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Historical Antecedents OF Science AND Technology

HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

ANCIENT PERIOD (3,500 BC-100BC)

-The rise of ancient civilization paved the way for advances in science and technology. These advances
during the Ancient period allowed civilizations to flourish by finding better ways of communication,
transportation, self- organization, and of living in general.

Potter’ wheel- a heavy flat disk made of hardened clay which was spun horizontally on axis. It is
believed that the Sumerians invented the potter’s wheel shortly after 3500 BC.

Papyrus- a material similar to thick paper.

is made from the pith of the papyrus plant cyperus papyrus. It is lightweight,
strong, durable, and most importantly, portable.
Before the Egyptians invented the papyrus, writing was done on stone.

Shadoof- is a hand –operated device used for lifting water. Its invention introduced the idea of
lifting things using counter weights. It was an early tool invented and used by ancient Egyptians.
Antikythera Mechanism- used to predict astronomical position and eclipses for calendar and
astrological purposes.
-it is similar to a mantle clock. It is akin to a clock in the way that the case has a circular face and
rotating hands. A knob on the side makes it possible for it to be moved forward and backward. As this
knob moves forward and backward, its mechanism allows it to display celestial time.
- Invented by the Greeks that was discovered and retrieve from the water of Antikythera, Greece

Aeolipile- is a steamed powered turbine which spun when the water container at its center was
heated, thus making it practically the first rudimentary steam engine.
- It is also known as the Hero’s engine.

MIDDLE AGES (5th Century AD-395 CE)

Between the collapse of the Roma Empire in 5th century AD and the colonial expansion of Western
Europe in late 15th century AD, major advances in scientific and technological development
took place. These includes steady increase of new inventions, introduction of innovations
in traditional production, and emergence of scientific thinking and method. As such, some
of humanity’s most important present-day technologies could be traced back to their historical
antecedents in the Middle Ages.

Heavy Plough- most important technological inventions during the middle ages. It turned the
European agriculture and economy to its head.
Gunpowder- around 850 AD, Chinese alchemist accidentally invented black powder or gunpowder.
Multiple accounts suggest that the gunpowder might have been an unintended by product of attempts
made by the Chinese to invent the elixir of life, which is why the Chinese called It huoyao which
means “fire potion”.

Paper Money- The first known versions of paper money could be traced back to the Chinese in 17th
century AD as an offshoot of the invention of block printing, which is similar to stamping. Before the
introduction of paper money, precious metals, such as gold and silver were used as currency.

Mechanical Clock- The development of mechanical clock paved the way for accurately keeping
track of time. The sophistication of clockwork technology of the mechanical clock drastically changed
the way days were spent and work patterns were established, particularly in the more advanced Middle
Age cities.

Spinning Wheel- a machine used for transforming fiber into thread or yarn and eventually woven
into cloth on a loom. Although no consensus could be made regarding the origin of the spinning wheel
it is theorized that the Indians invented spinning wheel between 6th and 11th century AD.
MODERN AGES (1590-1929)
As the world population steadily increased, people of the Modern Age realized the utmost importance
of increasing efficiency of transportation, communication and production.
Industrialization took place with greater risk in human health, food safety and environment which
has to be addressed as scientific and technological progress unfolded at an unimaginable speed.

Compound Microscope-it was capable of magnifying objects three times their size when fully
closed and up to ten times when extended to the maximum. Today, the compound microscope is an
important instruments in many scientific studies, such as in the area of medicine, forensic studies,
tissue analysis, atomic studies and genetics.
Invented by Hans and Zacharias Janssen (father and son)

Telescope- this invention could magnify objects 20 times larger than the Dutch perspective glasses.
Galileo Galilei was the first who invented the first telescope perhaps the single, most important
technological invention in the study of astronomy during the Modern Ages.

Jacquard Loom – is also an important antecedent of modern computer technology as it demonstrated

the use of punched cards to instruct a machine to carry out complex task, i.e making different textile
patterns.
- It simplifies textile manufacturing. Invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard.
Engine Powered Airplane- Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright (brothers) are credited for designing
and successfully operating the first engine powered aircraft and flight scientifically. They proved that
aircrafts could fly without airfoil-shaped wings.

Television- the Scottish engineer John Logie Baird is largely credited for the invention of modern
television.

INVENTIONS BY FILIPINO SCIENTIST

Most of the inventions appealed to the unique social and cultural context of the archipelagic nation.
Throughout the Philippine history, Filipinos are responsible for developing many scientific and
technological innovations focused on navigation, traditional shipbuilding, textiles, food processing,
indigenous arts and techniques and even cultural inventions.
Some of the following are the most important inventions by the Filipino scientist.

Electronic Jeepney (e-jeepney)

The e-jeepney is the inventive response to criticism to the traditional jeepney that belched smoke,
directly causing air pollution which made it unsustainable and uneconomical. They are designed to be
environment friendly, eliminating noise and air pollution as they run on electricity.
Erythromycin – one of the most important medicine invention. Abelardo Aguilar invented this
antibiotic out of strain of bacterium called Streptomyces erythreus from which the drug derived
its name.

Medical Incubator-World –renowned Filipino pediatrician and national scientist, Fe del Mundo, is
credited for the invention of the incubator and jaundice relieving device. Her incubator was
particularly outstanding as it addressed the state of Philippine rural communities that had no
electricity to aid the regulation of body temperatures of newborn babies.

Mole Remover- Rolando Dela Cruz is credited for the invention of a local mole remover that made
use of extract of cashew nuts. The indigenous formula easily caught on for its accessibility,
affordability, and painless and scar less procedure.

Banana Ketchup- Filipino food technologist Maria Orosa, is credited for the invention of banana
ketchup, a variety ketchup different from the commonly known tomato ketchup.

Reference: Quinto, E. J. M., Ph D, LPT and Nieva, A. D. MEng, ChE, RChE (2019) Science
Technology and Society C&E Publishing, Inc. 839 EDSA South Triangle Quezon City
ACTIVITY 2: If I were an inventor

Name: Date Submitted:

Course & Section:

Instruction: In this section, you learned that necessity is the mother of inventions and innovation.
Inventions are not simply made, but are motivated by various social, political, cultural and economic
context. In this task, you will address this question: If you were an inventor, what would you invent? In
thinking about the invention, make sure that you come up with one that has not been invented yet but is
possible to be invented in the near future. On the space below, sketch a draft of your invention then
answer the questions that follow.
QUESTONS:

1. What is your invention? What does it do?

2. How is your invention similar to or different from existing tools or technologies in

terms of function?

3. Why is there a need for this invention? How will this invention make the world a
better place to live in?
Notes:

1. Individual activity

2. Make use of your asynchronous schedule to make this activity

3. To submit use google drive folder or the same process that you did last activity.

4. Deadline will be until Wed. (September 23, 2022- 12 am)

Thank you and God bless.