Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Technology, and
Nation-building To trace the history of S&T
in the Philippines (the
economic, political and
social events shaping their
developments)
To identify and evaluate
government policies
pertaining to S&T in terms
of their contributions to
nation building
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
Science is embedded in the way of life of the
people.
Scientific knowledge is observed in the way they
plant their crops that provide them food, in taking
care of animals to help them in daily tasks, and for
food production.
Science is observed in the way they interpret the
movements of heavenly bodies to predict seasons
and climates,
and in organizing days into months and years
They use science in preparing the soil for
agricultural purposes and like any other ancient
cultures, they discovered the medicinal uses of
plants
They developed tools for planting, hunting,
cooking, and fishing; for fighting their enemies
during war or tribal conflicts; and for
transportation, both on land and on waterways
They also developed technologies in creating
musical instruments.
A complicated engineering feat was achieved by
the natives of the Cordilleras when they built the
RICE TERRACES by hand.
Through these terraces, the people were able to
cultivate crops on the mountainsides in cold
temperatures.
They incorporated an irrigation system that uses
water from the forests and mountain tops to
achieve an elaborate farming system.
CHINESE
TheChinese introduced silk, Chinaware, tea, jade
jewelry, parasols, lanterns, chopsticks,
gundpowder, among many others
The Early Years
(Spanish Period, 1869-1898)
Rodriguez, S. Philippine Science and Technology: Economic, Political, and Social Events shaping their Developments. Giraffe Books. Quezon
City, Philippines. 1996.
The Early Years
(Spanish Period, 1869-1898)
Rodriguez, S. Philippine Science and Technology: Economic, Political, and Social Events shaping their Developments. Giraffe Books. Quezon
City, Philippines. 1996.
The Early Years
(Spanish Period, 1869-1898)
Rodriguez, S. Philippine Science and Technology: Economic, Political, and Social Events shaping their Developments. Giraffe Books. Quezon
City, Philippines. 1996.
The Early Years
(American Occupation, 1898-1941)
Rodriguez, S. Philippine Science and Technology: Economic, Political, and Social Events shaping their Developments. Giraffe Books. Quezon
City, Philippines. 1996.
The Early Years
(American Occupation, 1898-1941)
Rodriguez, S. Philippine Science and Technology: Economic, Political, and Social Events shaping their Developments. Giraffe Books. Quezon
City, Philippines. 1996.
The Early Years
(American Occupation, 1898-1941)
The Philippine Commission expanded and included Dr.
Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, a Filipino
The Bureau of Government Laboratories was
reorganized into the Bureau of Science in 1905
Enabled it to undertake research in all fields of science
Quality research works were produced necessitating the
creation of the Philippine Journal of Science in 1906
Rodriguez, S. Philippine Science and Technology: Economic, Political, and Social Events shaping their Developments. Giraffe Books. Quezon
City, Philippines. 1996.
The Early Years
(American Occupation, 1898-1941)
Rodriguez, S. Philippine Science and Technology: Economic, Political, and Social Events shaping their Developments. Giraffe Books. Quezon
City, Philippines. 1996.
The Early Years
(American Occupation, 1898-1941)
Rodriguez, S. Philippine Science and Technology: Economic, Political, and Social Events shaping their Developments. Giraffe Books. Quezon
City, Philippines. 1996.
The Early Years
(American Occupation, 1898-1941)
Rodriguez, S. Philippine Science and Technology: Economic, Political, and Social Events shaping their Developments. Giraffe Books. Quezon
City, Philippines. 1996.
The Early Years
(American Occupation, 1898-1941)
Rodriguez, S. Philippine Science and Technology: Economic, Political, and Social Events shaping their Developments. Giraffe Books. Quezon
City, Philippines. 1996.
The Bureau of Science
Main thrust during the early years was on public health
and nutrition
Due to outbreak of cholera, small pox, dysentery, malaria,
TB, and leprosy before 1900
Also did research on uses of agricultural products
• medicinal plants by Edwardo Quisumbing
• isolation and elucidation of natural products by Alfredo Santos
• essential oils used as food flavors and fragrances by Luz
Olivares Belardo
• coconut as renewable source of fuel by Julius Banzon
Rodriguez, S. Philippine Science and Technology: Economic, Political, and Social Events shaping their Developments. Giraffe Books. Quezon
City, Philippines. 1996.
The Early Years
(The War Years, 1941-1945)
Rodriguez, S. Philippine Science and Technology: Economic, Political, and Social Events shaping their Developments. Giraffe Books. Quezon
City, Philippines. 1996.
The Early Years
(Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Period, 1945-1948)
Manuel Roxas became the first president of the Republic
Laid down his policies to rebuild the economy (industrialization,
people participation in the government, closer cooperation with
the US, and the restoration of peace and justice)
Bell Trade Relations Act provided for free trade relations
between the Philippines and the US until 1954
This gives the Americans the right to dispose of, exploit,
develop, and utilize all agricultural, timber, and mineral lands of
the country
Rodriguez, S. Philippine Science and Technology: Economic, Political, and Social Events shaping their Developments. Giraffe Books. Quezon
City, Philippines. 1996.
The Early Years
(Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Period, 1945-1948)
Bureau of Science was converted to the Institute of Science
and placed under the office of the President
Filipino scientists directed their efforts toward the solution
of the country’s problems and needs (big shortage of food
and fuel, public health was poor)
Conversion of coconut oil into ethyl alcohol
fermentation of cassava
indigenous raw materials and recycled food were used as animal
feed, etc.
Rodriguez, S. Philippine Science and Technology: Economic, Political, and Social Events shaping their Developments. Giraffe Books. Quezon
City, Philippines. 1996.
The Early Years
(Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Period, 1945-1948)
The gradual Filipinization of the government resulted
in several negative effects on the development of
science in the country
Reorganization led to loss of records (no clear understanding of
the roles and functions of different offices)
There was rampant graft, corruption and inefficiency of the
government due to unqualified officials
The budget for the Bureau of Science for its research and other
scientific activities was at the mercy of its department secretary
(operating with a low budget led to the bureau soliciting foreign
aid through scientific projects)
Rodriguez, S. Philippine Science and Technology: Economic, Political, and Social Events shaping their Developments. Giraffe Books. Quezon
City, Philippines. 1996.
Post-War Philippine S&T
(The Quirino Administration, 1948-1953)
President Elpidio Quirino desperately sought the help of the
US
President Truman proposed an economic survey mission – the
Bell Mission
($250M-aid from the US)
Institute of Science was renamed Institute of Science and
Technology and placed under the National Economic
Coordination
(funding became favorable)
Philippine economy flourished
Rodriguez, S. Philippine Science and Technology: Economic, Political, and Social Events shaping their Developments. Giraffe Books. Quezon
City, Philippines. 1996.
Post-War Philippine S&T
(The Magsaysay Administration, 1953-1957)
President Ramon Magsaysay directed all his efforts to
the upliftment of the rural people
Improved land reform system
Provided easy-term credit and facilities
Constructed roads and buildings for the masses
Provided technical advice for farmers on farm
management and intensive development
Extended the duty-free trade under the Bell Trade Act
Rodriguez, S. Philippine Science and Technology: Economic, Political, and Social Events shaping their Developments. Giraffe Books. Quezon
City, Philippines. 1996.
Post-War Philippine S&T
(The Magsaysay Administration, 1953-1957)
Highest number of scientists, as well as scientific
works occurred in 1956
Due to RA No. 1237 which granted special privileges to
scientists and inventors
Dioscoro Umali organized the Division of Plant
Breeding, the Philippine Seed Board, the National Rice
and Corn Cooperative Movement Program
Fronda continued to improve the poultry industry by
introducing modern techniques
Rodriguez, S. Philippine Science and Technology: Economic, Political, and Social Events shaping their Developments. Giraffe Books. Quezon
City, Philippines. 1996.
Post-War Philippine S&T
(The Garcia Administration, 1957-1961)
President Carlos Garcia adopted the “Filipino First
Policy”
The National Science Board was replaced with the
National Science Development Board (NSDB),
raising it to a department level with a budget of its own
Scientific and industrial researches were made more
possible (studies on indigenous materials for industries,
improvement of industrial products, substitution of native
raw materials, etc.)
Rodriguez, S. Philippine Science and Technology: Economic, Political, and Social Events shaping their Developments. Giraffe Books. Quezon
City, Philippines. 1996.
Post-War Philippine S&T
(The Macapagal Administration, 1961-1965)
Rodriguez, S. Philippine Science and Technology: Economic, Political, and Social Events shaping their Developments. Giraffe Books. Quezon
City, Philippines. 1996.
Post-War Philippine S&T
(The Macapagal Administration, 1961-1965)
The NSDB was mandated in 1963 to undertake
research in all fields
through its 2 commissions, National Institute of Science
and Technology (NIST) and the Philippine Atomic
Energy Commission (PAEC)
The Scientific Instrumentation Division was added to
NSDB which shifted its efforts to extensive training and
expansion
The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) was
established in 1960
Rodriguez, S. Philippine Science and Technology: Economic, Political, and Social Events shaping their Developments. Giraffe Books. Quezon
City, Philippines. 1996.
The Marcos Era
(Pre-Martial Law Years, 1965-1971)
Rodriguez, S. Philippine Science and Technology: Economic, Political, and Social Events shaping their Developments. Giraffe Books. Quezon
City, Philippines. 1996.
The Marcos Era
(Pre-Martial Law Years, 1965-1971)
Rodriguez, S. Philippine Science and Technology: Economic, Political, and Social Events shaping their Developments. Giraffe Books. Quezon
City, Philippines. 1996.
The Marcos Era
(Pre-Martial Law Years, 1965-1971)
Rodriguez, S. Philippine Science and Technology: Economic, Political, and Social Events shaping their Developments. Giraffe Books. Quezon
City, Philippines. 1996.
Science Education in the Philippines
Science education focuses on the teaching, learning,
and understanding of science
Schools have the responsibility to develop “science
culture”
Philippine Science High School System (PSHSS)
Special Science Elementary Schools (SSES)
Regional Science High School
Serafica et al. Science, Technology, and Society. Rex Bookstore. Manila, Philippines. 2018
Indigenous S&T in the Philippines
Indigenous S&T refers to the practice of indigenous
knowledge in everyday life (parents and older folks served
as first teachers)
Examples:
Predicting weather conditions by observing animal’s behaviour
Using herbal medicine
Preserving foods
Producing wines and juices from tropical fruits
Building local irrigation systems
Serafica et al. Science, Technology, and Society. Rex Bookstore. Manila, Philippines. 2018
The Marcos Era
(Martial Law Years, 1972-1982)
President Marcos created Proclamation 1081 placing
the entire Philippines under Martial Law
He made himself head of the National Economic Development
Authority (NEDA)
Reorganized many government agencies (NSDB, NIST, DANR)
Created Philippine Council for Agricultural Research (PCAR),
which later became PCARR, Philippine Root Crop Research and
Training Center, Philippine Tobacco Research and Training
Center, Institute of Plant Breeding, BIOTECH, CLSU Cotton
Research and Development Institute, National Academy of
Science and Technology and Filipino Inventors Society, Inc.
Rodriguez, S. Philippine Science and Technology: Economic, Political, and Social Events shaping their Developments. Giraffe Books. Quezon
City, Philippines. 1996.
The Marcos Era
(After Martial Law, 1981-1985)
President Marcos issued Proclamation 2045 that lifted
Martial Law
NSDB drafted a comprehensive science and technology
plan for the country (Five-Year Science and Technology
Development Plan)
NSDB was reorganized to National Science and
Technology Authority (NSTA)
• Mandated to formulate a comprehensive National Plan
for Science and Technology
Rodriguez, S. Philippine Science and Technology: Economic, Political, and Social Events shaping their Developments. Giraffe Books. Quezon
City, Philippines. 1996.
The Marcos Era
(After Martial Law, 1981-1985)
The following agencies were created:
• Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resource Research
and Development (PCARRD)
• National Research Council of the Philippines (NRCP)
• Philippine Council for Health Research and Development
(PCHRD)
• Philippine Council for Industry and Energy Research
Development (PCIERD)
Rodriguez, S. Philippine Science and Technology: Economic, Political, and Social Events shaping their Developments. Giraffe Books. Quezon
City, Philippines. 1996.
Post EDSA revolution
(1986-present)
President Corazon Aquino inherited a serious
economic crisis
Organized the Philippine Commission on Good
Government (PCGG)
Created the Commission on Human rights (CHR)
NSTA was reorganized to Department of Science and
Technology (DOST)
PAGASA was transferred to the DOST from the
Department of National Defense
Rodriguez, S. Philippine Science and Technology: Economic, Political, and Social Events shaping their Developments. Giraffe Books. Quezon
City, Philippines. 1996.
Post EDSA revolution
(1986-present)
Task Force on Science and Technology Development
was created in 1989
Dialogue with industry and agriculture and identify the
S&T areas needed to move to NIC (Newly
Industrializing Country) status by the year 2000
Rodriguez, S. Philippine Science and Technology: Economic, Political, and Social Events shaping their Developments. Giraffe Books. Quezon
City, Philippines. 1996.
Post EDSA revolution
(1986-present)
President Fidel Ramos envisioned the Philippines “to be
a country where all are provided a better life…”
DOST refocused its efforts on the 15 “leading edges”,
sectors that have substantial contribution to GNP:
• agriculture, aquaculture and marine fisheries, forest and natural
resources, metals and engineering, textile industry, mining and
minerals, process industry, food and food industry, energy,
transportation, construction industry, information technology,
electronics, instrumentation and control, emerging technologies,
and the pharmaceutical industry
Rodriguez, S. Philippine Science and Technology: Economic, Political, and Social Events shaping their Developments. Giraffe Books. Quezon
City, Philippines. 1996.
Harmonized National R&D Agenda (HNRDA) 2017-2022
Prepared by DOST after consultation with government and private R&D
institutions, the academe, industry, and other concerned agencies
Ensures that results of S&T endeavours are geared towards and are
utilized in areas of maximum economic and social benefit for the people
..\Phil.S&T agenda\Harmonized_National_RD_Agenda_2017-2022_final_v2.pdf
..\Phil.S&T agenda\Global_Innovation_Index_2013-2016.compressed.pdf
..\Phil.S&T agenda\ST_Competitiveness_Rankings_of_the_Philippines_2011-2017.pdf