“The world we have created is a product of our thinking.

If we want to change the world, we have to change our

thinking”. – Albert Einstein
INFORMATION AGE

 Also known as the Computer Age, Digital Age, New Media Age, Internet Age
 a historic period in the 21st century
 characterized by the rapid epochal shift from traditional industry that the Industrial Revolution brought
through industrialization, to an economy based on information technology.

Early Developments of Information Age

 1945- Fremont Rider described the miniaturized microform analog photographs, which could be duplicated
on-demand for library patrons and other institutions.
 1965- Moore’s law was formulated. It is an observation that the number of transistors in a dense integrated
circuit doubles about every two years.
 Early 1980s- production of the smaller and less expensive personal computers allowed for direct access to
information.
 1995- Nicholas Negroponte published his book, Being Digital, the similarities and differences between
products made of atoms and bits.

1. Primary Information Age- newspaper, radio, television.

2. Secondary Information Age- Internet, satellite television and mobile phones
3. Tertiary Information Age- emerged by media of the Primary Information Age interconnected with media of
the Secondary Information Age.
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1. Pre-industrial Age- a time before there were machines and tools to help them perform the tasks. About 2.5
million years before writing was developed, technology began with the earliest hominids who used stone
tools, which they may have used to start fires, hunt, and bury their dead. Communications were limited
between communities. People used traditional paper and writing materials, signs or symbols to communicate
with each other. For example, Egyptians used papyrus scrolls. Sumerians used clay tablets, pre-historic men
used hand stencils and simple geometric shapes to create art on the walls of caves and Johannes Gutenberg
invented the printing press during Renaissance period.

Examples:
 Cave paintings (3500 BC)
 and Clay Tables (2400 BC)

2. Industrial Age- is a period of history that encompasses the changes in economic and social organization that
began around 1760 in Great Britain and later in other countries, characterized chiefly by the
 replacement of hand tools with power-driven machines such as the power loom and the steam engine,
and by the concentration of industry in large establishments.

Communication during the Industrial Age:

 Samuel F.B Morse invented the telegraph which became the standard for international
communication with a modified code.
 Alexander Graham Bell patent the telephone, an electric tool transmitting analogue speech along
wires.
 Thomas Edison invented the phonograph, a device for the mechanical recording and reproduction of
sound.
 Heinrich Hertz identified and studied radio waves in 1886.
 Guiglielmo Marconi developed the first practical radio transmitters and receivers.
 Philo Farnsworth invented the first fully electronic television. It became an important mass medium
for advertising, propaganda and entertainment.

3. Electronic Age began when electronic equipment and large technologies, including computers came into use.
The invention of the transistor ushered in the electronic age. People harnessed the power of transistors that
led to the transistor radio, electronic circuits, and the early computers. In this age, long distance
communication became more efficient.
Transistor led to the creation of other media tool.

 Enigma machine is a piece of spook hardware used as a way of deciphering German signals traffic
during World War Two.
 Transisor radio became the most popular electronic communication and device in history.
 EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) is considered to be the first stored
program electronic computer.
 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) as the first electronic general purpose
digital computer.
 UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) is a line of electronic digital stored-program computers.
 IBM is the first mass produced computer with floating-point arithmetic hardware.
 Hewlett Packard 9100A is an early computer or programmable calculator
 Floppy disk is a removal magnetic storage medium.
 Walkman is originally used for portable audio cassette players.

4. Information Age-People advanced the use of microelectronics with the invention of personal computers,
mobile devices, and wearable technology. Moreover, voice, image, sound and data are digitalized. We are now
living in the information age.

 You tube was created by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen and Jawed Karim. It is an online video-sharing
platform. It also allows users to view, upload, share, report, subscribe and comments on videos.
 Facebook Inc. was founded by Mark Zuckerberg and his fellow roommates and students. It is a
popular global social networking website. It also offers other products and services such as Facebook
Messenger, Facebook Watch and Facebook Portal.
 MacBook is a discontinued Macintosh portable computer developed and sold by Apple Inc. It
includes a Retina display, fanless design and a shallower butterfly keyboard and a single USB-C port
for power and data.
 Google LLC is based on multinational technology company that specializes in internet-related
services and products, which include sottware, hardware, online advertising, a search engine and cloud
computing
 Microsoft Corporation develops, manufactures, licenses, supports and sells computer software,
consumer electronics, personal computers and related services.
December 7, 2021

BIODIVERSITY
Biological diversity comprises the variety of all life on earth and the essential interdependence of all living
things. It also pertains to the relative abundance and richness of the different traits, species, and ecosystems in a
particular area or region. The biodiversity we see today is the outcome of over 3.5 billion years of evolutionary history,
shaped by natural processes and increasingly, by the influence of humans. Biodiversity forms the web of life of which
we are an integral part and upon which we fully depend.
The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992), of
which Philippines is one of the 154 member countries who signed the declaration, defines biodiversity as the
variability among living organisms from all source, including inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic
ecosystems, and the ecological.
Complexes of which they are part: this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.
Zamora (1997) defined biodiversity as the ensemble and the interactions of the genetic, the species, and the ecological
diversity in a given place and at a given time.
World Wild Fund for Nature (1989) defined it as the wealth of life on earth, the millions of plants, animals a
microorganism, the genes they contain, and the intricate ecosystems they help build into the living environment.

Three Types of Biological Diversity

1. Genetic diversity
 refers to the variations among the genetic resources of the organisms. Genetic Diversity
refers to a variety of expressed traits or genes within the species.
 A gene is a unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence
in DNA. High genetic diversity indicates populations that can more easily adapt to
changing situations and environments, and also greater assortment of materials than can
be found, increasing the chances of finding a useful compound (Bernhardt, 1999).
o Associated with physical appearance
 Chihuahuas, beagles, and rottweilers are all the same species —but they're not the same
because there is variety in their genes.

2. Species diversity
  refers to the variety of different types of species found in a particular area, or refers to a
variety of species or diversity between species.
 Species is a group of organisms or individuals with the same gene pool or genetic
characteristics and capable of interbreeding with one another.

3. Ecosystem/ Ecological diversity

 refers to the variety of different types of species found in a particular area. It includes
terrestrial, marine and freshwater ecosystems or,
 refers to a variety of species among ecosystems in a given area or variety of habitat,
communities and ecological processes in a given area or variety of habitat.

Ecosystem is the unit of interaction between the biotic community and its physical environment in a given area. It is a
self-contained community of microorganisms, animals and plants that interact with each other and with their physical
environment.”
Habitat is a place in which a particular species of organism lives.

Status of Philippine Biodiversity

The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR 2009) claims that in terms of biodiversity;
 The Philippine was 5th in the world as to number of plant species;
 8th in the world list of endemic plants;
 4th in endemic birds;
 5th in endemic mammals; and
 8th in endemic reptiles.

List of identified endemic species

1. RAFFLESIA MANILLANA,
 the world’s largest flower.
2. VANDA SANDERIANA (waling-waling),
 one of the world’s largest orchid species.

3. PITHECOPHAGA JEFFERYI (monkey -eating eagle),

 the largest bird

4. RHYNCODON TYPUS,
 the largest fish
5. TRIDACNA GIGAS (giant clam)
 the largest seashell

6. PANDAKA PYGMEA (dwarf goby),

 the smallest freshwater fish

7. TARSIUS SYRICHTA (tarsier)

 the smallest primate
8. TRAGALUS NIGRICANS,
 the smallest hoofed mammal
9. TYLONYCTERIS PACHPUS (bamboo bat),
 the smallest bat;
10. PISIDUM,
 the tiniest shell in the world
11. CONNUS GLORIAMARIS,
 one of the most expensive shells in the world
 12. CERVUS ALFREDI,
 the most endangered deer
13. BUBALUS MINDORENSIS (tamarau or dwarf water buffalo),
 one of the top ten most endangered species in the world and the largest endangered animal.

IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY
Beauty and pleasure are not the only reason why biodiversity is important.
 It supports healthy ecosystems.
 It is an essential part of the solution to climate change
 It is good for the economy.
 It is an integral part of culture and identity.
 It provides raw materials like lumber, food, spices etc.
 It provides opportunities for recreational activities, such as bird watching, scuba diving, snorkeling,
and nature photography.
 It serves as the source of medicine.

1. ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE
2. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
3. FOOD & MEDICINE
4. AESTHETIC IMPORTANCE
5. CULTURAL IMPORTANCE

What do we get from biodiversity?

1. Oxygen
2. Food
3. Clean Water
4. Medicine
5. Aesthetics
6. Lumber
7. Ideas

One indication that a species may be endangered is a dwindling in numbers. The list of endangered species is long and
growing. In the 2000 Red List of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural resources
(IUCN), of the 52,177 species in the Philippines, 418 were listed as threatened. The Philippine Biodiversity
Conservation Priority-setting Program (PBCPP) described the 121 endemic mammals as critically endangered. The
Bird Life International listed 116 of species of birds in the country are threatened or near threatened. According to the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources report (2010), out of 584 wildlife in the country, 72% are already
threatened with extinction. Several species of plants, frogs, reptiles and insects remain to be documented.
Unfortunately, several species were believed to have vanished without being identified.

Threats to Biodiversity
A. ANTHROPOLOGICAL FORCE
1. Environmental Pollution / Habitat alteration or Destruction
Domestic agriculture and industrial wastes are poorly treated and are often discharged into the sea, and to other
bodies of water, such as rivers and lakes. Pollution can lead to diseases and pollution stresses, such as coral
bleaching on reefs.
2. Over-exploitation/ Over-hunting/ Over-harvesting/ Over-fishing
Commercial logging, community logging, timber poaching, and kaingin (slash and burn agriculture). In
mangrove ecosystem, the extraction of fuel and construction ma
3. Habitat Loss/ Habitat destruction/ Habitat alteration.
In coral reefs, coastal development, aquaculture, agriculture, and land-cover change increasing sediments and
nutrients outflow onto reefs, and the muro-ami fishing technique. The development of fishponds (aquaculture)
in mangrove forest.
4. Climate Change
Drastic changes in the atmosphere can have catastrophic effects such as increase concentration of greenhouse
gases and destruction of forest.
5. Invasive species or Non-native species
Invasive species are greater threat to native biodiversity than pollution, harvest, and disease combined
(Simberloff, 2000). It can cause alterations either within species groups or within the environment.
6. Encroachment of Habitat
B. NATURAL FORCES
 Natural forces such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, typhoons, forest fires, and other natural
processes occurring among species, such as predation and competition, can also cause extinction
of species.

Underlying Causes of the Loss of Philippine Biodiversity

The underlying causes of Philippine biodiversity loss are:
a. Population growth and increasing resource consumption
b. Ignorance about species and ecosystems
c. Poorly conceived policies and poor law enforcement
 d. Effects of global trading systems
e. Inequity of resource distribution
f. Apathy or failure to account for the value of biodiversity, and

CONSERVATION OF MANAGEMENT OF BIODIVERSITY

1. IN SITU
 process of protecting species in its natural habitat, either by establishment and management of
protected areas where the species abound, or by defending the species from predators.
Protected areas in the Philippines:
1. ALIBIJABAN ISLAND – SAN ANDRES, QUEZON

2. AKLAN RIVER

3. APO REEF

4. CHOCOLATE HILLS – CARMEN, BOHOL

 2. EX SITU
 It is the process of protecting species outside of its natural habitat by removing a species from
its threatened habitat and placing it in a new location, like zoological gardens, aquaria, captive
breeding centers, botanical gardens, seed banks and gene banks, within the care of humans.

Genetically Modified Organisms

Worldwide, over 191 million hectares have been planted with genetically modified crops as of 2018, particularly
herbicide and pest-resistant canola, cotton, corn and soybeans. The United States had the largest area worldwide of
GM crops, followed by Brazil, Argentina, Canada and India (Shahbandeh, 2019).
Fun facts: The first commercially available GM food was called the Flavr Savr tomato that had an antisense gene that
increased its shelf life and delayed ripening ( Bruening and Lyons, 2000). Designed by researchers at Calgene (now a
division of Monsanto, Inc.). Monsanto is the leading company in genetically modified crop based on revenue.
GMOs or Genetically Modified Organisms are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic
engineering techniques, which is a direct manipulation of an organisms genome. According to the World Health
Organization (WHO,2004) GMOs are organisms, either plant or animal or microorganism in which the genetic
material ( DNA) has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating or natural recombination. The
development of GMOs was perceived to help in the advancement of technology for the benefit of humans in different
industries like agriculture and medicine.

Example of Genetically Modified Foods (GMFs)

Bt corn is a variant that has been genetically altered to express more proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis which
produces a bacterial toxin including Delta-toxins. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a bacterium found in soil that are toxic
to some insects when eaten, but not others. The era of Bt had its beginning in 1901, a Japanese scientist named
Shigeta Ishiwata isolated a bacterium from dead silkworm larvae while he was investigating the cause of the socalled
" sotto disease . The disease was responsible for the loss of large numbers of silkworm in Japan. A few years
thereafter, in 1911, A German scientist Ernst Berliner isolated a related strain from dead Mediterranean flour moth
larvae in the German state Thuringia. He named the organism Bacillus thuringiensis. The bacterium has been used as
an insecticide since 1938. Susceptible insects must ingest Bt toxin in order to be affected. In contrast to poisonous
insecticides that target the nervous system. Bt acts by producing a protein that blocks the digestive system of the
insect, effectively starving it. Bt is a fast-acting insecticide: an infected insect will stop feeding within hours of
ingestion and will die, generally from starvation or a rupture of the digestive system, within days. The toxin is
produced by the Cry gene found on plasmids in the bacterium. The gene is added to the genomes of crop plants using a
bacterium that forms root nodules in plants (Agrobacterium tumificiens). One interesting feature of cry genes is their
high degree of plasticity. This particular characteristic may contribute to the versatility of cry toxins as it relates to
their insect host range. In addition, Bt crops produced from 1996 onwards are maize, potato, cotton and soybean.”

Genetically Modified Organisms are part of a growing industry that is clouded by controversy, fear and suspicion.
With so much uncertainty, this technology must be evaluated to accurately determine the relationship between GM
foods and human health. For instance, damage from weed infestation destroys crops worldwide. Cultivating GM crops
has provided significant benefits to farmers globally to combat this problem. Several of the main reasons for
generating transgenic crops include increased nutritional value of crops like maize with improved protein and golden
rice fortified with Vitamin A and Iron. Importantly, GMOs also improved the growth characteristics and yield of
agriculturally valuable crops which often enhanced color and taste, enhanced production or reduction of enzymes, and
prolonged shelf life. With the use of GMO crops, there will be less use for herbicides/ pesticides, and lower cost for
cultivation and labor. Additionally, it provides crop resistance against insect and viral pests, drought and herbicides.
This could help farmers to reduce the use of fertilizer and pesticides, controlling the purity of the hybrid seeds that
ensures higher yields and increase potential growth and harvest. Despite the promising claims of GMOs, there have
been many controversies and issues whether genetically modified food is less healthy than non-genetically modified
food. Are GM crops Is it safe to eat? Does it pose a threat to other organisms? A major concern in the use and
consumption of GMOs include promote the development of pesticide resistant pests. Introduction of the GMOs in the
natural environment may cause disruption of the natural communities through competition interference. There is a
potential risk of the modified gene to be transferred from the GMO crop to its wild relative or organism in the soil.
Emergence of new forms resistance and secondary pests and weed problems might ensue. GM crops express concerns
about allergenicity. Consumption of GMOs may have adverse effects since it is not naturally or organically produced.
It may alter the balance of existing microorganisms in the body and production of toxins may be detrimental to human
health. Furthermore, GM crop can be both expensive and time consuming since it is performed in the laboratory.
Although the debate about GM food is active. Scientists and researchers continue to pave the way for GMO- a path
that leads to an unimaginable array of benefits, but also raises extremely important questions.
Genetically Modified Organisms
• are a result of technology that has altered the DNA of living organisms (animals, plants or bacteria)
Other Terms:

 Transgenic – a gene is moved from one non-closely related species to another

 Cisgenic/intragenic – a gene is moved within the same species or a closely related species.
 Subgenic – a gene is edited to amplify, delete, insert, silence or repress the gene.
Genetic Engineering

 is the manipulation of organisms' genes, where it involves transfer of genes from the other organisms
Jack Williamson

 1951 he coined the term GENETIC ENGINEERING

Process of Plant Genetic Engineering

Step 1: DNA Extraction

 A sample of an organism containing the gene of interest is taken through a series of steps to remove the
DNA.
Step 2: Gene Cloning

 Scientists use gene cloning to separate the single gene of interest from the rest of the genes extracted and
make thousands of copies of it.
Step 3: Gene Design

 After cloning, designing the gene to work once inside a different organism.
 This is done in a test tube by cutting the gene apart with enzymes and replacing gene regions that have
been separated.
 Step 4: Transformation

 The new gene is inserted into some of the cells using various techniques. Some of the more common
methods include the gene gun, agrobacterium, microfibers, and electroporation. The main goal of each of
these methods is to transport the new gene(s) and deliver them into the nucleus of a cell without killing it.
Step 5: Backcross Breeding

 Transgenic plants are crossed with elite breeding lines using traditional plant breeding methods to combine
the desired, traits of elite parents and the transgene into a single line.
 The offspring are repeatedly crossed back to the elite line to obtain a high yielding transgenic line.
 The result will be a plant with a yield potential close to current hybrids that expresses the trait encoded by
the new transgene.

BENEFITS OF GMOs
1. Increase in harvest
2. Control in fertility
3. Increase in Food processing
4. Improvement of Desirable Traits
5. Reduce the use of Fertilizers and Pesticides
6. Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Enhancement
EXAMPLES OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISM
1. Arctic Fish DNA + Strawberry = A strawberry resistant to frost

2. Tobacco plant with firefly gene © Keith Wood (of DeLuca lab) for Science Magazine 1986
3. AquAdvantage salmon

4. Spider’s silk is 5 times stronger than a thread of steel of the same thickness 3 times stronger than Kevlar
(carbon fibre)
 Spiders are carnivores and cannot be raised
 The gene for spider silk protein was isolated from the golden orb weaver (Nephila clavipes)

5. Featherless chickens (bare-skinned “prototype”)

 “Feathers are a waste. The chickens are using feed to produce something that has to be dumped and
the farmers have to waste electricity to overcome the fact,” he said.
  Plucking also requires the use of large amounts of water, he says.

6. Scientists have clones/genetically modified a beagle puppy that glows in the dark.

RISKS OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS

 Allergenicity
• Gene Transfer
• Loss of biodiversity
• Reduced effectiveness of pesticides as insects become resistant to engineered toxins.
NANOTECHNOLOGY
• deals with dimensions and tolerances of less than 100 nanometers, especially the manipulation of
individual atoms and molecules.

• The prefix Nano means a factor of billionth (10⁻⁹) in the metric system and can be applied in time
(nanosecond), volume (Nano liter) etc.
Norio Taniguchi
• to describe work on semiconductor processes such as thin film deposition and ion beam milling on the
order of a nanometer without naming it as such.
ANCIENT EGYPTIANS
• Fermentation process on nano level (making bread, wine, beer, cheese and other food stuffs) Nanoparticles
of galenite (lead sulfide) were formed in hair dyeing process.
MIDDLE AGES
• Stained glass windows have been admired in Europe because of close to perfection. As the latest study
shows, the windows contained additives of gold and nanoparticles of other materials.
NANOTECHNOLOGY FACILITIES IN THE PHILIPPINES

NANOTECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

o ITDI – INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT INSTITUE DEPARTMENT OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
o provides opportunities and technical services to local industries by Nano Lab.
 • ICT & Semiconductors
o Example: Use of nanowires to ultrafast ICT with small power consumption.

Agriculture
• Nano-particles controlling the plant disease
• Nanotechnology for detecting plant diseases
Health
• Rich countries are investing heavily in nanotechnology for health.
• The first generation of cancer drugs delivered via nanoparticles, for example, has already been approved
by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
•
NANOTECHNOLOGY CAN PROVIDE SOLUTIONS TO THESE BASIC NEEDS IN RURAL AREAS
• Clean water using nanocatalysts or nanoporous membranes that will filter off impurities
• Enhanced agricultural productivity assisted by nanotechnology
• Medical care using portable medical diagnostic kits using nanotech
• Advances in ICT in computations and telecommunications may bring education effectively.
History of Nanotechnology

• 1959- Richard Feynman, an American Physicist discussed, “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom”.
• 1960- Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng fabricated the first MOSFET ( metal –oxide-semiconductor
field-effect transistor) with a gate oxide thickness of 100nm, along with a gate length of 20μm.
• 1974- Norio Taniguchi, a Japanese scientist of Tokyo University of Science coined the term
"nanotechnology” to describe semiconductor processes such as film deposition and ion beam milling
exhibiting characteristic control on the order of a nanometer.
• 1981s- The invention of Scanning Tunneling Microscope, an instrument used for imaging surfaces at the
atomic level. It was invented by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer at IBM Zurich (Nobel Prize in Physics).
• 1985- The discovery of fullerenes, an allotrope of carbon whose molecule consists of carbon atoms
connected by single and double bonds so as to form a closed or partially closed mesh, with fused rings of
five to seven atoms.
• 1986 – Publication of the book Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology by Eric Dexler.
• 1991- The discovery of carbon nanotubes by Sumio Lijima
• 2006- The discovery of 3nm MOSFET, the worlds’ smallest nanoelectronic device was created by Korean
Researchers from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology and the National Nano Fab
Center.

Early uses of Nanomaterials

• In Mesopotamia, nanoparticles were used for creating a glittering effect on the surface of pots.
 • In modern times, pottery from the Middle Ages and Renaissance often retains a distinct gold- or copper-
colored metallic glitter.
• In Rome, Lycurgus cup is made of a glass that changes color when light gleamed through it.
• In pre-Columbian Mayan City of Chichen Itza, a corrosion resistant azure pigment known as “Maya Blue”
contains nanopores to create an environmentally stable pigment.
• In Middle East, Damascus steel swords contain oriented nanoscale wire-and-tube-like structures
What is Nanotechnology?
• The engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale.
• It is a Hybrid Science combining Engineering, Chemistry and to a certain extent Biology.
• It deals with the creation of functional materials, devices, systems through control of matter or nanoscale.
• It placed the footprints in the field of energy, medicine, electronics, computing, security and materials.
• Nanoscience is the study of phenomena and manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and
macromolecular scales, where properties differ significantly from those at a larger scale.
• Nanotechnologies are the design, characterization, production and application of structures, devices and
systems by controlling shape and size at nanometre scale.

Fundamental Concepts in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

It’s hard to imagine just how small nanotechnology is. One nanometer is a billionth of a meter, or 10-9 of a meter.
Here are a few illustrative examples:

 There are 25,400,000 nanometers in an inch

 A sheet of newspaper is about 100,000 nanometers thick
 On a comparative scale, if a marble were a nanometer, then one meter would be the size of the Earth.

Different Approaches to Nanotechnology.

Nanotechnologies can be:

• Top-down
– Etching a block of material down to the desired shape
– Chips and processors
• Bottom-up
– Building materials atom by atom - like lego
– Nanoparticles such as C60, carbon nanotubes, quantum dots

Applications of Nanotechnology
 • Catalysts
– Envirox™ cerium oxide
• Nano remediation
– SAMMS technology to remove mercury
• Paper
– photographic paper
• Filters
– nanofibers
• Toothpaste to remineralise teeth
• Food
• packaging
• Paint
• improved adhesion and anti-fungal qualities/anti-graffiti
• Clothes
• non-staining and anti-radiation
• Batteries
• (Black & Decker) phosphate nanocrystal technology
• Cleaning products

Advantages of Nanotechnology

• Protect drugs from being degraded in the body before they reach their target
• Enhances the absorption of drugs into tumors and into the cancerous cells themselves.
• Allows for better control over the timing and distribution of drugs to the tissue, making it easier for
oncologists to assess how well they work.
• Prevent drugs from interacting with normal cells, thus avoiding side effects.

Disadvantages
• Adverse health effects in humans from deliberate or accidental exposure
• Adverse effects on the environment from deliberate or accidental exposure
• Potentially explosive properties of nanostructures
• Very difficult to detect without sophisticated equipment
• Difficult to predict how particles will behave in the environment (dispersed/clumped)
• Small size may result in particles passing into the body more easily (inhalation, ingestion, absorption)
• May be more reactive due to surface area to volume ratio
• Potential to adsorb toxic chemicals
• Persistence - Longevity of particles in the environment and body are unknown
Science, Technology and Society
COURSE MODULE COURSE UNIT Session
10 2 5
The Information Age

 Read course and unit objectives

 Read study guide prior to class attendance
 Read required learning resources; refer to unit
terminologies for jargons
 Proactively participate in classroom discussions
 Participate in weekly discussion board (Canvas)
 Answer and submit course unit tasks

At the end of this unit, the students are expected to:

1. Discuss the evolution of information from the ancient times up to the present.
2. Examine the human and social impacts of the developments in the information age
3. Explain how social media have affected the society.
How we decide by Jonah Lehrer and Information: the new language of science by Hans Christian
von Bayer.

Information Age

 Computer Age, Digital Age, New Media Age, Internet Age

 a historic period in the 21st century characterized by the rapid shift from traditional industry that
the Industrial Revolution brought through industrialization, to an economy based on information
technology.

Early Developments of Information Age

1945- Fremont Rider described the miniaturized microform analog photographs, which could be
duplicated on-demand for library patrons and other institutions.

1965- Moore’s law was formulated. It is an observation that the number of transistors in a dense
integrated circuit doubles about every two years.

Early 1980s- production of the smaller and less expensive personal computers allowed for direct
access to information.

1995- Nicholas Negroponte published his book, Being Digital, the similarities and differences between
products made of atoms and bits.

Primary Information Age- newspaper, radio, television.

Secondary Information Age- Internet, satellite television and mobile phones

Tertiary Information Age- emerged by media of the Primary Information Age interconnected with media
of the Secondary Information Age.

Pre-industrial Age- a time before there were machines and tools to help them perform the tasks.
About 2.5 million years before writing was developed, technology began with the earliest hominids who
used stone tools, which they may have used to start fires, hunt, and bury their dead. Communications
were limited between communities. People used traditional paper and writing materials, signs or
symbols to communicate with each other. For example, Egyptians used papyrus scrolls. Sumerians
used clay tablets, Pre-historic men used hand stencils and simple geometric shapes to create art on the
walls of caves and Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press during Renaissance period.

Industrial Age- is a period of history that encompasses the changes in economic and social
organization that began around 1760 in Great Britain and later in other countries, characterized chiefly
by the replacement of hand tools with power-driven machines such as the power loom and the steam
engine, and by the concentration of industry in large establishments.

Communication during the Industrial Age

Samuel F.B Morse invented the telegraph which became the standard for international communication
with a modified code.

Alexander Graham Bell patent the telephone, an electric tool transmitting analogue speech along
wires.

Thomas Edison invented the phonograph, a device for the mechanical recording and reproduction of
sound.

Heinrich Hertz identified and studied radio waves in 1886.

Guiglielmo Marconi developed the first practical radio transmitters and receivers.

Philo Farnsworth invented the first fully electronic television. It became an important mass medium for
advertising, propaganda and entertainment.

Electronic Age began when electronic equipment and large technologies, including

computers came into use. The invention of the transistor ushered in the electronic age. People
harnessed the power of transistors that led to the transistor radio, electronic circuits, and the early
computers. In this age, long distance communication became more efficient.

Transistor led to the creation of other media tool.

Enigma machine is a piece of spook hardware used as a way of deciphering German signals traffic
during World War Two.

Transisor radio became the most popular electronic communication and device in history.
EDSAC ( Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) is considered to be the first stored program
electronic computer.

ENIAC ( Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) as the first electronic general purpose digital
computer.

UNIVAC( Universal Automatic Computer) is a line of electronic digital stored-program computers.

IBM is the first mass produced computer with floating-point arithmetic hardware.

Hewlett Packard 9100A is an early computer or programmable calculator

Floppy disk is a removal magnetic storage medium.

Walkman is originally used for portable audio cassette players.

Information Age-People advanced the use of microelectronics with the invention of personal
computers, mobile devices, and wearable technology. Moreover, voice, image, sound and data are
digitalized. We are now living in the information age.

You tube was created by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen and Jawed Karim. It is an online video-sharing
platform. It also allows users to view, upload, share, report, subscribe and comments on videos.

Facebook Inc. was founded by Mark Zuckerberg and his fellow roommates and students. It is a popular
global social networking website. It also offers other products and services such as Facebook
Messenger, Facebook Watch and Facebook Portal.

MacBook is a discontinued Macintosh portable computer developed and sold by Apple Inc. It includes a
Retina display, fanless design and a shallower butterfly keyboard and a single USB-C port for power
and data.

Google LLC is based on multinational technology company that specializes in internet-related services
and products, which include sottware, hardware, online advertising, a search engine and cloud
computing

Microsoft Corporation develops, manufactures, licenses, supports and sells computer software,
consumer electronics, personal computers and related services.

Study Questions
1. Which developments in the information age brought significant changes in the way you live your life
today?

2. How did the transmission of information evolve from the ancient times up to the present?

3. As a student, how will you use social media to ensure that you do not propagate inaccurate and
unreliable information?

Tawagon, Jeanny. Electronic Age Timeline/Timetoast

timelines. https:www.timetoast.com
https://www.wikipedia.org
  https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/413486809530256218 /
  https://www.shutterstock.com/search/cave+painting
  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_(channel )
  https://www.zdnet.com/article/ode-to-manual-typewriters /
  https://favpng.com/png_view/social-media-social-media-friendster-social-networking-
service-facebook-inc-png/as1899s8
  https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/how-the-telegraph-went-from-semaphore-to-
communication-game-changer-1403433/
  https://steemit.com/history/@badadd7/evolution-of-the-television-1920-s-present-day-and-
beyond
  https://www.arnnet.com.au/slideshow/415553/pictures-eniac-world-first-digital-computer-
turns-66/
Science, Technology and Society
COURSE MODULE COURSE UNIT Session
11 2 5
Biodiversity and Healthy Society

 Read course and unit objectives

 Read study guide prior to class attendance
 Read required learning resources; refer to unit
terminologies for jargons
 Proactively participate in classroom discussions
 Participate in weekly discussion board (Canvas)
 Answer and submit course unit tasks

At the end of this unit, the students are expected to:

1. Describe biodiversity and its interrelatedness with the society, environment and health.
2. Identify the three types of biodiversity
3. Critique the impacts of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) to society.
Duguet, A. (2003). Article: Ethics in research with vulnerable populations and emerging countries:
The Golden Rice Case. Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulations. Summer.
Volume 38, Issue 4, p979-1013, 35p).

Biological diversity comprises the variety of all life on earth. It also pertains to the
relative abundance and richness of the different traits, species, and ecosystems in a particular
area or region. The biodiversity we see today is the outcome of over 3.5 billion years of
evolutionary history, shaped by natural processes and increasingly, by the influence of humans.
Biodiversity forms the web of life of which we are an integral part and upon which we fully
depend.

The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro,
brazil in 1992), of which Philippines is one of the 154 member countries who signed the declaration,
defines biodiversity as the variability among living organisms from all source, including inter alia,
terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems, and the ecological
Complexes of which they are part: this includes diversity within species, between species and of
ecosystems. Zamora (1997) defined biodiversity as the ensemble and the interactions of the genetic,
the species, and the ecological diversity in a given place and at a given time.
World Wild Fund for Nature (1989) defined it as the wealth of life on earth, the millions of plants,
animals an microorganisms, the genes they contain, and the intricate ecosystems they help build into
the living environment.

Three Types of Biological Diversity

4. Genetic diversity refers to the variations among the genetic resources of the
organisms. A gene is a unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific
nucleotide sequence in DNA. High genetic diversity indicates populations that can
more easily adapt to changing situations and environments, and also greater
assortment of materials than can be found, increasing the chances of finding a useful
compound (Bernhardt, 1999).
 5. Species diversity refers to the variety of different types of species found in a
particular area.

6. Ecosystem/ Ecological diversity refers to the variety of different types of species

found in a particular area. It includes terrestrial, marine and freshwater ecosystems.

Ecosystem is the unit of interaction between the biotic community and its physical
environment in a given area. It is a self-contained community of microorganisms,
animals and plants that interact with each other and with their physical environment.”

Habitat is a place in which a particular species of organism lives.

Importance of Biodiversity

 It supports healthy ecosystems.

 It is an essential part of the solution to climate change
 It is good for the economy.
 It is an integral part of culture and identity.
 It provides raw materials like lumber, food, spices etc.
 It provides opportunities for recreational activities, such as bird watching, scuba diving,
snorkeling, and nature photography.
 It serves as the source of medicine.

What do we get from biodiversity?

1. Oxygen
2. Food
3. Clean Water
4. Medicine
5. Aesthetics
6. Lumber
7. Ideas

Status of Philippine Biodiversity

The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR 2009) claims that in
terms of biodiversity, the Philippine was 5th in the world as to number of plant species; 8th in
the world list of endemic plants; 4th in endemic birds; 5th in endemic mammals; and 8th in
endemic reptiles.

List of identified endemic species

14. Rafflesia manillana, the world’s largest flower.
15. Vanda sanderiana (waling-waling), one of the world’s largest orchid species.
16. Pithecophaga jefferyi (monkey -eating eagle), the largest bird
17. Rhyncodon typus, the largest fish
18. Tridacna gigas (giant clam), the largest seashell
19. Pandaka pygmea (dwarf goby), the smallest freshwater fish
20. Tarsius syrichta (tarsier), the smallest primate
21. Tragalus nigricans, the smallest hoofed mammal
22. Tylonycteris pachpus (bamboo bat), the smallest bat;
23. Pisidum, the tiniest shell in the world
24. Connus gloriamaris, one of the most expensive shells in the world
25. Cervus alfredi, the most endangered deer
26. Bubalus mindorensis (tamarau or dwarf water buffalo), one of the top ten most endangered
species in the world and the largest endangered animal.

One indication that a species may be endangered is a dwindling in numbers. The list of
endangered species is long and growing. In the 2000 Red List of the International Union for the
Conservation of Nature and Natural resources (IUCN), of the 52,177 species in the Philippines,
418 were listed as threatened. The Philippine Biodiversity Conservation Priority-setting Program
(PBCPP) described the 121 endemic mammals as critically endangered. The Bird Life
International listed 116 of species of birds in the country are threatened or near threatened.
According to the Department of Environment and Natural Resources report (2010), out of 584
wildlife in the country, 72% are already threatened with extinction. Several species of plants,
frogs, reptiles and insects remain to be documented. Unfortunately, several species were
believed to have vanished without being identified.

Threats to Biodiversity

1. Environmental Pollution
Domestic agriculture and industrial wastes are poorly treated and are often discharged
into the sea, and to other bodies of water, such as rivers and lakes. Pollution can lead to
diseases and pollution stresses, such as coral bleaching on reefs.

2. Over-exploitation/ Over-hunting/ Over-harvesting/ Over-fishing

Commercial logging, community logging, timber poaching, and kaingin (slash and burn
agriculture). In mangrove ecosystem, the extraction of fuel and construction ma
3. Habitat Loss/ Habitat destruction/ Habitat alteration.
In coral reefs, coastal development, aquaculture, agriculture, and land-cover change
increasing sediments and nutrients outflow onto reefs, and the muro-ami fishing technique. The
development of fishponds (aquaculture) in mangrove forest.

4. Climate Change
Drastic changes in the atmosphere can have catastrophic effects such as increase
concentration of greenhouse gases and destruction of forest.
5. Invasive species or Non-native species
Invasive species are greater threat to native biodiversity than pollution, harvest, and
disease combined (Simberloff, 2000). It can cause alterations either within species groups or
within the environment.

Underlying Causes of the Loss of Philippine Biodiversity

The underlying causes of Philippine biodiversity loss are:
a. Population growth and increasing resource consumption
b. Ignorance about species and ecosystems
c. Poorly conceived policies and poor law enforcement
d. Effects of global trading systems
e. Inequity of resource distribution
 f. Apathy or failure to account for the value of biodiversity, and

Genetically Modified Organisms

Worldwide, over 191 million hectares have been planted with genetically modified crops
as of 2018, particularly herbicide and pest-resistant canola, cotton, corn and soybeans. The
United States had the largest area worldwide of GM crops, followed by Brazil, Argentina,
Canada and India (Shahbandeh, 2019).
Fun facts: The first commercially available GM food was called the Flavr Savr tomato
that had an antisense gene that increased its shelf life and delayed ripening ( Bruening and
Lyons, 2000). Designed by researchers at Calgene (now a division of Monsanto, Inc.).
Monsanto is the leading company in genetically modified crop based on revenue.

GMOs or Genetically Modified Organisms are organisms whose genetic material has
been altered using genetic engineering techniques, which is a direct manipulation of an
organisms genome. According to the World Health Organization (WHO,2004) GMOs are
organisms, either plant or animal or microorganism in which the genetic material ( DNA) has
been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating or natural recombination. The
development of GMOs was perceived to help in the advancement of technology for the benefit
of humans in different industries like agriculture and medicine.

Example of Genetically Modified Foods (GMFs)

Bt corn is a variant that has been genetically altered to express more proteins from
Bacillus thuringiensis which produces a bacterial toxin including Delta-toxins. Bacillus
thuringiensis (Bt) is a bacterium found in soil that are toxic to some insects when eaten, but not
others. The era of Bt had its beginning in 1901, a Japanese scientist named Shigeta Ishiwata
isolated a bacterium from dead silkworm larvae while he was investigating the cause of the
socalled  " sotto disease . The disease was responsible for the loss of large numbers of
silkworm in Japan. A few years thereafter, in 1911, A German scientist Ernst Berliner isolated
a related strain from dead Mediterranean flour moth larvae in the German state Thuringia. He
named the organism Bacillus thuringiensis. The bacterium has been used as an insecticide
since 1938. Susceptible insects must ingest Bt toxin in order to be affected. In contrast to
poisonous insecticides that target the nervous system. Bt acts by producing a protein that
blocks the digestive system of the insect, effectively starving it. Bt is a fast-acting insecticide: an
infected insect will stop feeding within hours of ingestion and will die, generally from starvation
or a rupture of the digestive system, within days. The toxin is produced by the Cry gene found
on plasmids in the bacterium. The gene is added to the genomes of crop plants using a
bacterium that forms root nodules in plants (Agrobacterium tumificiens). One interesting feature
of cry genes is their high degree of plasticity. This particular characteristic may contribute to the
versatility of cry toxins as it relates to their insect host range. In addition, Bt crops produced from
1996 onwards are maize, potato, cotton and soybean.”

Genetically Modified Organisms are part of a growing industry that is clouded by

controversy, fear and suspicion. With so much uncertainty, this technology must be evaluated to
accurately determine the relationship between GM foods and human health. For instance,
damage from weed infestation destroys crops worldwide. Cultivating GM crops has provided
significant benefits to farmers globally to combat this problem. Several of the main reasons for
generating transgenic crops include increased nutritional value of crops like maize with
improved protein and golden rice fortified with Vitamin A and Iron. Importantly, GMOs also
improved the growth characteristics and yield of agriculturally valuable crops which often
enhanced color and taste, enhanced production or reduction of enzymes, and prolonged shelf
life. With the use of GMO crops, there will be less use for herbicides/ pesticides, and lower cost
for cultivation and labor. Additionally, it provides crop resistance against insect and viral pests,
drought and herbicides. This could help farmers to reduce the use of fertilizer and pesticides,
controlling the purity of the hybrid seeds that ensures higher yields and increase potential
growth and harvest. Despite the promising claims of GMOs, there have been many
controversies and issues whether genetically modified food is less healthy than non-genetically
modified food. Are GM crops Is it safe to eat? Does it pose a threat to other organisms? A major
concern in the use and consumption of GMOs include promote the development of pesticide
resistant pests. Introduction of the GMOs in the natural environment may cause disruption of the
natural communities through competition interference. There is a potential risk of the modified
gene to be transferred from the GMO crop to its wild relative or organism in the soil. Emergence
of new forms resistance and secondary pests and weed problems might ensue. GM crops
express concerns about allergenicity. Consumption of GMOs may have adverse effects since it
is not naturally or organically produced. It may alter the balance of existing microorganisms in
the body and production of toxins may be detrimental to human health. Furthermore, GM crop
can be both expensive and time consuming since it is performed in the laboratory. Although the
debate about GM food is active. Scientists and researchers continue to pave the way for GMO-
a path that leads to an unimaginable array of benefits, but also raises extremely important
questions.
. Ex situ Conservation
It is the process of protecting species outside of its natural habitat by removing a species
from its threatened habitat and placing it in a new location, like zoological gardens, aquaria,
captive breeding centers, botanical gardens, seed banks and gene banks, within the care of
humans.
In situ Conservation
It is the process of protecting species in its natural habitat, either by establishment and
management of protected areas where the species abound, or by defending the species from
predators.

Dubock, A. (2014). The politics of golden rice. GM crops& Food. Volume 115, issue 3, p 210-222
Study Questions

Research Work. Write an individual research paper on the impacts of GMOs on one of the
following topics:

1. Roundup Ready soybean

2. Golden Rice

3. AquaAdvantage Salmon

4. Bt corn

De Vendomois, J.S, Roullier, F. Celler, D.& Seralini, G.E.A

comparison of the effects of three GM corn varieties on mammalian
health. International journal of biological sciences 5, 706-726
https:doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.5706 (2009)
Hammond, B.G., Dudek, R., Lemen, J.K.& Nemeth, M.A. results of
a 90-day safety assurance study with rats fed grain from corn
borer-protected corn. Food and chemical toxicology: an
international journal published for the British Industrial Biological
research Association, 44, 1092-10099,
https:doi.org/1016/j.fct.2006.01.003(2006)
Szymczyk, B.et.al. results of a 16-week Safety Assurance Study with Rats Fed Genetically
Modified Bt Maize: Effect on Growth and Health Parameters. Journal of veterinary research
62,555-561,htpps:doi.org/org/10.2478/jvetres-2018-0060 (2018).
Sharbati, J.et.al Transcriptomic Analysis of Intestinal Tissues from Two 90 Day Feeding Studies in
rats using Genetically modified MON 810 Maize varieties. Front Genet 8,222,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2017.00222 (2017)
• https://www.projectaware.org/news/united-biodiversity-together-against-plastic-pollution
• http://www.rainforestweb.org/
• https://www.extinctanimals.org/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_extinct_animals_of_the_Philippines
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EKG89O05K5A
• Shaw, Julie. “Why is biodiversity important?”. Nov. 15,2018. https://www.conservation.org.
• https://www.qsstudy.com/geology/species-diversity
• What is biodiversity?- Definition, Types and Importance. https://byjus.com
Science, Technology and Society
COURSE MODULE COURSE UNIT Session
12 2 6
The Nano World

 Read course and unit objectives

 Read study guide prior to class attendance
 Read required learning resources; refer to unit
terminologies for jargons
 Proactively participate in classroom discussions
 Participate in weekly discussion board (Canvas)
 Answer and submit course unit tasks

At the end of this unit, the students are expected to:

1. Define nanotechnology and identify the different types of nanoparticles.

2. Discuss the importance of nanotechnology.
3. Explain the benefits and ethical considerations using nanotechnology.
 History of Nanotechnology

1959- Richard Feynman, an American Physicist discussed, “There’s Plenty of Room at the
Bottom”.
1960- Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng fabricated the first MOSFET ( metal –oxide-
semiconductor field-effect transistor) with a gate oxide thickness of 100nm, along with a gate length of
20μm.
1974- Norio Taniguchi, a Japanese scientist of Tokyo University of Science coined the term
"nanotechnology” to describe semiconductor processes such as film deposition and ion beam milling
exhibiting characteristic control on the order of a nanometer.
1981s- The invention of Scanning Tunneling Microscope, an instrument used for imaging
surfaces at the atomic level. It was invented by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer at IBM Zurich (Nobel
Prize in Physics).
1985- The discovery of fullerenes, an allotrope of carbon whose molecule consists of carbon
atoms connected by single and double bonds so as to form a closed or partially closed mesh, with
fused rings of five to seven atoms.
1986 – Publication of the book Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology by Eric
Dexler.
1991- The discovery of carbon nanotubes by Sumio Lijima
2006- The discovery of 3nm MOSFET, the worlds’smallest nanoelectronic device was created
by Korean Researchers from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology and the National
Nano Fab Center.

Early uses of Nanomaterials

In Mesopotamia, nanoparticles were used for creating a glittering effect on the surface of
pots.
 In modern times, pottery from the middle Ages and Renaissance often retains a distinct
gold- or copper-colored metallic glitter.
In Rome, Lycurgus cup is made of a glass that changes colour when light gleamed
through it.
In pre-columbian Mayan City of Chichen Itza, a corrosion resistant azure pigment known
as “ Maya Blue” contains nanopores to create an environmentally stable pigment.
In Middle East, Damascus steel swords contain oriented nanoscale wire-and-tube-like
structures

Source:

What is Nanotechnology?

 The engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale.

 It is a Hybrid Science combining Engineering, Chemistry and to a certain extent Biology.
 It deals with the creation of functional materials, devices, systems through control of matter or
nanoscale.
 It placed the footprints in the field of energy, medicine, electronics, computing, security and
materials.

– Nanoscience is the study of phenomena and manipulation of materials at atomic,

molecular and macromolecular scales, where properties differ significantly from those at
a larger scale.
– Nanotechnologies are the design, characterization, production and application of
structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at nanometre scale.

Fundamental Concepts in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

 It’s hard to imagine just how small nanotechnology is. One nanometer is a billionth of a
meter, or 10-9 of a meter. Here are a few illustrative examples:

o There are 25,400,000 nanometers in an inch

o A sheet of newspaper is about 100,000 nanometers thick
o On a comparative scale, if a marble were a nanometer, then one meter would be the
size of the Earth.

Different Approaches to Nanotechnology.

Nanotechnologies can be:

• Top-down
– Etching a block of material down to the desired shape
– Chips and processors
• Bottom-up
– Building materials atom by atom - like lego
– Nanoparticles such as C60, carbon nanotubes, quantum dots

Applications of Nanotechnology

• Catalysts
– Envirox™ cerium oxide
• Nanoremediation
– SAMMS technology to remove mercury
• Paper
– photographic paper
• Filters
– nanofibres
• Toothpaste to remineralise teeth
• Food
• packaging
• Paint
• improved adhesion and anti-fungal qualities/anti-graffiti
• Clothes
• non-staining and anti-radiation
• Batteries
• (Black & Decker) phosphate nanocrystal technology
• Cleaning products
Advanatges of Nanotechnology

 Protect drugs from being degraded in the body before they reach their target
 Enhances the absorption of drugs into tumors and into the cancerous cells themselves.
 Allows for better control over the timing and distribution of drugs to the tissue, making it easier
for oncologists to assess how well they work.
 Prevent drugs from interacting with normal cells , thus avoiding side effects.

Disadvantages

• Adverse health effects in humans from deliberate or accidental exposure

• Adverse effects on the environment from deliberate or accidental exposure

• Potentially explosive properties of nanostructures

• Very difficult to detect without sophisticated equipment

• Difficult to predict how particles will behave in the environment (dispersed/clumped)

• Small size may result in particles passing into the body more easily (inhalation, ingestion,
absorption)

• May be more reactive due to surface area to volume ratio

• Potential to adsorb toxic chemicals

• Persistence - Longevity of particles in the environment and body are unknown

Nano refers to a unit meaning one billionth or ten raised to negative nine.
Nanotechnology refers to the manipulation of matter on an atomic or subatomic scale.
Dayrit F. (2013) Can we build a culture of science through nanotechnology? Ppt.

Study Questions

Print or cut out pictures about the recent innovations or advancements in nanotechnology. Provide a
brief description. Discuss your output in class.

Rosamund Daw. Nanotechnology World Nanotechnology is ancient

history. April 24, 2012. https://www.theguardian.com
en.wikipedia.org
http://www.nanopicoftheday.org/2003Pics/QDRainbow.htm
http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/05nano_image_gallery.htm
http://nano.med.umich.edu/projects/dendrimers.html
http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/update/quantumdots.htm

Steffen Foss Hansen, Danish Technical University, except C60 image

from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullerene and quantum dot from
http://en.rusnano.com/upload/OldNews/Files/33619/current.gif

www.answers.com/topic/virus

http://www.gala-instrumente.de/images/deben_CCD_DNA.jpg
http://www.cancer.gov/researchandfunding/snapshots/nanotechnology
http://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101
Yanamala N, Kagan VG and Shvedova AA (2013), Adv. Drug Del. Rev. 65, 2070-2077. "Molecular
modeling in structural nano-toxicology: Interactions of nano-particles with nano-machinery of cells".