HISTORY OF SCIENCE

AND TECHNOLOGY
STS 1
LEARNING OUTCOMES

Discuss the interactions between S&T and society

throughout history.
Discuss how scientific and technological developments
affect society and the environment.
Identify the paradigm shifts in history
HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECH.
In the world: Ancient, Middle, and Modern Ages

Pre-historic Period
Pre-history - any event that pre-
dates first written historical
accounts
Longest period but least
understood
Early hominids and primitive
human used stone tools > Stone
Age:
HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECH.
In the world: Ancient, Middle, and Modern Ages | Pre-historic period

Stone Age
A. Paleolithic Age
Paleo “Old”; Lithic “Stone”
Humans > hunter-gatherers, lived in caves, simple
huts or tepees
Used basic stone and bone tools, crude stone axes >
for hunting
Control of fire (H. erectus); heat for warmth and
cooking
Evidences of clothing, and art
HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECH.
In the world: Ancient, Middle, and Modern Ages | Pre-historic period

Stone Age
A. Paleolithic Age
Paleo “Old”; Lithic “Stone”
Humans > hunter-gatherers, lived in caves,
simple huts or tepees
Used basic stone and bone tools, crude stone
axes > for hunting
Control of fire (H. erectus); heat for warmth
and cooking
Evidences of clothing, and art
HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECH.
In the world: Ancient, Middle, and Modern Ages | Pre-historic period

Stone Age
B. Mesolithic Age
Meso “Middle”; Lithic “Stone”
Transitional period towards shifting-farming civilizations.
Prevalent use of microliths > small stones, embedded in other materials
such as bone, antler shafts, twine. > makes harpoons, arrows, and fish
hooks.
Evidences of construction, art (use of red ochre), pottery and ground stone
tools, cemeteries (social stratification).
Ends when agriculture starts.
HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECH.
In the world: Ancient, Middle, and Modern Ages | Pre-historic period

Stone Age
C. Neolithic Age
Neo “Neo”; Lithic “Stone”
Shift from hunter-gatherers to
agricultural-mining civilizations
Numeric counting,
development of metallurgy and
mining, wheel invention is also
notable.
Developments paved way for
the Metal age
HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECH.
In the world: Ancient, Middle, and Modern Ages | Pre-historic period

Metal Age
A. Bronze age
Chief materials used from
implements like weapons and
utensils are copper and tin.
Bronze making: First recognizable
industrial process
Other technological advances: First
writing systems and invention of the
wheel
HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECH.
In the world: Ancient, Middle, and Modern Ages | Pre-historic period

Metal Age
A. Iron Age
Iron and steel is widely used to
make implements for religous
practices, agriculture, art, weapons,
and armors.
Beginning of Iron age = societal
collapse and decline
HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECH.
In the world: Ancient, Middle, and Modern Ages | Pre-historic period

Metal Age
A. Iron Age
Iron tech - "reshaped power
dynamics trade networks, natural
environments, and human social
orders from the Mediterranean to
China"
Trade networks
HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECH.
In the world: Ancient, Middle, and Modern Ages | Pre-historic period

Metal Age
A. Iron Age
Iron tech - "reshaped power
dynamics trade networks, natural
environments, and human social
orders from the Mediterranean to
China"
Alterations iin the natural
environment
HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECH.
In the world: Ancient, Middle, and Modern Ages | Ancient Period

Ancient Period
Great Civilizations were established
during this period.
S&T: from needs and survival to
satisfying curiosity
Access to knowledge became
easier: creation of proper writing
systems ad record keeping
HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECH.
In the world: Ancient, Middle, and Modern Ages | Ancient Period

Sumerian Civilization
Emerged along the rivers of Tigris
and Euphrates = Mesopotamia;
South Iraq
Cuneiform
Sexagesimal system of counting
(Base 60)
HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECH.
In the world: Ancient, Middle, and Modern Ages | Ancient Period

Sumerian Civilization
Emerged along the rivers of Tigris
and Euphrates = Mesopotamia;
South Iraq
Cuneiform
Sexagesimal system of counting
(Base 60)]
HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECH.
In the world: Ancient, Middle, and Modern Ages | Ancient Period

Egyptian Civilization
Emerged along the Nile River
Developed first crude and earliest
version of paper; Papyrus
Also developed system of writing:
Hieroglyphs
Pyramids of Giza (Wonder of the
Ancient World)
HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECH.
In the world: Ancient, Middle, and Modern Ages | Ancient Period

Egyptian Civilization
Emerged along the Nile River
Developed first crude and earliest
version of paper; Papyrus
Also developed system of writing:
Hieroglyphs
Pyramids of Giza (Wonder of the
Ancient World)
HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECH.
In the world: Ancient, Middle, and Modern Ages | Ancient Period

Roman Civilization
Began in 27 BCE: Augustus as
first emperor
Pantheon: Emperor Hadrian
Colosseum; Emperor Vespasian
Vespasiano: Public Urinal
HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECH.
In the world: Ancient, Middle, and Modern Ages | Ancient Period

Roman Civilization
Pantheon: Emperor Hadrian
Colosseum; Emperor Vespasian
Vespasiano: Public Urinal
HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECH.
In the world: Ancient, Middle, and Modern Ages | Ancient Period

Roman Civilization
Pantheon: Emperor Hadrian
Colosseum; Emperor Vespasian
Vespasiano: Public Urinal
HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECH.
In the world: Ancient, Middle, and Modern Ages | Ancient Period

Arabic/ Islamic Civilization

Brought about notable advances in
philosophy, law, art, science,
medicine, arch., engineering and
tech.
Use of glass lens for magnification
Islamic Religion; Prophet
Muhammad; Mecca; Monotheism
HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECH.
In the world: Ancient, Middle, and Modern Ages | Ancient Period

Chinese Civilization
Risen along the Huang Ho Valley/ Huang
Ho or Yellow river
Four great inventions in Ancient China:
Papermaking, printing, gunpowder, and
compass
Acupuncture; Chinese traditional medicine
Earthquake weathercock > Seismograph
Cai Lun > Paper making and paper
HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECH.
In the world: Ancient, Middle, and Modern Ages | Ancient Period

Chinese Civilization
Risen along the Huang Ho Valley/ Huang
Ho or Yellow river
Four great inventions in Ancient China:
Papermaking, printing, gunpowder, and
compass
Acupuncture; Chinese traditional medicine
Earthquake weathercock > Seismograph
Cai Lun > Paper making and paper
HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECH.
In the world: Ancient, Middle, and Modern Ages | Ancient Period

Babylonian Civilization
Ancient Region bordering
Tigris and Euphrates
Hanging Gardens of
Babylon (7 wonders of
Ancient world): King
Nebuchadnezzar II
HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECH.
In the world: Ancient, Middle, and Modern Ages | Ancient Period

Minoan Civilization
Risen in the Island of Crete, Greece.
Southernmost of Greek Islands
Inspiration for Atlantis (???)
Development of Minoans script
system = Linear A
Declined in late 15th Century BC
HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECH.
In the world: Ancient, Middle, and Modern Ages | Ancient Period

Greek Civilization
Foundation of Cultural and
philosophical development in the
West
Thales of Miletus: Father of Philo,
nature composed of water or
convertible to water
Anaxagoras: Matter is composed of
numerous tiny particles
HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECH.
In the world: Ancient, Middle, and Modern Ages | Ancient Period

Greek Civilization
Empedocles: Nature = Earth,
Fire, Air, and Water
Hippocrates: Father of Greek
Medicine. Deviation of Science
from Religion.
Galen: Greek Physician,
Foundations for the advancement
of Anatomy
HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECH.
In the world: Ancient, Middle, and Modern Ages | Ancient Period

Greek Civilization
Aristotle: Father of many
sciences, Pioneering ideas on
classification of animals and
plants/
Archimedes: Pioneering ideas
and experiments > discovery of
laws of levers and pulleys >
machine: Archimides principle
(Buoyancy)
HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECH.
In the world: Ancient, Middle, and Modern Ages | Medieval Era

Medieval Era
Period bet. Ancient times and
Modern Times
Notable events:
Rise of Christian Empire
(Byzantium)
Rise of Islamic Empire (Arabs)
T’ang Dynasty
Nara culture
Mayans
REFERENCES
Smithsonian National Museum of Asian Art. (n.d). Neolithic Period, ca. 7000-1700 BCE. Retrieved from:
https://asia-archive.si.edu/learn/for-educators/teaching-china-with-the-smithsonian/explore-by-dynasty/neolithic-
period/#:~:text=Neolithic%20period%2C%20ca.-,7000%E2%80%931700%20BCE,solely%20on%20hunting%20
and%20gathering.
Violatti, C. (18 July, 2014). WolrdHistory Encyclopedia | Stone Age. Retrieved from:
https://www.worldhistory.org/Stone_Age/
History Channel. (12 January, 2018). Neolithic Revolution. Retrieved from: https://www.history.com/topics/pre-
history/neolithic-revolution
Hirst, K. (24 February, 2019). Mesolithic Period, Hunter-Gatherer-Fishers in Europe. Retrieved from:
https://www.thoughtco.com/mesolithic-life-in-europe-before-farming-171668
REFERENCES
Smithsonian National Museum of Asian Art. (n.d). Neolithic Period, ca. 7000-1700 BCE. Retrieved from:
https://asia-archive.si.edu/learn/for-educators/teaching-china-with-the-smithsonian/explore-by-dynasty/neolithic-
period/#:~:text=Neolithic%20period%2C%20ca.-,7000%E2%80%931700%20BCE,solely%20on%20hunting%20
and%20gathering.
Violatti, C. (18 July, 2014). WolrdHistory Encyclopedia | Stone Age. Retrieved from:
https://www.worldhistory.org/Stone_Age/
History Channel. (12 January, 2018). Neolithic Revolution. Retrieved from: https://www.history.com/topics/pre-
history/neolithic-revolution
Hirst, K. (24 February, 2019). Mesolithic Period, Hunter-Gatherer-Fishers in Europe. Retrieved from:
https://www.thoughtco.com/mesolithic-life-in-europe-before-farming-171668