Information Age
communities. People used traditional paper and
* Computer Age, Digital Age, New Media Age,
Internet Age
* a historic period in the 21st century
characterized by the rapid shift from traditional
industry that
the Industrial Revolution brought through
industrialization, an economy based on
information technology
Early Developments of Information Age
1945- Fremont Rider described the miniaturized
microform analog photographs, which could be
duplicated on-demand for library patrons and
other institutions.
1965- Moore’s law was formulated. It is an
observation that the number of transistors in a
dense integrated circuit doubles about every
two years.
Early 1980s- production of the smaller and less
expensive personal computers allowed for
direct access to information.
1995- Nicholas Negroponte published his book,
Being Digital, the similarities and differences
between products made of atoms and bits.
Primary Information Age- newspaper, radio,
television.
Secondary Information Age- Internet, satellite
television and mobile phones
Tertiary Information Age- emerged by media
of the Primary Information Age interconnected
with media of the Secondary Information Age.
Pre-industrial Age( b4 1700s) - a time before
there were machines and tools to help them
perform the tasks.
*About 2.5 million years before writing was
developed, technology began with the earliest
dhominids who used stone tools, which they
may have used to start fires, hunt, and bury their
dead.
Communication was limited between
writing materials, signs, or symbols to
communicate with each other. For example,
Egyptians used papyrus scrolls. Sumerians
used clay tablets, Pre-historic men used hand
stencils and simple geometric shapes to create
art on the walls of caves and Johannes
Gutenberg invented the printing press during
the Renaissance period.
Industrial Age (1700s-1930s)- is a period of
history that encompasses the changes in
economic and social organization that began
around 1760 in Great Britain and later in other
countries, characterized chiefly by the
replacement of hand tools with power-driven
machines such as the power loom and the
steam engine, and by the concentration of
industry in large establishments.
Communication during the Industrial Age
TELEGRAPH by SAMUEL F.B MORSE
- became the standard for international
communication with a modified code.
-communications system in which information is
transmitted over a wire through a series of
electrical current pulses.
TELEPHONE (ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL)
-an electric tool transmitting analogue speech
along wires
PHONOGRAPH (THOMAS EDISON)
-a device for the mechanical recording and
reproduction of sound.
HEINRICH HERTZ
-identified and studied radio waves in 1886
Guiglielmo Marconi
- developed the first practical radio transmitters
and receivers.
Philo Farnsworth
-invented the first fully electronic television. It
became an important mass medium for
advertising, propaganda and entertainment.
Electronic Age (1930s-1980s)
-began when electronic equipment and large
technologies, including computers came into
use. The invention of the transistor ushered in
the electronic age. People harnessed the power
of transistors that led to the transistor radio,
electronic circuits, and the early computers. In
this age, long distance communication became
more efficient.
Transistor led to the creation of other media
tools.
Enigma machine
-is a piece of spook hardware used as a way of
deciphering German signals traffic during World
War Two.
Transisor radio
-became the most popular electronic
communication and device in history.
EDSAC ( Electronic Delay Storage Automatic
Calculator)
-is considered to be the first stored program
electronic computer.
ENIAC ( Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer)
-as the first electronic general purpose digital
computer.
UNIVAC( Universal Automatic Computer)
-is a line of electronic digital stored-program
computers.
IBM
-is the first mass produced computer with
floating-point arithmetic hardware.
Hewlett Packard 9100A
- is an early computer or programmable
calculator
Floppy disk
- is a removal magnetic storage medium.
Walkman
-is originally used for portable audio cassette
players.
Information Age (1900s-2000s)
-People advanced the use of microelectronics
with the invention of personal computers, mobile
devices, and wearable technology. Moreover,
voice, image, sound and data are digitalized.
We are now living in the information age.
Youtube by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen and
Jawed Karim.
-It is an online video-sharingplatform. It also
allows users to view, upload, share, report,
subscribe and comments on videos.
Facebook Inc by Mark Zuckerberg and his
fellow roommates and students.
-It is a popularglobal social networking website.
It also offers other products and services such
as FacebookMessenger, Facebook Watch and
Facebook Portal.
MacBook
- is a discontinued Macintosh portable computer
developed and sold by Apple Inc. It includes a
retina display, fanless design and a shallower
butterfly keyboard and a single USB-C port for
power and data.
Google LLC
-is based on multinational technology company
that specializes in internet-related services and
products, which include sottware, hardware,
online advertising, a search engine and cloud
computing
Microsoft Corporation
-develops, manufactures, licenses, supports
and sells computer software, consumer
electronics, personal computers and related
services
BIODIVERSITY AND HEALTHY SOCIETY
-BIODIVERSITY IS THE VARIETY OF LIFE ON
EARTH AND THE ESSENTIAL
INTERDEPENDENCE OF ALL LIVING THINGS
-Biological diversity comprises the variety of all
life on earth.
-It also pertains to the relative abundance and
richness of the different traits, species, and
ecosystems in a particular area or region.
-The biodiversity we see today is the outcome of
over 3.5 billion years of evolutionary history,
shaped by natural processes and increasingly,
by the influence of humans.
-Biodiversity forms the web of life of which we
are an integral part and upon which we fully
depend.
• Scientists have identified more than 1.4 million
species. Tens of millions -- remain unknown
United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity
-defines biodiversity as the variability among
living organisms from all source, including inter
alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic
ecosystems, and the ecological Complexes of
which they are part: this includes diversity within
species, between species and of ecosystems.
Zamora (1997)
-defined biodiversity as the ensemble and the
interactions of the genetic, the species, and the
ecological diversity in a given place and at a
given time.
World Wild Fund for Nature (1989)
- defined it as the wealth of life on earth, the
millions of plants, animals an microorganisms,
the genes they contain, and the intricate
ecosystems they help build into the living
environment.
Three Types of Biological Diversity
Genetic diversity
-refers to the variations among the genetic
resources of the organisms. A gene is a unit of
hereditary information consisting of a specific
nucleotide sequence in DNA. High genetic
diversity indicates populations that can more
easily adapt to changing situations and
environments, and also
greater assortment of materials than can be
found, increasing the chances offinding a useful
compound (Bernhardt, 1999).
Species diversity
-refers to the variety of different types of species
found in a particular area.
Ecosystem/ Ecological diversity
-refers to the variety of different types of species
found in a particular area. It includes terrestrial,
marine and freshwater ecosystems.
Ecosystem
- is the unit of interaction between the biotic
community and its physical environment in a
given area. It is a self-contained community of
microorganisms, animals and plants that
interact with each other and with their physical
environment.”
Habitat
-is a place in which a particular species of
organism lives.
Eg:
-Arctic Canada is the habitat of the polar bear
-species of fish like Pike (Esox lucius) are found
in freshwater lakes and ponds.
Importance of Biodiversity
It supports healthy ecosystems.
It is an essential part of the solution to climate
change
It is good for the economy.
It is an integral part of culture and identity.
It provides raw materials like lumber, food,
spices etc.
It provides opportunities for recreational
activities, such as bird watching, scuba
diving, snorkeling, and nature photography.
It serves as the source of medicine.
What do we get from biodiversity?
1. Oxygen
2. Food
3. Clean Water
4. Medicine
5. Aesthetics
6. Lumber
7. Ideas
Status of Philippine Biodiversity
The Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR 2009) claims that
-in terms of biodiversity, the Philippine was 5th
in the world as to number of plant species;
-8th in the world list of endemic plants; 4th in
endemic birds; 5th in endemic mammals; and
8th in endemic reptiles.
List of identified endemic species
1. Rafflesia manillana, the world’s largest
flower.
2. Vanda sanderiana (waling-waling), one of
the world’s largest orchid species.
3. Pithecophaga jefferyi (monkey -eating
eagle), the largest bird
4. Rhyncodon typus, the largest fish
5. Tridacna gigas (giant clam), the largest
seashell
6. Pandaka pygmea (dwarf goby), the
smallest freshwater fish
7. Tarsius syrichta (tarsier), the smallest
primate
8. Tragalus nigricans, the smallest hoofed
mammal
9. Tylonycteris pachpus (bamboo bat), the
smallest bat;
10. Pisidum, the tiniest shell in the world
11. Connus gloriamaris, one of the most
expensive shells in the world
12. Cervus alfredi, the most endangered deer
13. Bubalus mindorensis (tamarau or dwarf
water buffalo), one of the top ten most
endangered species in the world and the largest
endangered animal.
EXTINCTION
-refers to the termination of a species caused by
habitat destruction, introduction of non- native
species, over-exploitation, pollution or even
climate change
-One indication that a species may be
endangered is a dwindling in numbers.
Threatened: population low but extinction less
imminent
Endangered: not so low that extinction
imminent
-In the 2000 Red List of the International Union
for the Conservation of Nature and Natural
resources (IUCN), of the 52,177 species in the
Philippines, 418 were listed as threatened.
-The Philippine Biodiversity Conservation
Priority-setting Program (PBCPP) described the
121 endemic mammals as critically endangered.
The Bird Life International listed 116 of species
of birds in the country are threatened or near
threatened.
-according to the Department of Environment
and Natural Resources report (2010), out of 584
wildlife in the country, 72% are already
threatened with extinction.
Threats to Biodiversity
1. Environmental Pollution
Domestic agriculture and industrial wastes are
poorly treated and are often discharged into the
sea, and to other bodies of water, such as rivers
and lakes. Pollution can lead to diseases and
pollution stresses, such as coral bleaching on
reefs.
2.Over-exploitation/ Over-hunting/ Over-
harvesting/ Over-fishing
Commercial logging, community logging, timber
poaching, and kaingin (slash and burn
agriculture). In mangrove ecosystem, the
extraction of fuel and construction ma
3. Habitat Loss/ Habitat destruction/ Habitat
alteration.
In coral reefs, coastal development, aquaculture,
agriculture, and land-cover change increasing
sediments and nutrients outflow onto reefs, and
the muro-ami fishing technique. The
development of fishponds (aquaculture) in
mangrove forest.
4. Climate Change
Drastic changes in the atmosphere can have
catastrophic effects such as increase
concentration of greenhouse gases and
destruction of forest.
5. Invasive species or Non-native species
Invasive species are greater threat to native
biodiversity than pollution, harvest, and disease
combined (Simberloff, 2000). It can cause
alterations either within species groups or within
the environment.
Underlying Causes of the Loss of Philippine
Biodiversity
The underlying causes of Philippine biodiversity
loss are:
a. Population growth and increasing resource
consumption
b. Ignorance about species and ecosystems
c. Poorly conceived policies and poor law
enforcement
d. Effects of global trading systems
e. Inequity of resource distribution
f. Apathy or failure to account for the value of
biodiversity, and
GMOs or Genetically Modified Organisms
- are organisms whose genetic material has
been altered using genetic engineering
techniques, which is a direct manipulation of an
organisms genome.
-over 191 million hectares have been planted
with genetically modified crops as of 2018
-The first commercially available GM food was
called the Flavr Savr tomato that had an
antisense gene that increased its shelf life and
delayed ripening
-Bt corn is a variant that has been genetically
altered to express more proteins from Bacillus
thuringiensis which produces a bacterial toxin
including Delta-toxins.
-Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a bacterium found
in soil that are toxic to some insects when eaten,
but not others.
-era of Bt had its beginning in 1901, a Japanese
scientist named Shigeta Ishiwata isolated a
bacterium from dead silkworm larvae while he
was investigating the cause of the so called "
sotto disease .
-Bt acts by producing a protein that blocks the
digestive system of the insect, effectively
starving it. Bt is a fast-acting insecticide: an
infected insect will stop feeding within hours of
ingestion and will die, generally from starvation
or a rupture of the digestive system, within days.
Ex situ Conservation
It is the process of protecting species outside of
its natural habitat by removing a species from its
threatened habitat and placing it in a new
location, like zoological gardens, aquaria,
captive breeding centers, botanical gardens,
seed banks and gene banks, within the care of
humans.
In situ Conservation
It is the process of protecting species in its
natural habitat, either by establishment and
management of protected areas where the
species abound, or by defending the species
from predators
History of Nanotechnology
1959- Richard Feynman, an American Physicist
discussed, “There’s Plenty of Room at the
Bottom”.
1960- Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng
fabricated the first MOSFET ( metal –oxide-
semiconductor field-effect transistor) with a gate
oxide thickness of 100nm, along with a gate
length of 20μm.
1974- Norio Taniguchi, a Japanese scientist of
Tokyo University of Science coined the term
"nanotechnology” to describe semiconductor
processes such as film deposition and ion beam
milling exhibiting characteristic control on the
order of a nanometer.
1981s- The invention of Scanning Tunneling
Microscope, an instrument used for imaging
surfaces at the atomic level. It was invented by
Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer at IBM Zurich
(Nobel Prize in Physics).
1985- The discovery of fullerenes, an allotrope
of carbon whose molecule consists of carbon
atoms connected by single and double bonds so
as to form a closed or partially closed mesh, with
fused rings of five to seven atoms.
1986 – Publication of the book Engines of
Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology
by Eric Dexler.
1991- The discovery of carbon nanotubes by
Sumio Lijima
2006- The discovery of 3nm MOSFET, the
worlds’smallest nanoelectronic device was
created by Korean Researchers from the Korea
Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
and the National Nano Fab Center
Early uses of Nanomaterials
Mesopotamia
-nanoparticles were used for creating a glittering
effect on the surface of pots.
modern times
-pottery from the middle Ages and Renaissance
often retains a distinct gold- or copper-colored
metallic glitter.
Rome
-Lycurgus cup is made of a glass that changes
colour when light gleamed through it.
Pre-columbian Mayan City of Chichen Itza
-a corrosion resistant azure pigment known as
“ Maya Blue” contains nanopores to create an
environmentally stable pigment.
Middle East
-Damascus steel swords contain oriented
nanoscale wire-and-tube- like structures
What is Nanotechnology?
-The engineering of functional systems at the
molecular scale.
-It is a Hybrid Science combining Engineering,
Chemistry and to a certain extent Biology.
-It deals with the creation of functional materials,
devices, systems through control of matter or
nanoscale.
-It placed the footprints in the field of energy, – Envirox™ cerium oxide
medicine, electronics, computing, security and • Nanoremediation
materials – SAMMS technology to remove mercury
• Paper
– Nanoscience is the study of phenomena and
manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular – photographic paper
and macromolecular scales, where properties • Filters
differ significantly from – nanofibres
• Toothpaste to remineralise teeth
those at a larger scale. • Food
–Nanotechnologies are the design, • packaging
characterization, production and application of • Paint
structures, devices and systems by controlling • improved adhesion and anti-fungal
shape and size at nanometre scale. qualities/anti-graffiti
• Clothes
Norio Taniguichi of Tokyo Science University • non-staining and anti-radiation
coined the term nanotechnology to describe • Batteries
semiconductor processes such as thin-film • (Black & Decker) phosphate nanocrystal
deposition that deal with control on the order of technology
nanometers • Cleaning products
Fundamental Concepts in Nanoscience and Advanatges of Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology
-Protect drugs from being degraded in the body
It’s hard to imagine just how small before they reach their target
nanotechnology is. One nanometer is a billionth
of a meter, or 10-9 of a meter. Here are a few - Enhances the absorption of drugs into tumors
illustrative examples: and into the cancerous cells themselves.
-There are 25,400,000 nanometers in an inch - Allows for better control over the timing and
distribution of drugs to the tissue, making it
-A sheet of newspaper is about 100,000
nanometers thick easier for oncologists to assess how well they
work.
- On a comparative scale, if a marble were a
nanometer, then one meter would be the size of -Prevent drugs from interacting with normal
the Earth cells , thus avoiding side effects.

Different Approaches to Nanotechnology. Disadvantages

Nanotechnologies can be: • Adverse health effects in humans from

deliberate or accidental exposure
• Top-down
• Adverse effects on the environment from
– Etching a block of material down to the desired deliberate or accidental exposure
shape
•Potentially explosive properties of
– Chips and processors nanostructures
• Bottom-up • Very difficult to detect without sophisticated
– Building materials atom by atom - like lego equipment

– Nanoparticles such as C60, carbon nanotubes, • Difficult to predict how particles will behave in
quantum dots the environment (dispersed/clumped)

Applications of Nanotechnology • Small size may result in particles passing into

• Catalysts the body more easily (inhalation, ingestion,
absorption)
• May be more reactive due to surface area to Past Climate Changes
volume ratio
• Glacial and interglacial periods
• Potential to adsorb toxic chemicals
• Global cooling and global warming
• Persistence - Longevity of particles in the
environment and body are unknown • Measurement of past temperature

NANOSTRUCTURES changes

Fullerenes– e.g. carbon nanotubes and – Rocks and fossils

buckyballs – Ice cores from glaciers
Non-carbon nanotubes – Tree rings
• Nanowires – Historical measurements since 1861
• Biopolymers
• Dendrimers
POTENTIALS RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH
NANOTECHNOLOGY
• Adverse health effects in humans from
deliberate or accidental exposure
• Adverse effects on the environment from
deliberate or accidental exposure
•Potentially explosive properties of
nanostructures The Greenhouse Effect
RISK ASSESSMENT PROBLEMS • Earth’s natural greenhouse effect
• Very difficult to detect without sophisticated • Natural greenhouse gases
equipment
– Water vapor (H2O)
• Difficult to predict how particles will behave in
the environment (dispersed/clumped) – Carbon dioxide (CO2)

• Small size may result in particles passing into – Methane (CH4)

the body more easily (inhalation, ingestion, – Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
absorption)
• May be more reactive due to surface area to
volume ratio
• Potential to adsorb toxic chemicals Evidence to Support Global Warming
• Persistence - Longevity of particles in the • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
environment and body are unknown
• 2007 IPCC report
Nano-refers to a unit meaning one billionth or
• Rise in average global surface temperature
ten raised to negative nine.
• 10 warmest years on record since 1970
Nanotechnology-refers to the manipulation of
matter on an atomic or subatomic scale. • Annual greenhouse gas emissions up 70%
between 1970 and 2008
Climate Change & Global Warming
• Changes in glaciers, rainfall
hurricanes
• Sea level rise in this century 4–8 inches
O2 Is the Major Culprit
• 1850: 285 ppm
• 2009: 388 ppm
• Over 450 ppm is tipping point
• 350 ppm as intermediate goal
Science Focus: Scientific Consensus about
Future Global Temperature Changes?
• Temperature as a function of greenhouse
gases
• Mathematical models
• Model data and assumptions
• Predictions and model reliability
• Recent warming due to human activities
What Role for Oceans in Climate Change?
• Absorb CO2
• CO2 solubility decreases with increasing
temperature
• Upper ocean getting warmer
-The projected change in the earth’s climate
during this century could have severe and long-
lasting consequences, including increased
drought and flooding, rising sea levels, and
patterns, shifts in locations of agriculture and wildlife
habitats.
Potential Severe Consequences
• Rapid projected temperature increase
• 2 Cº inevitable
• 4 Cº possible
• Effects will last for at least 1,000 years
Harmful Effects of Global Warming
• Excessive heat
• Drought
• Ice and snow melt
• Rising sea levels
• Extreme weather
• Threat to biodiversity
• Food production may decline
• Change location of agricultural crops
• Threats to human health
-to slow the rate of projected climate change, we
can increase energy efficiency, sharply reduce
greenhouse gas emissions, rely more on
renewable energy resources, and slow
population growth.
Options to Deal with Climate Change
• Two approaches:
1. Drastically reduce greenhouse gas
emissions
2. Develop strategies to reduce its
harmful effects
• Mix both approaches
• Governments beginning to act
Solutions in Slowing Climate Change • Repair leaking natural gas lines
• Reduce methane emissions from animals
Science Focus: Is Capturing and \Storing
CO2 the Answer?
• Global tree planting
• Restore wetlands
• Plant fast-growing perennials
• Preserve natural forests
• Seed oceans with iron to promote growth of
phytoplankton
• Sequester carbon dioxide underground and
under the ocean floor
Government Roles in Reducing the \Threat
of Climate Change
• Regulate carbon dioxide and methane as
pollutants
• Carbon taxes
Reducing the Threat of Climate Change • Cap total CO2 emissions
• Improve energy efficiency to reduce • Subsidize energy-efficient technologies
fossil fuel use • Technology transfers
• Shift from coal to natural gas • International climate negotiations
• Improve energy efficiency • Kyoto Protocol
• Shift to renewable energy sources • Act locally
• Transfer appropriate technology to developing – Costa Rica
countries
– U.S. states
• Reduce deforestation
– Large corporations
• Sustainable agriculture and forestry
– Colleges and universities
• Reduce poverty
• Slow population growth
• Decrease CO2 emissions
• Sequester CO2
– Plant trees
– Agriculture
– Underground
– Deep ocean
 Former Uses of CFCs
• Coolants in air conditioners and refrigerators
• Propellants in aerosol cans
• Cleaning solutions for electronic parts
• Fumigants
• Bubbles in plastic packing
• Coolants in air conditioners and refrigerators
• Propellants in aerosol cans
• Cleaning solutions for electronic parts

-Widespread use of certain chemicals has • Fumigants

reduced ozone levels in the stratosphere and Reversing Ozone Depletion
allowed more harmful ultraviolet radiation to
reach the earth’s surface • Stop producing ozone-depleting chemicals
-to reverse ozone depletion, we need to stop • Slow recovery
producing ozone-depleting chemicals and
• Montreal Protocol
adhere to the international treaties that ban such
chemicals. • Copenhagen Protocol
Human Impact on the Ozone Layer • International cooperation
• Location and purpose of the ozone layer
– Blocks UV-A and UV-B
• Seasonal and long-term depletion of ozone
• Threat to humans, animals, plants
• Causes – chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Individuals Matter: Banning of
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
• Chemists Rowland and Molina –
– Nobel Prize in 1995
• Called for ban
– Remain in atmosphere
– Rise into stratosphere
– Break down into atoms that accelerate ozone
depletion
– Stay in stratosphere for long periods
• Defended research against big industry