HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS

IN THE COURSE OF
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY,
AND SOCIETY
 Trace the historical development of
science and technology in the world and
in the Philippines; and
 Discuss how scientific and
technological developments affect
society.
What is science?
From the Latin
scientia, meaning
“knowledge “
A systematic
attempt to discover
facts through
observation and
reasoning
When did science begin? Where was it
invented
 Science has existed since the dawn of
human existence.
 Science per se may have started among
the pre- Socratic philosophers of the 6th
century BCE in what is now Turkey and
Greece
What is Technology?
 techne art, craft
logos word,
speech
= technology

the means or
activity by which man
seeks to change or
manipulate his
environment.
 HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
 ANCIENT TIMES
 MIDDLE AGES
 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN
THE ANCIENT WORLD

 PRE-HISTORIC SCIENCE
 The primitive man must have:
Conceived that the earth is flat and
limitless.
 observed the changing of the seasons in
connections to the shifting of the sun.
 recognized the fundamental distinction
between living and non-living things.
 practiced instinctive therapeutics.
 STONE AGE
 The stone age marks a period of pre
history in which humans used
primitive stones.
 Stone Age humans were hunter-
gatherers who lived in small,
nomadic groups.
STONE AGE
 NEANDERTHALS(70 000 BCE)
STONE TOOLS
 THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION
(15 000 BCE)
 From Hunters to Settlers:
Transition from small nomadic –
gatherers to large agrarian communities.
FERTILE CRESCENT: THE CRADLE OF
CIVILIZATION
 MESOPOTAMIA
formed from the
ancient words meso
and potamos.
situated between
the Tigris and
Euphrates river
Tigris and
Euphrates river s
provided freshwater
necessary for
agricultural
production.
 ANCIENT CIVILIZATION

SUMERIAN BABYLONIAN EGYPTIAN ROMAN CHINESE

CIVILIZATION CIVILIZATION CIVILIZATION CIVILIZATION CIVILIZATION
 ANCIENT CIVILIZATION

MEDIEVAL/ MODERN PHILIPPINE

MIDDLE AGES TIMES INVENTIONS
 Make a power point
presentation that highlighting
the contributions of each
Intellectual revolution that
made significant impact globally
and present in class
 SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION( 400-
EXPLORED THE PRACTICE
1750BCE)
OF THE SCIENTIFIC
HYPOTHESIS.
 ENGAGED IN
TECHNOLOGICAL
INNOVATION
 CREATED THE EARLIEST
WRITTEN LANGUAGE
 DEVELOPED
MATHEMATICS,
ASTRONOMY AND
ASTROLOGY.
 FASHIONED THE
CONCEPT OF TIME.
 Sumerians’ most important
inventions: Wheel, Sail and Writing
 The wheel is
developed from a
need to make better
pottery in less time.
The potter’s wheel
was then adapted to
create carts and
chariots for
transporting goods
and for travelling.
 Sumerians’ most important
inventions: Wheel, Sail and Writing
The invention of
the sail which
most likely began
simply through
the observation of
the winds effect on
a piece of cloth.
 Sumerians’ most important
inventions: Wheel, Sail and Writing
 a system of
writing first
developed by the
Sumerians. It
utilized word
pictures carved on
clay.
Irrigation and Dikes
Farming Implements
 BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION
( 2300 BCE)
Astronomy and
Astrology
Mathematics
Cartography
Jewelly-making
Calendar
System
 BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION
( 2300 BCE)
Babylonian astronomy
represented the
melding of science and
religion.
Babylonian astrology
consisted of making
temporal predictions
and decisions based on
the movements of the
celestial bodies.
Babylonian Map of the
Babylonian Number
World(23 00 BCE) System
Babylonian Lunisolar Calendar
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
Egyptian civilization
developed along the Nile
River.
Egyptians built grand
monuments and
temples.
They made advances in
engineering,
architecture, agriculture,
medicine, astronomy and
even in art and literature.
 Hieroglypics used  Egyptians had
pictograms and developed durable
alphabet-like sheets of writing
characters that stood materials from the
for certain sounds. papyrus plant.
Egyptians handheld Depiction of Ancient
mirrors Egyptian Toothbrush
Temple of Luxor Great Pyramid of Giza
Egyptian Astronomy- for spiritual and
practical purposes
Star Clock  Merkhet
Medicine in ancient Egypt was intimately
tied into magic.
The Egyptians also practiced
 Best-known works embalming, called
dealing with mummification.
medical issues :
a.) Ebers Papyrus(c.
1550 BCE)
b.) Edwin Smith
Papyrus(c. 1600 BCE)
c.) London Medical
papyrus(c. 1629 BCE)
 ANCIENT GREEKS
 The achievements of
ancient Greek science
were among the finest in
antiquity.
 However, the Greeks
undervalued observation
in favor of deduction
process.
ROMAN CIVILIZATION
 The Roman Empire 
was perceived to be the
strongest political and
social entity in the
west.
military, political, and
social institution.
 It was considered to be
the cradle of politics
and governance during
the period.
 CHINESE CIVILIZATION
 The Chinese Civilization is
considered to be the oldest
civilization in Asia.
 Also known as the middle
kingdom.
 It was famous among other
ancient civilization.
 responsible for a rich culture.
 From small farming
communities rose dynasties
such as the Zhou (1046-256
B.C.E), Qin (221-206 B.C.E),
and Ming (1368-1644 C.E.). 
 MEDIEVAL/ MIDDLE AGES
 The start of the middle ages
was marred by massive
invasions and migrations.
 Wars were prevalent during
this time.
 Great technology was needed
in the fields of weaponry ,
navigation, mass food, and
farm production and health.
 Trade and commerce among
nations increased which
resulted in greater demands for
transportation technology.
 MODERN TIMES
 People needed efficient means
of transportation to trade more
goods and cover a larger
distance.
 Machines that required
animals to operate must thus be
upgraded.
 faster and easier means of
communication should
developed to establish
connections between among
nations.
 A civilization is a complex
culture in which large numbers
of human beings share a
number of common elements.
 PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS
 knowledge and developed
technology stemmed
from necessities.
  from naval navigation knowledge,
traditional shipbuilding
 technology, textile techniques, 
food processing to Architecture, 
indigenous arts and techniques, 
cultural inventions, 
scientific discoveries and
contributions of the people of 
Philippine archipelago — both
ancient and modern state of the
Philippines.