STS REVIEWER
When Technology and Humanity Cross
Origin
"technology" came from the Greek words techně and
logos which mean art and word, respectively.
Technology means a discourse on arts.
Technology as:
 It makes life so much easier and more
convenient than ever before.
 Enjoys such fame and glory from the benefits of
technology.
 It allows people to listen to good music
wherever they are.
 allows them to communicate with their loved
ones anywhere in the world.
 allows them to surf and play games anytime,
anywhere.
Television Sets, Mobile Phones, Computers and
Humanity
TELEVISION
John Logie Baird and Charles Francis Jenkins
 created entire television systems based on
mechanical image scanning and receiving. It
was created early of 1920.
Paul Gottlieb Nipkow
 Developed the first mechanical television.
 Electric telescope, the device had 18 lines of
resolution.
Alan Archibald Campbell- Swinton and Boris Rosing-
 In 1907, they developed new system of
television by using “cathode ray tube” in
addition to mechanical scanner
Philo Taylor Farnsworth
 He created the first electronic television
MOBILE PHONES
EARLY PHONES
 Many of the early cell phones were considered
to be “car phones”
MARTIN COOPER
 On April 3, 1973, Martin Cooper made the
world’s first mobile phone (1.1 kg & 228.6 x 127
x 44.4 mm measured) (30 mins talk time)
 Motorola DynaTAC 8000X- First commercial
mobile phone in 1983
COMPUTERS AND LAPTOP
Charles Babbage
 A mathematician, philosopher, inventor and
mechanical engineer
 He designed the Analytical Engine which was
used as the basic framework of computers even
until the present time
1ST PERSONAL COMPUTER
 Adam Osborne is a British author, book and
software publisher.
 The Osborne 1 is the first mass-
produced portable computer.
 Released on April 3, 1981 by Osborne Computer
Corporation.
ROBOTICS AND HUMANITY
Robot- product of the innovative minds and an actuated
mechanism programmable in two or more axes with a
degree of autonomy
Autonomy- the ability to perform intended tasks
without human intervention
SERVICE ROBOT
 Performs useful task for humans or equipment
PERSONAL SERVICE ROBOT
 It is use for a noncommercial task
Professional Service Robot or Service Robot for
Professional use
 It is use for a commercial task, usually operated
by a property trained operator
ROLES PLAYED BY ROBOTICS
Law formulated by Isaac Asimov back in 1940’s
LAW 1 A robot may not injure a human being or,
through inaction, allow a human being to come to
harm.
LAW2 A robot must obey the orders except where such
orders would conflict with the First law.
LAW3 A robot must protect its own existence as long as
such protection does not conflict with the First and
Second law.
Ethical Dilemma/s Faced by Robotics
SAFETINESS: Who is accountable is someone’s safety is
compromised by a robot? ROBOT ITSELF, USER,
INVENTOR
EMOTIONAL COMPONENT: It is not impossible for
robots to develop emotions
THE INFORMATION AGE
INFORMATION
“Knowledge communicated or obtained concerning a
specific or circumstances”
o Vey important tool for survival
INFORMATION AGE (called DIGITAL AGE & NEW
MEDIA AGE)
“Period starting in the last quarter of the 20 th century
when information become effortlessly accessible
through publication and through management of
information by computers and networks”
o Conveying symbolic information among human
James R. Messenger (Theory of information Age 1982)
 Interaction of computers via
telecommunications w/ information systems
operating both in real-time & as needed
 Convenience & user-friendliness, create user
dependence
TRUTHS OF THE INFORMATION AGE ROBERT HARRIS
1. Information must compete – stand out &
recognized
2. Newer is equated with truer – fact or value
3. Selection is a viewpoint – Multiple source =
balance view
4. The media sells what the culture buys – driven
by cultural priorities
5. The early word gets the perm – 1st media
channel expose context
6. You are what you eat and so is your brain –
don’t draw conclusion
7. Anything in great demand will be counterfeited
– demand for incredible knowledge
8. Ideas are seen as controversial – impossible to
make assertion
9. Undead information walks ever on -rumors
never died
10. Media presence creates the story – people
behave different when filmed
11. The medium selects the message – TV is
pictorial
12. The whole truth is a pursuit – info reaches us is
selected
COMPUTER – Electronic device that stores & process
date; runs on program that contains exact, step by step
directions to solve problem
TYPES OF COMPUTER
1. PERESONAL COMPUTER PC
 Single instrument user.
 1st known as microcomputers (complete but
built in smaller scale)
2. DESKTOP COMPUTER
 Not designed for portability
 Set-up in permanent spot
3. LAPTOPS
 Commonly called notebooks
 Portable integrate essential of desktop
4. PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANCE (PDA’S)
 NO keyboards rely on touchscreen
 Smaller than paperback, lightweight
5. SERVER
 Provide network to other computers
 Boast powerful processor
6. MAINFRAMES
 huge computer systems that can fill an entire
room.
 Term replaced by enterprise server
7. WEARABLE COMPUTERS
 Materials integrated into cp, watch, & other
small objects
 small technological device capable of storing
and processing data that can be worn on the
body.
THE WORLD WIDE WEB (INTERNET)
Claude E. Shannon
 “Father of The Information Theory”.
 Information can quantitatively encoded as
a sequence of ones and zeroes
INTERNET
 Worldwide system of interconnected network
 Developed in 1970’s by Department of defense
 Remain in government until 1984
SERGEY BRIN AND LARRY PAGE
 Directors of Stanford research project, built a
search engine that listed results to reflect page
popularity
 In 1998 launched GOOGLE – world most
popular search engine
ELECTRONIC MAIL OR EMAIL
 Suitable way to send message; sent & received
message at the convenience of individual
APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS IN SCIENCE AND
RESEARCH
BIOINFORMATICS - Application of information
technology to store, organize, and analyze vast amount
of biological data in forms of sequences & structure of
proteins (building blocks of organisms & nucleic acid-
information carrier)
 need to create database of biological sequence
SWISS PROT protein sequence database 1986
 development of consolidated database
COMPUTERS & SOFTWARE TOOLS use to:
 generate databases
 identify function of proteins
 determine the coding
 optimize drug development
BLAST - used for comparing sequence
ANNOTATOR – interactive genome analysis tool
GENEFINDER – tool to identify coding regions & splice
site
HUMAN GENOME RESEARCH
 1988 stored as primary information sourced for
future application in medicine
 Biggest exercise in the history of computational
biology
Pharmaceutical Industry’s point of view:
RATIONAL DRUG DISCOVERY
• Finding of new medication based on the
knowledge of biological target is done.
PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
 Process in which scientific techniques are use to
develop useful and beneficial plants.
HOW TO CHECK THE RELIABILTY OF WEB SEARCHES
Author of the Article/Site
Publisher
Main purpose
Intended audience
Quality of Information
BIODIVERSITY
 Vast variety of life forms in the entire earth
 Variability among living organisms from all
sources
 Source of essential goods and ecological
services
BIOTIC – living organism
ABIOTIC – Non- living organism
CHANGES IN BIODIVEERSITY & THREATS
1. Habitat loss & destruction – human inhabitation
2. Alteration in ecosystem composition – sudden
changes
3. Over-exploitation – over hunting of species
4. Pollution and contamination -
5. Global Climate Change – climate variability
cause biodiversity loss
CONSEQUENCES OF BIODIVERSITY LOSS
Basic concept – Charles Darwin & Alfred russel Wallace
“The earth will retain its most striking feature, its
biodiversity, if human have the foresight to do so. This
will occur, it seems if, only we realize the extent to
which we use biodiversity” – Tilman
NUTRIONAL IMPACT OF BIODIVERSITY
 WHO biodiversity vital element of huma
nutrition
 Nutrition & biodiversity linked in many level;
ecosystem, food production as ecosystem
service, species, genetic diversity in species
HEALTH, BIOLOGY, BIODIVERSITY
 Form of being at risk or being useful to human
health
 Know the traits and characteristic of species
living in its own habitat
ECOSYSTEM
 A community or a group of living organisms that
live in and interact with each other in specific
environment
 Sustainability of ecosystem ensures a better
survival rate against any natural disaster
 Interdisciplinary approach
GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS
Genetic engineering – 1951 Jack Williamson
GMO
 organism created through genetic engineering
 “organism, either plant, animal, or
microorganism in which DNA has altered in a
way that doesn’t occur naturally by mating or
natural recombination” -WHO
GMO’S IN FOOD & AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES
Center of Ecogenetics and Environmental Health (CEEH)
1. PEST RESISTANCE – genetically modified plants
resist certain pests (BT CORN)
2. VIRUS RESISTANCE – resist virus (GM PAPAYA
OR RAINBOW PAPAYA)
3. HERBICIDE TOLERANCE – tolerate herbicide
(ROUNDUP READY SOYBEAN)
4. FORTIFICATION – fortified w/ mineral (GOLDEN
RICE)
5. COSMETIC PRESERVATION – resist natural
discoloration (ARCTIC APPLE)
6. INCREASE GROWTH RATE – has higher yield in
growth than normal specie (AQUAADVANTAGE
SALMON)
GMO’S IN NON-FOOD CROPS AND MICROORGANISM
1. FLOWER PRODUCTION – modified color &
extended vase life flowers (BLUE ROSES)
2. PAPER PR. – trees (POPLAR TREES)
3. PHARMACEUTICAL – (PERIWINKKLE PLANTS)
4. BIOREMEDIATION – assist in polluted site
(SHRUB TOBACCO)
5. ENZYME & DRUG – food process & medicines
(CGTASE)
6. GMO’S ON MEDICAL FIELD – diagnose to
treatment human-dreaded disease (Humulin)
BENEFITS OF GMO
 Higher efficiency in farming
 Increase in harvest
 control in fertility
 increase in food processing
 improvement of desirable characteristics
 Nutritional and pharmaceutical enhancement
 Reduce use of fertilizer and pesticide
Top 5 countries operate GMO farmland
US, BRAZIL, ARGENTINA, INDIA, CANADA
POTENTIAL RISK OF GMO
1. Inadequate studies of effect
2. Long term effect its unknown
3. Human consumption effect: allergic reaction,
gene mutation, antibiotic resistance, nutritional
value
ENVIRONMENTAL RISK
1. Risk in gene flow – wild relative & organism soil
2. Emergence of new forms resistance &
secondary pest & weed problems – GMO
resistance may trigger new form
3. Recombination of virus &bacteria to produce
new pathogens – cause new disease
DIRECT
 disruption of natural communities
 possibility of unexpected behavior
 harmful effect to ecosystem
 persistence of gmo genes cause negative impact
indirect
 alteration of agricultural practices
 impact to biodiversity
 varied environmental impact due to gmo
release
human health risk
 adverse effect since not naturally produced
 alter balance of existing microorganism
 production of toxins detrimental to human
 production of allergens
other risks
HUMAN GENOME PROJECT – mapping of human genes
for research feared to create bias & give power to
people holding it.
MUTATION OF GENETICALLY ENGINEERED
MICROORGANISM – virus may mutate to become
resistant caused more disease
CLONING – asexual reproduction of organism using
parent cell through genetic engineering ( feb 24 , 1997 –
1st mammal DOLLY born through cloning)
BIOSAFETY ON GMO
The Codex Alimentarius Commission (CODEX)
o created by The Food & Agricultural Organization
(FAO) & WHO
 o intergovernmental body develop codex
alimentarius known as INTERNATIONAL FOOD
CODE
o responsible of development standard
o developed principle for human health risk
analysis for GM food products
o CODEX PRINCIPLE – no binding effect to
national legislation but through sanitary &
phytosanitary of world trade organization
Cartagena protocol on biosafety 2003
o International environmental treaty that
regulates transboundary movement of living
modified organism (LMO)
o Require exporter to seek consent from
importers before 1st shipment of LMO
International trade agreement on labeling of GM food
and food products
o Exporter require to label their products & give
right to importing to reject or accept GM food
o Consumers have the right to know & freedom
to choose GM or non- GM products
GMOs in PH context
1990 – National Committee on Biosafety of the
Philippines (NCBP) executive order no. 430 of 1990
1998- NCBP guidelines of planned release of GMO
2002 – Department of Agriculture, administrative order
no. 8, guidelines in release of GM plants on
environment; PH 1ST asia country approved GMO
2004 – PH classified by International Service for
acquisition of agri-biotech application for growing 50
hectare of GM CROPS; Senator Juan Flavier author bill
mandatory label of food products w/ GMO – didn’t pass
2006 – PH became part Cartagena protocol; executive
order no. 514 biosafety requirement ^; National
Biosafety Framework (NBF)
2010 – Organic agricultural Act issued
2012 – Teddy Casino & other pushed a bill for
mandatory labelling of GM products
December 2015 – GMO importation put to stop
March 7, 2016 – Department of Science and
Technology, Department of Agriculture, Department of
Environment and Natural Resources, Department of
Health, Department of Interior and Local Government
issued new permit for planting & import of GM crop
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Origin of Nanoscience
 1959- It was discussed by the renowned
physicist Richard Freyman in his talk “There’s
Plenty of Room at the Bottom”.
 1962- Egyptian engineer Mohamed Atalla and
Korean engineer Dawon Kahng fabricated a
nanolayer base metal-semiconductor junction
transistor that used Gold
What is Nanotechnology?
study and application of extremely small things and can
be used across all the other science fields, such as
chemistry, biology, physics, materials science and
engineering.
How small is a Nanoscale?
A nanometer is one billionth of a meter or 10 -9
How to view Nanomaterials
1. Electron Microscope
 1ST ,1930, Ernst Ruska & Max Knoll
 utilizes a particle beam of electrons to
light up a specimen and develop a well-
magnified image.
2. Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)
 use of a mechanical probe that gathers
information from the surface of a
material
 1986, Gerd Binig, Calvin Quate,
Christoph Gerber developed
3. SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE
 obtain atomic-scale images of metal
surfaces.
 1986, Gerd Binig &Heinrich Rohrer won
nobel prize in physics
NANOMANUFACTURING
 leads to the production of improved materials
and new products.
 involves scaled-up, reliable, and cost-effective
manufacturing of nanoscale materials,
structures, devices, and systems. It also includes
research, development, and integration of top-
down processes and increasingly complex
bottom-up or self-assembly processes. As
mentioned above, there are two basic
approaches to nanomanufacturing, either top-
down or bottom-up.
Bottom-up fabrication
or self-assembly, the nanoscale to assemble basic units
into larger structures.
Top- down fabrication
It trims down large pieces of materials into nanoscale.
DIP PEN LITHOGRAPHY
tip of an atomic force microscope is dipped into a
chemical fluid and then utilized to write on a surface.
SELF-ASSEMBLY
set of components join together to mold an organized
structure in the absence of an outside direction.
CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION
chemicals act in response to form very pure, high
performance films.
NANOIMPRINT LITHOGRAPHY
generating nanoscale attributes by “stamping” and
“printing” them onto a surface.
MOLECULAR BEAM EPITAXY
one manner for depositing extremely controlled thin
films
ROLL-TO-ROLL PROCESSING
high-volume practice for constructing nanoscale devices
on a roll of ultrathin plastic or metal.
ATOMIC LAYER EPITAXY
laying down one- atom- thick layers on a surface.
Nanomaterials are made more:
 Durable
 Stronger
 Lighter
 Resistant
Distinct features of nanoscale
1.Scale at which much biology occurs.
 focus on advancing procedures, therapies,
tools, and treatments that are more accurate
and custom-made
2. Scale at which quantum effects dominate properties
of materials.
 1-100 nanometers have properties that are
significantly discrete from particles of bigger
dimensions.
3.Nanoscale materials have far larger surface areas
than similar masses of larger-scale materials.
 increase the surface are per mass of a particular
material, a greater amount of the material
comes in contract with another material and
can affect reactivity.
Government Funding for Nanotechnology in Different
Countries (Dayrit, 2005)
1. U.S NATIONAL NANOTECHNOLOGY INITIATIVE
 Best-known and most-funded program
 Established in 2001
 Coordinate U.S. federal nanotechnology R&D
 2. EUROPEAN COMISSION 6. Health and environmental risk
 February 2008; EC officially launched the 7. Nano-metrology
Europian Nanoelectronics Initiative Advisory 8. Education and public awareness
Council (ENIAC) Benefits and Concerns of using Nano Technology
3. Japan (Nanotechnology Research Institute)  Salamanca-Buentello et al. (2005), proposed an
 National Institute for Advanced Industrial initiative called “Addressing Global Challenges
Science and Technology, AIST using Nanotechnology”.
4. TAIWAN Concerns:
Taiwan National Science and Technology Program for 1.It is not a single technology.
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 2. Seek to develop new materials.
5. INDIA 3. May introduce new efficiencies and paradigms.
Nanotechnology Research and Educational Foundation 4. It may be complicated.
6. CHINA
National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
7. ISRAEL
Israel National Nanotechnology Initiative
8. AUSTRALIA
Australian Office of Nanotechnology
9. CANADA
 National Institute for Nanotechnology or NINT
 The Nanotechnology Research Centre plans to
focus on the following areas of research:
a. NanoBiology- Antimicrobials, Immunity,
Drug delivery
b. NanoElectronics- Electrochem,
Quantum
10. SOUTH KOREA
Korea National Nanotechnology Initiative
11. THAILAND
National Nanotechnology Center or NANOTEC
 SOS Water
 Nano-coated materials for water
filtration system
12. MALAYSIA
National (Malaysia) Nanotechnology Initiatives or NNI
 Nano Silver Manufacturing Sdn. Bhd.

Possible Applications of Nanotechnology in the

Philippines (Dayrit, 2005)

1. ICT and semiconductors

2. Health and medicine
3. Energy
4. Food Agriculture
5. Environment
Nanotech Roadmap for the Philippines (funded by
PCAS-TRD-DOST)

1. ICT and semiconductors

2. Health and biomedical
3. Energy
4. Environment
5. Agriculture and food
THE ASPECTS OF GENE THERAPHY
Gene theraphy - potential method to either treat or
cure genetic-related human illness