electronic gadgets, and other connected devices that we use. Techniques
developed are able to the cognitive simulation that are capable of investigating and simulating the
human learning processes or can mimic how people gain understanding.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. The right of people to privacy is one concern in today’s digital generation. It is believed that the
digital era will surely improve people's lives over the next decades in favor of the more privileged
people. Thus, this will lead to the rise of inequality and economic division. Do you believe in this
privacy issue? Defend your answer.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Cabanatuan City
Module in
& SOCIETY
UNIT VII.
WHY DOES THE FUTURE NOT NEED US?

1
Overview
In the previous units, you have learned the significance of science and technology about society. You
also see the worth of science and technology as great contributors to our nation-building. Thus, it also
enlightens up your mind on the different scientific ideas that defined society. Furthermore, you examined
the evolution of science and technology over time as you have learned the historical antecedents of science
and technology. Those lessons strengthen your awareness of how science and technology will help you
attain a good life and flourish as an individual that part of the growing society.
Now in this unit, the focus of the study is for you to understand the role of technology in the society
thus will give you enlightenment and help you to assess the functions of science and technology within the
community. Moreover, it also allows you to examine technology's potential impact on your life.

1. discuss the stages of technological history on earth;
2. analyze how technology leads to possible human displacement due to technological
advancement; and
3. cite examples of the potential impact of technologies on humans.
2
Setting Up
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________

Directions: Answer briefly the following questions: (5 points each).
1. What makes you happy? Elaborate your answer.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Do you really need technology in your life? Why?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What will happen to you if technology does not exist?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Does technology lead you to a better life? Explain.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3
Lesson Proper
Why Does the Future Not Need Us?
According to Schultz (2016) cited in the Science, Technology, and Society book for tertiary level,
technology had different stages [Ang, R., Cruz, J., et al. (2018)] and these are:
a. Proto-technology – focuses on the time when early tools were developed before civilization. [Ang, R.,
Cruz, J., et al. (2018)]
b. Classical technology- the rise of agricultural technologies and the establishment of communities and
cities that enabled the survival of civilization. [Ang, R., Cruz, J., et al. (2018)]
c. Modern technology – this is fueled by science concepts and principles which date back about 500 years
ago. [Ang, R., Cruz, J., et al. (2018)]
d. Postmodern technology. – replaces naturally occurring products with technologically developed ones.
Some of the major postmodern technologies include gasoline-powered automobile including jet engines,
other petroleum and its derivatives like synthetic fertilizer, Plastics, PVC (polyvinyl chloride), PCBs
(polychlorobiphenyl), chlorofluorocarbons, synthetic detergents, nylon, insecticides (organochlorine
compounds; DDT) and plastics (polystyrene and polyesters) and the like [Ang, R., Cruz, J., et al. (2018)].
Meanwhile, technological advancement affects individuals, animals, and the entire world. Those
can give beneficial and non-beneficial effects to humankind. Some give comfort to living: lower sufferings
and improve the life of the people, and yet some might cause harm like ozone layer depletion, climate
change, nuclear war, war problems, and habitant destruction lead to possible human displacement worst
to human extinction.
The following are some modern technological advancements and the impact of possible threats to
extinction: [Ang, R., Cruz, J., et al. (2018)]
1. Ozone layer depletion through chlorofluorocarbons

2. Usage of fossil fuel leading to global warming and climate change.
3. Nuclear war and nuclear contamination.
4. Plastics.
5. Petroleum-based fertilizer
6. Habitat destruction.
Technology-driven: Extinction and Displacement - Like any other species of this planet, human
beings will tend to become extinct either gradually or suddenly.
Extinction – is the total disappearance of a species.
Two possible scenarios for the gradual extinction of human:
1. The usual course of life as individual age and replaced by other species more adapted to the
changing world.
2. The disappearance of the ecological niche due to the abrupt changes man has inflicted in the
ecosystem; the entire population reaches zero reproductive rate.
References
Ang, R., Cruz J., et. al. 2018. Science, Technology and Society. Muntinlupa City: Panday-Lahi Publishing House,
Inc.
Alata, E.J., Pawilen, G., et.al. 2018. Science, Technology and Society. First Edition. Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.
https://frontlerners.com/blended/ 4/20/2020
4
Assessing Learning
Activity 18
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________
Directions: On the table, give positive and negative effects of technology in the following aspects:
Positive Effect Negative Effect

Aspect of of
Technology Technology
FAMILY RELATION
EDUCATION
TRANSPORTATION
COMMUNICATION
WORK
HEALTH
Activity 19
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________
Directions: Using the space provided, develop a poster that will show “Why Does the Future Not Need Us?’
Explain your poster.
You will be graded base on the following criteria:
Relevance to the theme 40%

Originality 20%
Neatness/clarity of your work 20%
Creativity 20%
Total 100%
Cabanatuan City
Module in
& SOCIETY
UNIT VIII.
THE INFORMATION AGE

1
Overview
This module introduces you to Information Age. The brief description and history of the information
age start the first part of this module. It also provides information about modern technologies' role in
addressing the needs of humans and society. You will even understand how technology, as a recent
revolution in the world's communication system, influences humans' lives.
Modern technologies have successfully turned the world into a global village. Although it is costly
to develop in an organization fully, its usefulness is valuable to all sectors of a human.

1. link learned concepts to the development of the information age and its impact on society; and
2. explain the importance of the social media sites and other applications to modern day living.
2
Setting Up
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________

Directions: Innovations and emerging technology are transforming the world and the everyday lives of each
and every one of us. Those are inevitable in our everyday lives. This is because life without technology is
useless in today's complex world. But can you imagine your life without technology? How can you spend a
day without technology? Write your insight/s about these two questions. Explain what society would lose
if there is no technology?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3
Lesson Proper
Introduction to Information Age
Technology has had a tremendous influence in the twentieth century as it has made life simpler for
people. The evolution of technology has shaped society in both positive and negative ways. Humans all over
the world are using and learning from new technology. Technology is relevant to ease access to many of
the resources people need in education, medicine, communication, transport, etc.
Modern technology is it is about ensuring face-to-face communication. It is all about efficiency and
speed. Communication or exchanging information is essential to humans and society due to a wide array
of reasons. However, it can be limited by: (1) Distance, (2) Time, and (3) Location. The attempts of humans
to address these limitations of communication led to the development of different new technologies.
Technologies were affected by the social, political, and economic role of information. It leads to the so-
called Information or Digital Revolutions.
The Information Age, also called Computer Age, Digital Age, or New Media Age, is a pre-historic
period in the 21st Century. It is characterized by the rapid shift from the traditional industry brought about
by the Industrial Revolution through industrialization to the information technology-based economy. The
recurrence of the Information Age linked to the Digital or Information Revolution (Bueno, 2019).
History of the Information Age
The start of the information revolution was made possible by the invention of language writing and
printing. These inventions greatly improved how humans exchange information and communicate. From
these, early and primitive forms of information and communication technology were developed. The
following were ways of exchanging information in the past: drum rolls, fire signals, hand signals, use of
pigeons, use of flags, and papyrus. Many of these exchanging information in the past are still in use today.
However, they remain to have limitations. The importance of the information revolution is to address the
barriers of communications.
First Information Revolution
The First Information Revolution began in the mid-nineteenth century with the invention of the
Telegraph, the telephone, and radio.
1. Telegraph
Samuel Morse (1791-1872) developed Telegraph in the 1830s and 1840s; the Telegraph
revolutionized long-distance communication. It worked by transmitting electrical signals over
the wire between the stations. In addition to helping to invent the Telegraph, Samuel Morse
created a code (bearing his name) that allocated a series of dots and dashes to each letter of the
English alphabet and allowed complex messages to get transmitted across telegraph lines.
(History.com Editors, 2019). The Telegraph played an essential role during the American Civil
War. The US government used it to communicate reports of military information, command,
and intelligence to troops. Diplomatic offices in Europe have also used this to describe with
other countries. It facilitated more accessible liaison and communication between countries.
2. Telephone
It was a time of 1876–1877 when Johann Philip Rels developed the first telephonic device.
However, alexander Graham Bell credited for the invention of the telephone. The telephone is
an instrument designed for the simultaneous transmission and reception of the human voice.
The phone is simple to operate, inexpensive, and offers its users an immediate and personal
communication type that can not be obtained from any other medium. As a result, it has become
the most widely used telecommunications device in the world (David, 2020).
4
3. Radio
In 1895, while living in the attic of his parents, a young Italian named Gugliemo Marconi
discovered what he called "the wireless telegraph" He used electromagnetic waves to relay
Morse code. It became known as the wireless instrument he used. Radio owes its development
to the first information revolution to two other inventions: the Telegraph and the telephone.
These three technologies are closely related, and radio technology, in reality, began as "wireless
telegraphy" (Bellis, 2019).
According to Bellis (2019), in 1915, the speech was the first broadcast from New York City
to San Francisco and across the Atlantic Ocean, via radio. Five years later, KDKA-Pittsburgh,
from Westinghouse, broadcast the Harding-Cox election returns and started a regular radio
program schedule.
Radio networks and stations eventually established in the US and Europe. The military used
radios during the World Wars. After the wars, the radio played a crucial part in the development
of the broadcasting (news) and the music industries.
Second Information Revolution
The Second Information Revolution further improved communication due to the invention of
television, the first generation of computers, and satellites.
1. Television
Television is one of the 20th Century's most influential technologies. It has become one of
the essential ways in which people perceive the broader world around them, as well as one of
the best ways in which people can escape the planet.
A German scientist created static moving pictures in the 1880s using a filtered light that was
viewed through a rotating disk, setting the groundwork for modern television. During the 1920s,
many scientists started experimenting with using radio waves to transmit still pictures.
The system gradually improved upon During the 30s and 40s. In America, the first frequent
broadcasts began in 1939. after the Second World War that television began to take off as a
standard home appliance. Sales of Television in America skyrocketing since 1945. In 1954 the
first color broadcast was achieved.
Television arrived years later in the rest of the world, and it wasn't until the late 1960s that
television became popular in houses throughout the West. TV had become the dominant media
power it is today by the 1970s, with 24-hour programming, mass advertisements, and
syndicated shows.
Satellite television in the 1980s shrunk the globe, allowing live feeds from other countries
and time zones. The new millennium has brought the rise of digital video, which is television's
future.
2. Computers
The early computer development was due to military needs. Between 1939 and 1942,
Professor John Vincent Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry designed the world's first
digital-electronic computer at Iowa State University. The Atanasoff-Berry Computer reflected
many computer advances, including a binary arithmetic system, parallel processing,
regenerative memory, and memory and computing separation functions. 1839 when Allan
Turing developed The first fully functioning electronic digital computer, which was named
Colossus. During World War II, computers used to decode nazi war codes (Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2006).
5
3. Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC)
In 1946 the first to patent a digital computing system, the ENIAC machine, was Presper
Eckert and John Mauchly. The problem with ENIAC and other computers of the first generation
was that they used vacuum tubes that produced a lot of heat, causing it to overheat or flame out.
4. Transistors
The three individuals credited with the transistor's invention were William Shockley, John
Bardeen, and Walter Brattain. This invention helps to address the problem of overheating.
ROHM (2019), has stated that the transistor development was an enormous advancement in the
electronics sector. It marked the start of the current epoch in the electronics sector. After the
transistor's invention, advances in technology became more common, with computer
technology being the most notable of these.
5. Integrated Circuits
The development of new computer technology is crucial because it showed the convergence
of government, military, and industry cooperation in innovation making. The invention of
integrated circuits has contributed to the development of third-generation computers.
6. Satellites
A satellite is an object that orbits or circles around a more significant object in space. Natural
such as the Earth's orbiting moon and artificial such as the Earth's orbiting International Space
Station are the two types of satellites (Howell, 2017).
The first artificial satellite was Sputnik, a Russian beach-ball-size space probe that lifted off
on October 04, 1957. It marks the beginning of the so-called Space Age. The SCORE or Signal
Communications by Orbiting Relay Equipment in 1958, the military launched its first satellite in
the US.
Satellites, too, have changed the way we see the world around us. The corporate world
exploded into space when Syncom 3, the first civilian telecommunications satellite with its live
broadcasts of the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, created a sensation (Gottschalk, 2017).
Early Bird, also known as Intelsat I, the world's first commercial communications
satellite, was designed by Hughes Aircraft Company's Space and Communications
Division, and later by Hughes Space and Communications Company, for the
Communications Satellite Corporation (COMSAT). On April 06, 1965, the satellite
launched into synchronous orbit. (Gunter's Space Page, 2017).
Third Information Revolution
The technologies of the first two Information Revolutions paved the way for more techniques and
innovations, which led to the Third Information Revolution. The following are the leading technologies of
the Third Information Revolution:
1. Semiconductors
Semiconductors are essential technology which significantly enhanced the ability to store,
process, and advertising information. The memory capacity increased substantially in 2017
from 10,000 bits of information in 1978 to 160 trillion bits because of the semiconductors.
2. Microprocessors
A microprocessor is an integrated circuit (IC), integrating critical functions in the central
processing unit (CPU) of a computer. It is a programmable silicon chip with multipurpose, clock-
driven, register-based, accepts binary data as input, and provides output after processing as per
the instructions stored in the memory (Ligo, 2018).
6
3. Fourth Generation Computers
The Very Large Integrated Scale (VLSI) circuits were used in the fourth Generation
Computers from 1971 to 1980. VLSI circuits with approximately 5000 transistors and other
circuit elements and their associated circuits on a single chip have made it possible to have
microcomputers of the fourth generation.
Fourth-generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable. As

a result, the Revolution of Personal Computers ( PCs) arose. Time-sharing, real-time networks,
and distributed operating systems have been used in this Century (Tutorials Point, 2020).
4. Fifth Generation Computers

The Fifth Generation Computers are the most advanced and current computer generation,
which started around 1981. These are highly reliable and use the technology of ULSI or Ultra
Large Scale Integration. Such computer systems are at the frontiers of modern scientific
calculations. They are used to create the components of Artificial Intelligence or AI, which will
be able to think for themselves (Toppr, 2019).
5. Fiber Optics
Fiber optics (known as optical fibers) that consist of incredibly thin glass or plastic strands.
One cable of the fiber optic can have as few as two strands or as many as several hundred. Every
strand is less than a tenth as thick as a human hair and can hold something like 25,000 phone
calls, making it easy for a whole fiber-optic cable to carry several million calls (Woodford, 2018).
6. Cellular Technology
Transmitters and receivers are usually large, heavy and awkward to carry or move. These
problems led to the development of cellular technology. Cellular technologies led to the
development of a mobile phone. It is made to ease communication among individuals.
According to Techopedia (2017), a cellular telephone is a telecommunication device that

uses radio waves over a networked area (cells). It is served at a fixed location via a cell site or
base station, enabling calls to be transmitted wirelessly across a wide range, to a fixed landline
or via the Internet.
2. Satellite Technologies
Satellite technologies also helped to create a global connectivity network. They used
mobile, television, and weather and climate devices. Satellites have allowed the worldwide
broadcast of events, shows, international teleconferencing, international telephone calls, and
other types of global connectivity.
3. Internet
The Internet seems to have a significant impact on almost every facet of our lives, building
whole new worlds of cultures and allowing us to access knowledge and ideas on a scale we've
never dreamed of before (kwach, 2018). According to Techopedia (2019), Email, web-enabled
audio/video conferencing services, online movies, and gaming, data transfer / file-sharing, often
through File Transfer Protocol ( FTP), instant messaging, Internet forums, social networking,
online shopping, financial services, and digital transmission are some of the following services
that make the Internet the most cost-effective means of communication in the world. The main
goal for today is to develop a fully integrated, high-speed, and high capacity network.
4. Digital Transmission
Digital transmission developed to improve communication. Digital transmission is the
transmission of information in the form of digital signals through a physical communication
medium. Therefore, analog signals must be digitized first before they are transmitted
(Rafsanjani, 2018).
7
Impact of the Information Age
The advancement of technology in everyday life and social organization has contributed to the
modernization of information and communication systems due to social development's driving force
(Bueno, 2019). he information age has the following positive impacts: (1) It enabled more excellent
connectivity of people around the world.; (2) It made many aspects of day to day more convenient.; (3) It
created online communities.; (4) It made information more accessible. The following are the negative
impacts of the information age: (1) Much information is false and misleading.; (2) It allowed the conduct of
crimes and illegal activities. (3) It created a "Digital Divide." (4) It affected human productivity and
flourishing.
References
Bellis, M. (2019, May 11). ThoughtCo. Retrieved from The History of Radio Technology:
https://www.thoughtco.com/invention-of-radio-1992382
Bueno, D. C. (2019). Science, Technology and Society. Mandaluyong City: Books Atbp. Publishing Corp.
David, B. (2020). Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from
https://www.britannica.com/technology/telephone
Gottschalk, K. (2017, October 10). World Economic Forum. Retrieved from Here's how satellites have changed
the modern world: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/10/heres-how-satellites-have-changed-
the-modern-world
Gunter's Space Page. (2017, November 12). Retrieved from https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/intelsat-
1.htm
Hints, H. (2011, February 08). Fallon Solutions. Retrieved from A Brief History Of Television:
https://www.fallonsolutions.com.au/Handy_Hints/a-brief-history-of-television
History.com Editors. (2019, June 06). Retrieved from Morse Code & the Telegraph:
https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/telegraph
Howell, E. (2017, October 27). Space.com. Retrieved from What is a Satellite?: https://www.space.com/24839-
satellites.html
kwach, J. (2018, January 22). Tuko. Retrieved from Importance of Internet in our life and education:
https://www.tuko.co.ke/263579-importance-internet-our-life.html
Ligo, G. (2018, April 05). ElectroSome. Retrieved from https://electrosome.com/microprocessor/
Rafsanjani, K. (2018, February 06). CCM. Retrieved from Introduction to Digital Transmission:
https://ccm.net/contents/703-data-transmission-digital-data-transmission
ROHM. (2019). Retrieved from History of Transistors: https://www.rohm.com/electronics-
basics/transistors/history-of-transistors
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2006, June 09). Retrieved from The Modern History of Computing:
https://www.plato.stanford.edu/entries/computing-history
Techopedia. (2017, January 05). Retrieved from https://www.techopedia.com/definition/6413/cellular-
phone
Techopedia. (2019, August 30). Retrieved from Internet:
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/2419/internet
Toppr. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.toppr.com/guides/computer-aptitude-and-knowledge/basics-of-
computers/generations-of-computers/
Tutorials Point. (2020). Retrieved from Learn Computer Fundamentals:
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_fundamentals/computer_fourth_generation
Woodford, C. (2018, September 26). Explain that Stuff. Retrieved from
https://www.explainthatstuff.com/fiberoptics.html
8
Assessing Learning
Activity 20
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________
1. Identify ten (10) applications that could be useful in your daily life as a student. Explain the
importance and uses of those applications.
a. ______________________________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________________________
c. ______________________________________________________________________________
d. ______________________________________________________________________________
e. ______________________________________________________________________________
f. ______________________________________________________________________________
g. ______________________________________________________________________________
h. ______________________________________________________________________________
i. ______________________________________________________________________________
j. ______________________________________________________________________________
2. Discuss how the community teaching/learning Science can be enhanced with use of information
technologies.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Identify two other technological advancements during the present time and describe how each of
them contributes to societal development.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Activity 21
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________
Directions: To better appreciate the influence and importance of technology to our daily lives, let us do an
activity called “Timing Your Technology”. List all technologies that you use every hour, and state your
purpose of using this technology. You should start from 6:00 AM until 7:00 PM. Use the table below to take
note how long or how frequent you use each technology. Make a reflection about this activity.
PURPOSE OF USING
TIME TECHNOLOGY YOU USED
THIS TECHNOLOGY
6:00-7:00
7:00-8:00
8:00-9:00
9:00-10:00
11:00-12:00
12:00-1:00
1:00-2:00
2:00-3:00
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4:00-5:00
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Reflection:
Cabanatuan City
Module in
& SOCIETY
UNIT IX.
BIODIVERSITY AND THE HEALTHY SOCIETY

1
Overview
In this unit, you will learn all about biodiversity, how organisms of different species exist in different
environments, and also how individuals of the same species differ from one another. This unit will also
discuss the importance of biodiversity and how it helps not only humans but also the entire ecosystem.
You will also learn about the various threats to biodiversity and possibly think of ways to address the
problems concerning biodiversity, such as habitat loss and extinction. Aside from this, you will also delve
on the topic of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). You will learn about the basic principles of cloning
and genetic engineering, weigh in the pros and cons of the use of GMOs, and the ethical issues that
encompass the use of such technology.

1. determine the interrelatedness of society, environment, and health;
2. define biodiversity and discuss its importance; and
3. discuss the ethics and implications of GMOs and potential future impacts.
2
Setting Up
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________

Directions: Take a look at your backyard and list down the different living things and non-living things that
you can see. Answer the questions that follow.
Living Things Non-Living Things
How do living and non-living things depend on one another to create diversity in our ecosystem?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3
Lesson Proper
What is Biodiversity?
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life found in an ecosystem. It is a combination of two words,
biological (meaning life) and diversity (variety). Biodiversity is the variability among living organisms,
the ecosystem in which they are a part of, and the diversity between species and species. It also includes
the interdependence and relationships between and among the organisms found in a particular ecosystem
and environment. Biodiversity is highly important because it caters to most of our needs. It provides us
with food, water, shelter, medicine, and energy, to name a few. It is often categorized into three levels:
genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity.
Genetic diversity is the variety of genes in different organisms, such as plants, animals, and
microorganisms. For example, in humans, some genes express different characteristics. In siblings, some
may have straight hair while some may have curly hair. Plants of the same species may show different
colors of flowers. You can also see numerous breeds of dogs that have different characteristics but under
the same species. This is because there are differences in the DNA sequences of individual organisms.
According to the biological species concept of Mayr and Ashlock, species refer to a group of
individual organisms of similar characteristics that are capable of interbreeding. Species diversity pertains
to the diversity in the number of species. This mainly involves species richness (the number of species in a
particular area measured by number individuals or biomass) and species evenness (the relative abundance
of a species in one specific area, determined as either high or low).
Ecological (or community) diversity refers to a variety of ecosystems or habitats in a given

region. According to Encyclopaedia Britannica, the ecosystem is the complex of living organisms (biotic
factors), physical environment (abiotic factors), and their interrelatedness. Examples of ecosystems are
forests, deserts, wetlands, rivers, and reefs. Ecosystems cater to a wide range of species that interact with
one another to form a community. These organisms interact with each other, but their survival is also
influenced by the nonliving factors present in their ecosystem. These nonliving or abiotic factors include
water, air, light, temperature, pH, and many more.
Some Terms Related to Biodiversity
Endemic species exist solely in a particular area. Some endemic species can only be found in a
particular country, region, or continent. The Philippines is known to be one of the world’s hotspots for
endemic species. Some endemic species in our country include the tamaraw, tarsier, and Luzon hornbill.
Biodiversity hotspots – are those regions or countries with rich biodiversity but are under threats
of depletion and loss of species. According to Conservation International, there are two criteria to be
considered to qualify as a biodiversity hotspot: (1) the region or country must have at least 1,500 species
of endemic vascular plants, and (2) it must have 30% or less of its original natural vegetation. The
Philippine archipelago is considered a biodiversity hotspot.
Ecosystem services – refer to the benefits that the ecosystem provides to humans through the
transformation of resources (land, water, vegetation, etc.) into a flow of essential goods and services. It can
be categorized into four main types: provisioning services, regulating services, supporting services, and
cultural services.
4
Figure 1. Different types of ecosystem services and their examples
Importance of Biodiversity
Biodiversity affects humans in various aspects, including economy, health, culture, aesthetics, and
environmental issues. Essentially, biodiversity is an important source of provisions. We get food from
fruits, leaves, flowers, and other plants and animals (meat, eggs, blood, organs), medicine (lagundi, guava,
aloe vera), and forest products such as tree trunks for housing materials. Biodiversity also provides
regulation and support to organisms and their ecosystem. Mangrove forests regulate the impact of waves
for those living near the shore. Meanwhile, coral reefs provide food and habitat to fishes and other marine
organisms. We also use different plants for their aesthetic purposes. People nowadays are into cultivating
cacti and succulents as indoor plants, thorns are used in traditional tattoo practices, and some plants are
used as natural dyes. The presence of animals such as the whale shark is used to boost ecotourism in areas
like Oslob in Cebu.
Biodiversity Loss
Biodiversity loss refers to the depletion or reduction of biological diversity due to various threats
to living organisms and their habitats. In the last 40 years, we have already lost more than half of the
world’s biodiversity. Loss of biodiversity can be brought about by natural causes such as destruction of
habitats, natural phenomenas (earthquake, typhoon, etc), and invasive species or by man-made causes like
pollution, over-exploitation, and even human overpopulation. The United Nations (2019) reported that
around 1 million species of plants and animals are now facing extinction. It is predicted that by 2050, half
of the world’s species will be extinct.
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is the global authority on the natural
world's status and the measures needed to safeguard it. They formulated the so-called IUCN Red List
Categories that define the risk of extinction of known species.
1. Extinct (EX) – the last individual of the species has died

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ex: golden toad, Japanese sea lion
2. Extinct in the wild (EW) – it is known to only survive in cultivation and cannot be found in the
wild or its expected habitat anymore
ex: Alagoas curassow, Hawaiian crow
3. Critically endangered (CR) – when the species is considered to be at extremely high risk of
extinction
ex: Philippine eagle, tamaraw
4. Endangered (EN) - when the species is considered to be at very high risk of extinction
ex: Calamian deer, Visayas hornbill
5. Vulnerable (VU) - when the species is considered to be at high risk of extinction

ex: molave, dugong
6. Near Threatened (NT) – the species is close to qualifying for a threatened category in the near
future
ex: bull shark, smooth cauliflower coral
7. Least Concern (LC) – the species is widespread and abundant

ex: Conus barbieri, giant reed
8. Data Deficient (DD) – there is inadequate information to make a risk assessment of the species
ex: Vicente’s poison frog, cherry plum
9. Not Evaluated (NE) – the species has not been evaluated yet
Causes of Biodiversity Loss
1. Habitat alteration and destruction – loss of habitat due to alteration and destruction has a
massive impact to biodiversity. Factors such as deforestation, urbanization, fires, and land
conversion impacts 85% of all species under threatened, or endangered category. Some major
repercussions of habitat loss to species are relocation, predation, starvation or even death. In
the Philippines, one of our endemic species, the Philippine eagle is critically endangered due to
loss of habitat brought about by deforestation. Sea cows or dugongs are also losing their habitats
due to coastal developments.
Figure 2. The Philippine eagle faces possible extinction due to loss of habitat
Source: gaiadiscovery.com
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2. Pollution – is a condition wherein there is an abnormal increase in the amount of natural-
occurring compounds such as heavy metals, nitrates, cyanides, agricultural wastes, sewage,
pathogens, and gases, to name a few. High concentrations of these substances make for
unfavorable environmental conditions, leading to diseases and even death of organisms. Oil
spills in bodies of water cause the death of marine organisms. Air pollution kills birds and insects
and causes various respiratory and skin diseases in humans and other animals. Wastes such as
plastics that are improperly disposed of in oceans cause the death of many marine organisms.
Figure 3. Improper disposal of waste results to accumulation

of plastics in bodies of water
Source: scidev.net
3. Over-exploitation – is defined as the excessive or unsustainable consumption of resources.

Some examples of over-exploitation include illegal logging, which causes the decline of
hardwood trees. Overfishing of the endemic fish tawilis found in Taal Lake resulted in the
decrease in its population and eventual endangerment.
Figure 4. The endemic fish tawilis, which can only be found

in Taal Lake might become extinct due to over-exploitation
Source: munitalks.ph
4. Global warming and climate change – the gradual increase in temperature also poses a major
threat to biodiversity. Melting of icebergs in the polar regions led to sea-level rise and loss of
habitat of animals such as polar bears. Drastic changes in climate, extreme weather conditions,
grass, and forest fires are some of the impacts that we are currently experiencing.
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Figure 5. Polar bears facing the threat of habitat loss and
starvation due to melting ice bergs
Source: climate.nasa.gov
5. Illegal poaching and wildlife trade – illegal trade of flora and fauna is largely rampant on a
global scale. These practices attributed not only to the endangerment of some species but also
to extinction to some. Animals found in the wild are poached to be sold as exotic pets or for
alleged medicinal purposes. African elephants have been killed for their ivory tusks. Plants are
also sold at high prices as being rare or hard-to-find items for plant collectors.
Figure 6. Elephants are killed for their tusks

Source: afd.fr
6. Diseases – some species are also under threat due to diseases brought by climate change and
as an adverse result of various human activities. An example is a decline in the amphibian
population because of a fungal disease, which later resulted in the extinction of the golden toad.
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Figure 7. The golden toad became extinct after contracting a
fungal disease
Source: landscapesandcycles.net
7. Introduction of invasive species – invasive species- has been identified as the second-largest
threat to biodiversity after habitat loss. Invasive alien species (IAS) are those species introduced
whether by accident or intentional to a place which is not their natural habitat. Their
introduction could become a threat as they may outcompete the native species for food and
other resources, which may lead to the decline of population or extinction of the latter.
Introduction of IAS are usually related to human interests, mostly being introduced for economic
reasons. An example of IAS is the water hyacinth, commonly found in rivers and swamps. This
plant species is native to South America and has rapidly invaded tropical regions. It can grow up
to one meter long and spread rapidly, causing oxygen depletion, killing fishes such as what
happened in Laguna de Bay. Other examples of invasive alien species found in the Philippines
are tilapia, Brazilian mahogany, knife fish, and the golden apple snail.
Figure 8. Water hyacinths block bodies of water making it

difficult to navigate through rivers
Source: gmanetwork.com
What are Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)?
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms with foreign genes incorporated to exhibit
desirable characteristics that do not occur naturally thru mating and natural recombination (Key, 2008).
GMOs have been engineered in the laboratory through genetic modification. Genomes are altered by
including or inserting genes from unrelated organisms such as bacteria, viruses, insects, and animals to
achieve desirable traits or characteristics. Some benefits of GMOs are increased crop yield, pesticide-
resistance, enhanced nutrient composition, tolerance to stress, faster maturity, and medical benefits.
9
Process of Making Genetically Modified Organisms
1. Identification of a trait of interest –first, scientists identify the trait they want to be expressed.
Then they find an organism that already has that trait in their gene
2. Isolation of gene – after determining the trait, the scientists either isolate that gene that
expresses the desired trait or copy it from the organism
3. Gene insertion – once they isolate the gene, it is inserted to the organism that will be modified.
The inserted gene will not change the other traits already present in that organism
4. The GMO is allowed to grow – the modified organism is allowed to grow in laboratory conditions.
Once it grows successfully in the laboratory, subsequent procedures such as field tests, biosafety
assessments and economic feasibility are conducted before the product is released for
commercial use or consumption.
Uses of Genetically Modified Organisms
1. Bt cotton – inserted with a gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis which produces a
natural insecticide for bollworm called Bt toxin. Bt cotton has demonstrated a higher yield
compared to non-Bt cotton.
2. golden rice – created by inserting a gene from daffodil and the bacterium Erwinia uredovora
to enable the accumulation of beta-carotene in the rice endosperm for vitamin A synthesis.
3. GM mosquitoes – developed to express SM1 protein preventing the entry of the malarial
parasite Plasmodium into the mosquito’s gut breaking the life cycle of the parasite
4. Xenotransplantation – the process of using animal organs, tissues and cells for human needs.
This addresses the concern when it comes to shortage in organ donors for transplants.
5. Glofish – a GM zebrafish inserted with a gene from jellyfish to express bioluminescence. It was
initially produced to detect water pollution but was later on commercialized as pets.
Risks and Downsides of Genetically Modified Organisms
1. Ecosystem Risks – GMOs pose a threat of potentially becoming invasive species if they become
unregulated. Many GMOs are known to grow fast and increase rapidly.
2. Genetic contamination or interbreeding – GMOs may interbreed with wild types which can
lead to loss of trait for future generations. Conversely, wild types can inherit the modified traits
which can disrupt the natural ecosystem where it belongs.
3. Adverse effects on health – GMOs may cause adverse effects and health risks to humans. Some
GMOs were claimed to cause allergic reactions and other risks if consumed.
4. Social acceptance – many are still hesitant about consumption and development of GMOs.
Social acceptance will also determine the success of the GMO, if people will not consume or use
the product, the development of such technology will be deemed useless.
5. Economic issues and access – Investors are expecting huge return of investments in the
development of GMOs, thus making it expensive and accessible to only selected few who can
afford the product
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6. Animal welfare – animal welfare issues are raised especially in GM animals such as the GM pig
and other animals used for xenotransplantation, as well as the use of animals such as rats for
trial testing in laboratories.
7. Pest and antibiotic resistance – pests may later evolve to develop resistance to pest-killing
GMOs which would render the GMO useless later on. It can also contribute to the growing
problem of antibiotic resistance.
Policies and Politics on GMOs
Here are some terms related to the different policies and political standpoints regarding genetically
modified organisms:
Biosafety is defined as the condition to which potential harm, damage or threats caused by
the introduction of biotechnology (intentional or not) is under manageable or acceptable level.
Risk Assessment is the process of evaluating or identifying the potential hazards or
damages biotechnology can cause to humans, animals, and the environment. It also includes the
development of mitigation measures towards those risks.
The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety is an international protocol that regulates the

production and use of genetically modified organisms to ensure biosafety. This protocol is an
international agreement that aims to ensure safe handling, transport, and consumption of living
GMOs while also taking into account its risks to human health. The countries that joined this
protocol are obliged to implement its provisions.
Executive Order No. 430 promulgated a system of biosafety regulations that are used in the
Philippines. The said regulation was already in existence since 1990 and is known to be the first in
the world.
National Committee on Biosafety of the Philippines is the government agency that is in

charge of the implementation of various regulations related to biotechnology assessment,
commercialization of GMOs, and labeling of GMO products.
References
About IUCN. Retrieved from https://www.iucn.org/about

Biodiversity & Human Well-being. In Green Facts. Retrieved from
https://www.greenfacts.org/en/biodiversity/l-3/1-define-biodiversity.htm
Biodiversity Hotspots. In Conservation.org. Retrieved from
https://www.conservation.org/priorities/biodiversity-hotspots
Bynum, N. (2019). 6. Species Diversity. In Biology LibreTexts. Retrieved from
https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Ecology/Book%3A_Biodiversity_(Bynum)/6%3A_Species_Div
ersity
Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (2009). Ecosystem Services: Key Concepts and
Applications, Occasional Paper No 1, Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts,
Canberra.
Diaz, J. and J.L. Fridovich-Keil. (2020). Genetically modified organism. In Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved
from www.britannica.com/science/ genetically-modified-organism
FDA. (2020). How are GMOs Made?
Godani, H. 10 major causes for the loss of biodiversity. In Biology Discussion. Retrieved from
https://www.biologydiscussion.com/biodiversity/loss-of-biodiversity/10-major-causes-for-the-loss-
of-biodiversity/8394
Harris. A. The Endemic Species in the Philippines. Retrieved from https://animals.mom.me/endemic-species-
philippines-7975.html
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Hilbeck, A., Meyer, H., Wynne, B. et al. GMO regulations and their interpretation: how EFSA’s guidance on risk
assessments of GMOs is bound to fail. Environ Sci Eur 32, 54 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-
020-00325-6
Introduction to biodiversity. In PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. Retrieved from
https://www.pbl.nl/en/Introduction-biodiversity
IUCN. (2012). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. Gland, Switzerland and
Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iv + 32pp.
IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Retrieved from https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/categories-
and-criteria
Loss of Biodiversity. In Save Earth. Retrieved from https://www.saveearth.info/loss-of-biodiversity/
Mayuga, J.L. (2019). Invasive alien species: a serious threat to ecosystems, biodiversity. In The Business Mirror.
Retrieved from https://businessmirror.com.ph/2019/07/15/invasive-alien-species-a-serious-threat-
to-ecosystems-biodiversity/
Phillips, T. (2008) Genetically modified organisms (GMOs): Transgenic crops and
recombinant DNA technology. Nature Education 1(1):213
Priyadarshi, S. 8 major causes of Biodiversity – Explained! In Biology Discussion. Retrieved from
https://www.biologydiscussion.com/biodiversity/8-major-causes-of-biodiversity-explained/5449
Torres-Uriarte, M. Some introduced alien species in the Philippines and their effects on ecosystems. Retrieved
from http://www.fao.org/3/AG117E10.htm
UN Report: Nature’s Dangerous Decline ‘Unprecedented’:Species Extinction Rates ‘Accelerating’. Retrieved
from https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2019/05/nature-decline-unprecedented-
report/
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Assessing Learning
Activity 22
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________
Directions: Answer the following questions briefly.
1. How is diversity related to a healthy society?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the difference between species richness and species evenness?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Differentiate the three levels of biodiversity. Give examples of each one.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Do you think GMOs are safe to consume? Explain your answer.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Discuss and give examples of the following:
a. Ethical issues about GMOs

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
b. Moral issues about GMOs

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
c. Health issues about GMOs

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Activity 23
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________
Directions: Make a research on invasive species found in the Philippines. On the table below, list down five
invasive species, their desired effect and their negative effect to the biodiversity.
Desired/expected Negative effect on

Invasive species
effect biodiversity
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Activity 24
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________
Directions: Below are a few more examples of genetically modified organisms. Identify the improved
characteristics/traits of the following:
a. Flavr Savr Tomatoes _______________________________________________________
b. Bt corn _______________________________________________________
c. GM salmon _______________________________________________________
d. Vacanti mouse _______________________________________________________
e. Spider goat _______________________________________________________
f. GM soybeans _______________________________________________________
g. GM apple _______________________________________________________
h. GM alfalfa _______________________________________________________
i. Featherless chicken _______________________________________________________
j. Herman the bull _______________________________________________________

Activity 25
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________
Directions: Write a short essay about the given issue. Your essay should be at least 100 words and should
not exceed 300 words.
Bt eggplant is a genetically-modified eggplant developed by Filipino scientists. It was developed to

become pest-resistance containing the gene of the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis which contains toxins
that are lethal to some insects including the pest bollworm. Currently, it is under controversy because of a
legal battle between its supporters and those who are against it.
Should the government ban the production, commercialization and consumption of the said
product?
Cabanatuan City
Module in
& SOCIETY
UNIT X.
THE NANO WORLD

1
Overview
This chapter will give you some knowledge of the application of nanotechnology. This will help you
analyze the situation of today’s trend (use of modern technologies). This chapter will give you an idea of
the advantages and disadvantages of using nanotechnology, is it helpful or not?

1. define nanotechnology;
2. identify risk and issues in nanotechnology; and
3. cite some examples of nanotechnology and its benefits in the society.
2
Setting Up
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________

Directions: Find and encircle all the direction words that are hidden in the grid. The words may be
hidden in any direction.
Y T I T L X N P R I V A C Y S D B X N O A S
W E E E R T Y R R T Y O N N A N E T Y L E A
I T Y C G R T R B N E Q U A L I T Y S L L N
W E R N H T D T N M F G H J K L T K C H U O
X D G E J N K I C B J I L E G A L I T Y S N
E T H I C S O C B J T D U T Y T T Y I P P X
W J K C N S G L Q W E R T Y U R Y I O Y A O
E L D S A N D E O P A S E D A F I G H T C S
R N W O O R P S J G K L X P Z X O C V I O O
F D E N N T O E B N Y M O M N B Q V C U N C
H C R A E S E R L K J N S H G F E Z X Q A O
H W F N R U I T D S A A O P O I U Y T E N M
M R A O E Y U Y R N E W M Q W E R T Y U I T
L T N M I C R O S C O P E O P A S D F G H Y
D Y N A Y W E R T Y U I O P N A N O A S D U
S E T I S O P M O C O N A N O I B N M J H F
NANO TECHNOLOGY NANOPARTICLES NANOSCIENCE

SENSOR EXOSOME EQUALITY ETHICS
RESEARCH EQUITY LEGALITY PRIVACY
MICROSCOPE NANOCAPSULE BIONANOCOMPOSITES
3
Lesson Proper
The Nano World
According to Powell and Kanarek (2006), Nanotechnology is also known as “general purpose
technology” because of its global impacts and effects, while some call it “enabling technology” because it
supports other technologies. Nanotechnology is considered a fast-growing area of science and research. It
involves both basic and applied research interconnecting in computer science and information technology,
medical technology, agriculture, life sciences, engineering, chemistry, physics, and mathematics.
What is Nanotechnology?
Nanotechnology. It refers to the development of products or manipulation of matter at the

nanoscale. The word nanotechnology comes from the word nano and technology; nano is one billionth of
a quantity and technology application of scientific knowledge (Stander and Theodore, 2011). The building
blocks of nanotechnology is called Nanoparticles. These particles that are 1 to 100 nanometers in size. A
Nanometer is a billionth of a meter. Nanoscience is known as the science of nanoparticles.
How small is NANO?
Nanoparticles or materials at the nanoscale are larger than atoms and molecules but are smaller
than the size of bacteria and viruses. To see nanoparticles, electron microscope and atomic force
microscope must be used.
Potential Use and Application of Nanotechnology
Dayrit (2008), said that nanotechnology has numerous applications. In operating nanoscale, it can
easily show the physical, chemical, and biological properties of matter (solid, liquid, gas). When an
object/material is manipulated at the nanoscale, the features of that object will change and can be used as
potential applications. In the nanoscale, the surface area per mass increases, which allows for an additional
surface area for the reaction, which makes it a good catalyst.
A lot of biological activities happen in terms of function, structure, and use. Example: Exosome,
secreted by vessels primarily for transport, which contain loads of proteins and other molecules. Through
nanotechnology, exosomes are made to become potential biomarkers of cancer and other diseases.
The huge choice of uses and applications of these nanoparticles has increased because of its unique
properties and structures, which are now used in medicine, food security, agriculture, environment, and
other fields. One good example is the nanosensor; this sensor is used to detect the pathogens' presence in
the food. The detection is in the form of fluorescence. Another is bionanocomposites, a combination of
biopolymers and inorganic molecules that results in the production of biodegradable plastics. An example
of nanotechnology in energy is carbon nanotubes used in the development of supercapacitors that can
store electrical energy like batteries. Also, nanocapsules that are used to deliver soil nutrients and
pesticides efficiently.
Concerns and Issues About Nanotechnology
1. Human Health
Particles are manipulated. Thus, changing its original properties and structure. Exposure to
nanoparticles may cause health impact through direct treatment, contact, inhalation, ingestion, or
insertion. There is a need to further understand, evaluate, and assess the long-term effect of
nanoparticles.
4
2. Environment
Nanotechnology requires raw material that can be attained from the environment. Like in
any other technologies, it has a positive and negative impact on the environment, a need for a deeper
understanding of its effect.
3. Ethical Concern
A lot of people are not favor or against nanotechnology. It is been accused for altering or
modifying life forms, which they believe terminating the purity of life. It can lead to the development
of biological and chemical weapons, synthetic organisms, and genome editing, which associated
with ethical consideration.
4. Equality and Equity

Also, an issue on unequal access of using these technologies. This technology is said to be
only to those who can afford or have the means. But how about those who couldn’t access and use
them? They may suffer from the risk or the negative effect of using such technology. Hence, there is
inequality.
5. Legality, Privacy and Security

A set of issues was raised like security. Example: who is responsible for the monitoring and
control of nanoparticles? Nanotechnology is said to be one of the possible security and threat in the
future.
6. Human Behaviour
Nowadays, humans rely mainly on modern technologies. Like other technologies, one of the
negative effects of nanotechnology is that it may affect humans' behavior in terms of the usage and
development of new products that may be addictive. It may reduce human productivity, remember
that there is an impact of excessive use of these technologies. However, Human health and safety
and environmental impact should be given the top priority in researches concerning
nanotechnology since humans are the beneficiaries of any research effort in this field.
To help you understand more on the topic nanotechnology, try to watch the videos:
1. TED Talk: Ray Kurzwell on “How Technology Will Transform Us”

2. Film: Powers of 10
References
Dayrit, F.M. (2008). Nanotechnology Business and Practical Applications: Where the Philippines Is and Where
it should be. Powerpoint Presentations. Management Association of the Philippines.. Aug 5, 2008.
Powell, M.C. and Kanarek, M.S. (2006). The Ethics and Politics of Nanotechnology. UNESCO Wisconsin Medical
Journal 105(2):16-19.
Stander, L. and Theodore, L. (2011). Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology-An update Int. J. Environ.
Res. Public Health 8:470-479; doi:10.3390/ijerph8020470.
http://frontleraners.com/blended/2020/june/16
5
Assessing Learning
Activity 26
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________
Directions: In your own perspective, define the following terminologies:

1. Nanotechnology
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Nanoproduct
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Find/cite specific example and give a minor/slight description for the given applications of
nanotechnology.
Application Example
Medicine
Food
Agriculture
Energy
Information
Technology
Activity 27
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________
Directions: Answer the following questions.
1. Do you think nanotechnology poses health risk? Justify your answer by citing references.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Imagine you were a scientist, think of a nanotechnology product that you can use which can be
beneficial in your field of interest.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Activity 28
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________
Directions: Search for a nanotechnology product or application that is already being used in the Philippines
or in other country. Your research output must contain the following:
1. The name of the product or the application.
2. How it was produced/build/develop?
3. What are the PROs and CONs of using the product or application?
4. Cite a possible ethical concerns or issues about the product or application.
5. If you would be given a chance to use such product or application. Will you use it or not?
Cabanatuan City
Module in
& SOCIETY
UNIT XI.
GENE THERAPY

1
Overview
In this unit, you will learn about Gene Therapy, a technique used to treat genetic diseases that
otherwise do not have existing cures. We will also talk about its associated benefits and risks and the
different ways it can be performed. The ethical considerations in performing gene therapy will also be
covered.

1. describe gene therapy and its various forms;
2. identify ethical and moral issues that may arise from gene therapy; and
3. assess the potential benefits and detriments of gene therapy to global health and the society.
2
Setting Up
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________

Directions Did you know that modern science and technology now has ways to cure many previously
incurable diseases? Let’s see if you can benefit from what we will be learning about today by first answering
the following questions:
1. Does your family have a medical history of inherited diseases like cancer, diabetes, heart attack,
hypertension, or stroke? If so, please specify which ones.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Have you experienced any problems or difficulties due to these diseases? (Ex.: financial problems,
death of a loved one, etc.)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. If you or a family member is suffering from a certain disease and the doctors tell you that there is a
new way to cure these disease and save your or your family member’s life but it is not guaranteed
that there will be no side effects, will you be willing to undergo the treatment?
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. What would your life be like if you can make sure that your children and grandchildren will be safe
from these family diseases even before they are born?
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3
Lesson Proper
What is Gene Therapy?
A wide range of diseases such as cystic fibrosis, cancer, diabetes, heart disease, AIDS, and
hemophilia are caused by genetic irregularities or deformities (Yazdani et al., 2018). Gene therapy is an
experimental technique developed in order to treat these diseases. Gene therapy is the introduction,
removal, or alteration of genetic material in order to prevent or treat a disease.
How Does Gene Therapy Work?
Ideally, gene therapy may someday allow doctors to treat disorders by inserting or replacing genes
into a patient’s cells instead of through surgery or drugs (U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2020). There
are various approaches in performing gene therapy, including:
a. Replacing a disease-causing mutated gene with a healthy copy of the gene
b. Inactivating or “silencing” a mutated gene or a gene that is not functioning properly
c. Introducing a new gene into the body to help counteract or fight the disease
d. Correcting the sequence of a mutated gene
Replacing A Mutated Gene (GENE REPLACEMENT)

In order to replace a problematic or mutated gene:
• A functional and healthy gene will be inserted to a viral vector
• The viral vector will carry and place the healthy gene on the site of mutation
• The mutated non-functional gene will be “spliced” or cut and removed
• The healthy gene will be attached and becomes a part of the final DNA strand.
Figure 1. Gene Replacement

Source:https://slideplayer.com/slide/4318654/14/images/14/Gene+replacement.jpg
4
Gene Silencing or Gene Knockdown
Figure 2. Comparison between normal protein production and the

protein production upon gene silencing
Source:https://web.stanford.edu/group/hopes/cgi-bin/hopes_test/wp-
content/uploads/2012/04/genesilencing.jpg
This method aims to repress or turn off the function of a mutated gene which prevents the
cells from producing disease-causing proteins. Gene silencing reduces the expression of a disease-
causing gene (Hood, 2004; Mocellin & Provenzano, 2004). It can be done by:
a. inserting a repressor a.k.a silencer gene that reduces or prevents the expression of the
mutated gene
b. editing the gene to make it impossible for it to produce the protein it codes for
Although gene silencing is often considered as the same thing as gene knockdown, this is
debatable because some say that when genes are knocked out, they are often completely removed
or erased from the genome in order to stop their expression (Hood, 2004; Mocellin & Provenzano,
2004).
Introducing a New Gene (GENE ADDITION)
In gene addition, new and functional genes are introduced or added into the genome to help
fight or prevent a disease (Pharmaphorum, 2019).
Figure 3. Gene Addition Therapy

Source:https://cdn1.byjus.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Gene-Therapy.png
5
The introduction of a new gene can also be used to kill specific diseased cells. This is useful for
diseases like cancer.
There are two ways to do this:

1. by inserting a gene called the suicide gene into the diseased cells that will cause the cells
to die
2. by inserting a gene that will cause the cells to produce a protein that will mark them as a
target for the body’s natural immune system response.
Figure 4. Killing Specific Cells

Source: https://genetherapyscience.weebly.com/uploads/9/1/4/6/91468512/gene-therapy-targeting-
yourgenome.png?453
Correcting the sequence of a mutated gene (GENE EDITING)
In gene editing, instead of replacing the whole gene, the specific error is located and edited.
Figure 5. Gene Editing

Source:https://images.theconversation.com/files/142832/original/image-20161024-15958-
8t6r6g.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip
Two types of Gene Therapy
There are two distinct types of gene therapy, depending on the nature of the target cells: Somatic
and Germline Gene Therapy. If the target cells are anybody cells except the sperm and egg cell and the cells
6
that produce them, this is Somatic Gene Therapy. When the cells targeted are either sperm or egg cells, this
is Germline Gene Therapy (Chatterjee, Singh, & Saluja, 2013).
Figure 6. Two types of cells

Source:https://i2.wp.com/sitn.hms.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Final-Figure-03.png
Somatic Gene Therapy
This type of gene therapy is effective in treating diseases like muscular dystrophy, cystic
fibrosis, cancer, and some infectious diseases. The effects of this method are short-lived and will not
be passed on to the next generation. So, the children of a patient treated using somatic gene therapy
are still at risk of contracting the diseases.
Figure 7. The Process for Somatic Gene Therapy

Source:https://images.app.goo.gl/ZZcWuERSmJmfZFG1A
Somatic Gene Therapy can be done ex vivo (outside the body) or in vivo (inside the body)
7
Figure 8. In vivo and Ex vivo Somatic Gene Therapy
Source:https://www.mdpi.com/cancers/cancers-11-01265/article_deploy/html/images/cancers-11-
01265-g001.png
Germline Gene Therapy
In Germline Gene Therapy, on the other hand, the cells that produce the reproductive cells
or sex cells (the egg or sperm) are modified, and all the cells of the resulting embryo will possess
the edited gene. The effect of removing or correcting the disease will be passed on to the patient’s
children as well as the generations after them. Therefore, there is a possibility of permanently
removing an inherited disorder or disease from a family line. As of 2014, about 40 countries have
discouraged or banned research on Germline Gene Therapy (Araki & Ishii, 2014). It is currently not
allowed to be done on humans because of ethical and safety concerns and issues regarding possible
permanent changes in human genes.
Figure 31. The Process of Germline Gene Therapy

Source:https://image.slidesharecdn.com/genetherapy-exvivomethod-190603094856/95/gene-
therapy-ex-vivo-method-10-638.jpg?cb=1559555393
Challenges Associated with Gene Therapy
While Gene Therapy is no doubt a breakthrough in science and medicine, there are several
challenges to its success and problems that can be associated with it.
8
A. Gene Delivery and Activation
In most cases, a therapeutic gene needs to be delivered not just to a single cell but to groups
of cells or tissues. This requires an accurate and specific gene delivery. Otherwise, gene therapy may
be useless. After arriving at the correct target cells, the genes must also be “turned on” and have to
remain “on”. However, cells can have the tendency to “turn off” certain genes when there are already
too many active genes.
In some cases, delivered genes may also be overactivated, causing their overexpression. The
overproduction of enzymes or proteins due to this overactivation may lead to other health issues
and problems.
B. The Body’s Immune Response

Our immune system is naturally inclined to attack any foreign intruders like viruses and
bacteria. Because gene therapy uses viral vectors to transport genes, they need to be able to avoid
the body’s immune system to prevent it from attacking them. This is often challenging to do.
Additionally, the treatment effects are often short-lived, so patients will need to undergo
multiple rounds of gene therapy. However, if the patient’s immunity is low due to gene therapy,
there is a risk for the disease to progress or get worse. This makes it even more difficult to repeat
gene therapy.
C. Impact to Non-Target Genes and Cells

While very small, there is also a risk of attaching or inserting modified genes into the wrong
part of the genome or the wrong cell, which can lead to a series of reactions that can cause cell death.
This may also negatively affect the function of surrounding healthy cells.
Viral vectors also tend to disrupt vital genes, possibly leading to another disease or
predisposition to other diseases like cancer. This can also trigger inflammatory, toxicity, or immune
responses. Other cells may also be targeted aside from the target cells.
D. Limited Access and Commercial Availability

Many genetic diseases are not common. For rare diseases, gene therapy should be
individualized and customized to every patient to ensure effectiveness. This makes developing and
administering gene therapy very expensive.
Even for more common genetic disorders and related diseases like cancer, gene therapy is
still more costly than other treatment options. Because of this, many people cannot afford and do
not have access to gene therapy.
E. Multi-gene Disorders
Multiple genes with different functions control genetic disorders like high blood pressure,
heart disease, arthritis, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s disease. So, to treat these diseases, many genes
may have to be corrected, deleted, or replaced. Doing so may lead to complicated reactions in the
body or possibly even more dangerous diseases.
Ethical Questions in Gene Therapy
Because it involves changing the body’s genetic information, the use of Gene Therapy, especially
germline gene therapy, is a widely debated topic due to its ethical issues (US National Library of Medicine,
2020). Some of the ethical questions about gene therapy that we should address are:
1. How can we distinguish “good” from “bad” gene therapy?
2. Who gets to decide which traits and genes constitute a disability or disorder?
3. Because of the expensive costs of gene therapy, will it only be available for rich people?
9
4. Is there a possibility that a widespread use of gene therapy can make society less accepting of people
who are different?
5. Aside from medical applications, should we be allowed to use gene therapy for enhancements of
basic human traits such as athletic ability, height, intelligence, and hair or eye color?
Online Video Watching:
If you are interested to learn more about Gene Therapy and other related topics, you may watch the
following videos that you can find online (optional):
1. TED Talk: Juan Enriquez on “The Next Species of Human”

https://www.ted.com/talks/juan_enriquez_the_next_species_of_human/up-next?language=en
2. TED Talk: Susan Lim on “Transplant Cells Not Organs”

https://www.ted.com/talks/susan_lim_transplant_cells_not_organs?language=en
3. Science Fiction: Stem Cell Research (Youtube)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mPy7NFkJ-TQ
References
Araki, M., & Ishii, T. (2014). International regulatory landscape and integration of corrective genome editing
into in vitro fertilization. Reprod Biol Endocrinol, 12, 108. doi:10.1186/1477-7827-12-108
Chatterjee, A., Singh, N., and Saluja, M. (2013) Gene Therapy in periodontics. Journal of Indian Society
Periodontology. 17(2):156-161
Hood E (March 2004). "RNAi: What's all the noise about gene silencing?". Environmental Health Perspectives.
112 (4): A224–9. doi:10.1289/ehp.112-a224. PMC 1241909. PMID 15033605.
Mocellin S, Provenzano M (November 2004). "RNA interference: learning gene knock-down from cell
physiology". Journal of Translational Medicine. 2 (1): 39. doi:10.1186/1479-5876-2-39. PMC 534783.
PMID 15555080.
Pharmaphorum (2019). Gene addition - a new chapter in treating rare diseases. Retrieved from
https://pharmaphorum.com/views-and-analysis/gene-addition-a-new-chapter-in-treating-rare-
diseases/#:~:text=A%20technique%20called%20'gene%20addition,to%20fight%20or%20prevent%
20disease on July 20, 2020
U.S. National Library of Medicine (2020). Your Guide to Understanding Genetic Conditions: What is Gene
Therapy? Retrieved from https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/therapy/genetherapy on July 20, 2020
U.S. National Library of Medicine (2020). Your Guide to Understanding Genetic Conditions: What is Gene
Therapy? Retrieved from https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/therapy/ethics on July 20, 2020
Yazdani, A., Alirezaie, Z.,Motamedi, M.J., & Amani, J. (2018) Gene Therapy: A New Approach in Modern
Medicine. Int J Med Rev 2018 Sep;5(3):106-117.
10
Assessing Learning
Activity 29
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________
Directions: Answer the following questions by selecting and writing ONLY THE CAPITAL LETTER of the
correct answer on the space before each number. Any form of erasures or alteration is NOT allowed. Write:
A if only the first statement is correct

B if only the second statement is correct
C if both statements are correct and
D if both statements are wrong
_______1. A. Gene therapy is a great way to treat all kinds of diseases.

B. Gene therapy involves replacing, removing, modifying, and adding genes.
_______2. A. Gene therapy can replace surgery or drugs.

B. Diabetes, cystic fibrosis, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer are just some of the diseases
that can be treated through gene therapy.
_______3. A. Diseases caused by mutated genes can be cured by removing or replacing the problematic
gene.
B. The same form of viruses that carry diseases is used to carry the gene in gene therapy.
_______4. A. Germline Gene therapy results are not inheritable or passed on to the next generations.
B. Somatic Gene therapy is performed on reproductive or sex cells.
_______5. A. Ex vivo gene therapy is done outside the body while in vivo is done inside.
B. Germline Gene Therapy may be performed in vivo or ex vivo.
_______6. A. Overactivation of genes is a positive effect of gene therapy.

B. Gene therapy is a cheaper alternative to medication and surgery.
_______7. A. Somatic gene therapy is generally more accepted in the medical community than germline
gene therapy.
B. Defective genes can be silenced by adding suicide or repressor genes.
_______8. A. All genetic diseases involve errors or defects in only one gene.
B. Gene therapy can make a patient more susceptible to other diseases.
_______9. A. Effects of gene therapy are lifelong.

B. Gene editing is more specific than gene replacement.
_______10. A. Gene silencing prevents the target gene from producing a disease-causing protein.
B. In gene addition, a new mutant gene is introduced into the genome to help fight or prevent
a disease.

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NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Danny O. Alfonso Cristo Mark D. Ancheta Roel S. Ang

At the end of the unit, I am able to:

Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________

Introduction to Science and Technology

Science and Technology

Socrates (470-339 BC)

Plato (427-37 BC)

Aristotle (384-322 BC)

Renaissance is a cultural movement that is based on humanism, which a system of intellectual

Directions: Briefly answer the following questions.

2. What are the significance of these advancements in science and technology?

Danny O. Alfonso Cristo Mark D. Ancheta Roel S. Ang

At the end of the unit, I am able to:

Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________

Intellectual Revolution vs. Scientific Revolution

Frontlearners Module (2019) defined Intellectual Revolutions as the historical changes in

Milestone on Information Revolution are:

o 1455, Johannes Gutenberg’s invention on printing press.

Middle East Civilization

• Developed modern concepts in mathematics like the first method of counting.

1. As student, how do you see connection between science and society?

2. How science shaped the society?

3. Cite two (2) scientific ideas that defined our society.

Directions: Using Venn diagram answer/ differentiate the following:

A. Intellectual Revolution and Scientific Revolution

You will be graded base on the following:

Danny O. Alfonso Cristo Mark D. Ancheta Roel S. Ang

At the end of the unit, I am able to:

Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________

1. Why is science and technology important in nation building?

2. How can science and technology help build our nation?

Importance of Science and Technology in Building the Nation

Philippine Government Science and Technology Agenda

The Philippine Department of Science and Technology (DOST; Kagawaran ng Agham at

Balik Scientist Program

Order of National Scientist

Small and Medium Enterprise Technology Upgrading Program (SETUP)

Forest Products Research and Development Institute

Project NOAH (Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards)

Philippine-California Advanced Research Institutes (PCARI) Project

Philippine Space Program

Science Education in the Philippines

DOST Scholarship Programs

Regional Science High School Union

Indigenous Science and Technology in the Philippines

Directions: Answer the following questions by writing on spaces provided.

a. Balik Scientist Program

b. Small and Medium Enterprise Technology Upgrading Program (SETUP)

e. Philippine Space Program

Directions: Answer the following questions by writing on spaces provided.

Directions: Answer the following questions by writing on spaces provided.

1. Provide specific examples to differentiate indigenous science from indigenous technology.

Danny O. Alfonso Cristo Mark D. Ancheta Roel S. Ang

At the end of the unit, I am able to:

Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________

1. What is your own definition of happiness?

4. What makes you happy?

A. Human Flourishing: Based on Ancient Greek Philosophers’ Perspective.

How to live a flourishing life?

PLATO’S interpretation of “Human Flourishing”

By examining things and thinking more

By masterly using reason

By living the four cardinal virtues

Name: _____________________ Date:

Name: _____________________ Date:

Name: _____________________ Date:

Name: _____________________ Date:

Name: _____________________ Date:

Name: _____________________ Date:

Name: _____________________ Date: