WORLD HISTORY

HISTORY - the knowledge of and study of the past. It is the story of the past and a form of collective memory. History is the story of who we are, where we
come from, and can potentially reveal where we are headed.

Herodotus – known as the Father of History. He is known for having written the Histories – a detailed account of the Greco-Persian Wars. Herodotus was the
first writer to perform systematic investigation of historical events. -[

THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF MAN

Divine creation - The belief that humanity, life, the Earth, or the universe as a whole was specially created by God. - BIBLE

Evolution - the lengthy process of change by which people originated from apelike ancestors. Scientific evidence shows that the physical and behavioral traits
shared by all people originated from apelike ancestors and evolved over a period of approximately six million years. – CHARLES DARWIN

STAGES OF HUMAN EVOLUTION

Ramapithecus - it is named from Rama + Greek pithēkos 'ape'. Ape like hairy arm nd legs of the same length, large brain, ate soft fruits and leaves, walked
like gorillas and chimpanzees.
Australopithecus - they were bipedal (that is, they walked on two legs), but, like apes, they had small brains, and a long jaw .Their canine teeth were smaller
than those found in apes, and their cheek teeth were larger than those of modern humans.
Homo Erectus - had smaller, more primitive teeth, a smaller overall size and thinner. The species also had a large face compared to modern humans. Home
erectus was a human of medium stature that walked upright.
Homo Sapiens - sapiens have distinctive "modern" physical characteristics: a large rounded braincase, lack of a brow-ridge, a chin (even in infancy) and a
narrow pelvis compared to other species in the Homo genus.
THE RACES OF MAN

In former times, many people divided human beings into four races. These races were called Australoid, Mongoloid, Caucasoid, and Negroid.

Australoid race was a word for the aboriginal people of Australia, Melanesia, and parts of Southeast Asia.
Caucasoid are people from the Caucasus Mountain region, which includes Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, parts of north Iran, and central southern Russia.

Negroid (less commonly called Congoid) is an obsolete racial grouping of various people indigenous to Africa south of the area which stretched from the
southern Sahara Desert in the west to the African Great Lakes in the southeast, but also to isolated parts of South and Southeast Asia (Negritos).

Mongoloids are a cluster of all or few individuals aboriginal to East Asia, Southeast Asia, North Asia, the Arctic, Central Asia, the Americas, and the Pacific
Islands. This population frequently share specified traits, such as epicanthic folds, sino- or sundadonty, shovel-shaped incisors, and neoteny.

HISTORY

Prehistoric Period
The Prehistoric Period also known as pre-literary history —or when there was human life before records documented human activity. Divided into three
periods: Paleolithic (or Old Stone Age), Mesolithic (or Middle Stone Age), and Neolithic (or New Stone Age)

Palaeolithic Period or Old Stone Age is a period in human prehistory that is distinguished by the original development of stone tools, and which represents
almost the entire period of human prehistoric technology.

Mesolithic Period or Middle Stone Age is an archaeological term used to describe specific cultures that fall between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic Periods.
The use of small chipped stone tools called microliths and retouched bladelets are the key factors in identifying the Mesolithic as a prehistoric period. Mesolithic
Period was associated with the origin of fire.

Neolithic Period or New Stone Age, is the final stage of cultural evolution or technological development among prehistoric humans.

Historic Period

Bronze Age is a historic period, lasting approximately from 3300 BC to 1200 BC, characterized by the use of bronze, the presence of writing in some areas,
and other early features of urban civilization.

Iron Age was a period in human history that started between 1200 B.C. and 600 B.C., depending on the region, and followed the Stone Age and Bronze Age.
During the Iron Age, people across much of Europe, Asia and parts of Africa began making tools and weapons from iron and steel.

PERIODS OF HISTORY

• Ancient Period
• Medieval Period
• Modern Period

ANCIENT TIMES

The 6 Earliest Human Civilizations

1. Mesopotamia
2. Ancient Egypt
3. Ancient India
4. Ancient China
5. Ancient Peru
6. Ancient Mesoamerica

1. Mesopotamia, 4000-3500 B.C.Meaning “between two rivers” in Greek, Mesopotamia (located in modern-day Iraq, Kuwait and Syria) is
considered the birthplace of civilization. The culture that grew up between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers is noted for important
advancements in literacy, astronomy, agriculture, law, astronomy, mathematics, architecture and more, despite near -constant warfare.
Mesopotamia was also home to the world’s first urban cities, including Babylon, Ashur and Akkad. Ancient Mesopotamia is considered the
birthplace of writing and with it, recorded history. Its people also built the world's first cities and developed the oldest known political and
administrative systems.“Mesopotamia is the earliest urban literate civilization on the globe —and the Sumerians, who established the
civilization, established the ground rules,” The cuneiform writing system, used to establish the Code of Hammurabi, is among the most
famous Mesopotamian advanceme nts. They also created the base 60 numeric system, which led to the 60 -second minute, 60-minute hour
and 360-degree circle. And it was Babylonian astronomy that first divided the year into 12 periods named after constellations —what the
Greeks would later evolve into the zodiac.Persia eventually conquered Mesopotamia in 539 B.C. Centuries of upheaval followed.

SUMER- The first Civilization

Created the first Ziggurat (tower) and wheel
Cuneiform- first system of writing (written in clay tablet via “stylus”)

AKKAD- The first Empire

From North of Mesopotamia
Conquered Sumer through “Sargon”

BABYLON- The creative empire

First outsider to come to Mesopotamia
Hammurabi “greatest priest -king”
Hammurabi code- first law “eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth”

HITTITE- The iron discoverer

Found and extracted iron from meteorites
used the ore to make spearheads, tools and other trinkets.
Hammered or pounded the metal to create tools and weapons.

ASSYRIA- The largest Empire

Famous for their fearsome army.
Cruel and ruthless warriors.

CHALDEA- The new Babylon

Ruled by Nebuchadnezzar
Hanging gardens of Babylon

2. Ancient Egypt, 3100 B.C.

The pyramids of Giza, c. 2600 B.C. They are the oldest of the so -called Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
Egypt- (Hikuptah) home of the gods

Perhaps the most romanticized of past civilizations, ancient Egypt stood as one of history’s most powerful empires for more than 3,000 years.
Set along the fertile Nile River and at one time extending from today’s Syria to Sudan, the civilization is most known for its pyramids, tombs
and mausoleums and the practic e of mummification to prepare corpses for the afterlife.

Egyptians developed and utilized a form of water management known as basin irrigation. This practice allowed them to control the rise and
fall of the river to best suit their agricultural needs. A crisscross network of earthen walls was formed in a field of crops that the river would
flood.

The ancient Egyptians also left a legacy of monumental writing and mathematics systems. The cubit, a measure of length roughly the
span of a forearm, was key to designing the pyramids and other structures. They developed the 24-hour day and 356-day calendar during
this time. And they established t he hieroglyphic pictorial writing system , followed by the hieroglyphic system that used ink on papyrus
paper. The civilization came to an end in 332 B.C. when it was conquered by Alexander the Great.

Old Kingdom – Age of the Pyramids

The Old Kingdom of Egypt is also known as the 'Age of the Pyramids' or 'Age of the Pyramid Builders' as it includes the great 4th Dynasty
when King Sneferu perfected the art of pyramid building and the pyramids of Giza were constructed under the kings Khufu, Khafre, and
Menkaure.
During the Old Kingdom (also called the Pyramid Age) the power of the Egyptian monarchy reached its zenith. The king was po werful enough
to mobilize a significant percentage of the population to move to Giza during the farming off -season and help to build a pyramid.
Middle Kingdom – Period of Reunification
The Middle Kingdom also known as the Period of Reunification was a time of achievements for the ancient Egyptians. Art took on new styles
and techniques, like the block style, where art was produced from large blocks of stone. Irrigation projects at the Faiyum, a large oasis on
the west bank of the Nile in Lower Egypt, increa sed harvests.
New Kingdom – The Egyptian Empire
The Middle Kingdom also called as the Egyptian Empire is known especially for monumental architecture and statuary honoring t he gods and
pharaohs, the New Kingdom, a period of nearly 500 years of political st ability and economic prosperity, also produced an abundance of
artistic masterpieces created for use by nonroyal individuals.
3. Ancient India, 3300 B.C.

In ancient India, where Hinduism was founded, religion held great importance, along wit h great literary traditions and incredible architecture.
The Upanishads, or sacred Hindu texts, include the ideas of reincarnation and the caste system based on birthright, both of which have
endured into modern times.
Unlike other ancient civilizations, the Indus River Valley Civilization, built in the Indus River Valley (modern-day India, Afghanistan and
Pakistan) does not appear to have been war-torn.

The collapse of the Indus Valley, around 1700 B.C., is often credited to migration prompted by climate change or possible tectonic movement
that caused the Saraswati River to dry out. Others cite a great flood.

MOHENJO-DARO
The name Mohenjo-Daro is reputed to signify “the mound of the dead.” It was the largest settlement of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization,
and one of the world's earliest major cities. It had the world’s best -channeled drainage system.

HARAPPA

The modern historians also call it the Harappan Civilization because Harappa was the first city to be discovered. Harappan civilization is
known for developing the first accurate system of standardized measures and weights. They were also known for their seals, pottery,
sculptures, terracotta, drainage system, the way houses were built, planning of the cities, etc. Many historians believe the Indus civilization
collapsed because of changes to the geography and climate of the area. Movements in the Earth's crust (the outside layer) might have
caused the Indus river to flood and change its direction.

ARYAN

Said to be derived from the Sanskrit word "Arya" which means "a person of a noble race". The ancient Aryans were a group of p eople who
were originally from central Asia. Three thousand years ago, these Aryans settled in India, where they established the language of Vedic
Sanskrit, founded the Vedic religion, and established a caste system of hierarchical classes.
In contrast to the city-dwelling Harappans, the Aryans were nomads who raised livestock, rode chariots, and loved to gamble. They lived in
simple homes. They grouped in clans, and herded sheep and goats. They were ruled by warrior chiefs called rajas.

4. Ancient China, 2000 B.C.

The ancient Chinese are credited with inventions including the abacus and the sundial.

Protected by the Himalayan Mountains, Pacific Ocean and Gobi Desert, and situated between the Yellow and Yangtze rivers, the earliest
Chinese civilizations flourished in isolation from invaders and other foreigners for centuries. To stop Mongols from the north, they built
barriers seen by some as early precursors to the Great Wall of China, built later in 220 B.C.
Generally divided into four dynasties—Xia, Shang, Zhou and Qin—ancient China was ruled by a succession of emperors. The civilization is
credited with developing the decimal system, abacus and s undial, as well as the printing press, which allowed for the publication and
distribution of Sun Tzu’s The Art of War, still relevant more than 2,500 years later.

Like the Egyptians, the ancient Chinese were able to mobilize populations to build massive in frastructure projects. The construction of the
5th century-era Grand Canal, which links the Yellow and Yangtze rivers, for example, allowed vast numbers of military forces and goods to
move across the country.

“China is perhaps the most successful central ized state in human history. And at several points in human history is without a doubt the
greatest civilization that stayed on the globe.”

5. Ancient Peru, 1200 B.C.

Peru served as the cradle of civilization to a number of cultures, including the Chavín, Paracas, Nazca, Huari, Moche and Inca. Archaeologists
have unearthed evidence of metallurgy, ceramics and advanced medical and agricultural practices from within these groups.
The civilization culminated with the great Inca Empire, which stretched from today’s Colombia to Chile and is noted for the Andean city
of Machu Picchu, with its elaborate urban grid.
The Incas did not develop a writing system; instead, they used pictures and symbols. But they did use a knot -based accounting system, built
paved roads on rugged terrain connecting towns and settlements and created sophisticated agricultur al and architectural innovations.
Smallpox and other diseases, introduced to South America by the Spaniards, ravaged the Inca populations, causing an internal weakening
that helped the Francisco Pizarro-led conquest of 1532. “So many people were being carried off by disease —they had no immunity,” So
rather than the state itself weakening in any significant way, it was disease i ntroduced by the outside that helped prepare for the Inca toppling
of civilization in Peru.”

6. Ancient Mesoamerica, 1200 B.C.

What Tenochtitlan may have looked like in the 14th century. Today it is the site of Mexico City.

Parts of today’s Mexico and Central America were once home to a number of Indigenous cultures, beginning with the Olmec around 1200
B.C., followed by the Zapotec, Maya, Toltec and, ultimately, the Aztecs.

Fertile farmland led to agricultural advances, with corn, beans, vanilla, avocado, peppers, squashes and cotton becoming impo rtant crops.
Pyramid-style temples, intricate pottery, stone monuments, turquoise jewelry and other fine arts have been uncovered. Scholars believe the
Zapotec developed Mesoamerica’s first written calendar and writing system, while the Mayans are noted for their advancements in
mathematics, hieroglyphics, architecture and astronomy.
The nomadic Aztecs founded Tenochtitlan (today’s Mexico City) in 1325 on small islands in Lake Texcoco, and the city became a booming
market for trade. The Aztecs used a 365 -solar calendar along with a 260 -day ritual calendar, practiced human sacrifice and bloodletting,
used a form of picture writing and created works of art with terracotta, feathers, mosaics and stone.

The Hernán Cortéz-led 1519 Spanish invasion, aided by Mesoamerican foes of the Aztecs, brought the Aztec civilization to an end by 1521.
“When Cortez showed up, the Aztecs were having great difficulty maintaining control over their subject tribes,” Harl says. "T hey were greatly
hated, and Cortez gave enough advantage to all those disadvantaged subjects to topple the Aztec Empire."

MIDDLE AGES – MEDIEVAL TIMES

The Middle Ages was the period in European history from the collapse of Roman civilization in the 5th century CE to the period of the Renaissance (variously
interpreted as beginning in the 13th, 14th, or 15th century, depending on the region of Europe and other factors).This was a time of castles and peasants, guilds
and monasteries, cathedrals and crusades.

Dark Age

The Middle Ages, the medieval period of European history between the fall of the Roman Empire and the beginning of the Renaissance, are sometimes referred
to as the "Dark Ages."

The Dark Ages is a term for the Early Middle Ages, or occasionally the entire Middle Ages, in Western Europe after the fall of the Western Roman Empire that
characterizes it as marked by economic, intellectual and cultural decline.

Charlemagne the Holy Roman Emperor- Puppet of the Pope

The Catholic Church straddled the world of medieval Europe. Every king, queen, knight, serf and soldier lived and died within the embrace of the Catholic faith.
The church was not simply a religion and an institution; it was a category of thinking and a way of life.

CRUSADES - Military expeditions of Christians to take back the Holy land from the Muslims (Reconquista). The Crusades were a series of religious
wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The best known of these Crusades are those to the Holy Land in
the period between 1095 and 1291 that were intended to recover Jerusalem and its surrounding area from Islamic rule.

The Renaissance—which means "rebirth"—was a period of European history after the Middle Ages. During this period, scholars sought to revitalize science
and the arts. The Renaissance is a period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity.

The Age of Exploration (also called the Age of Discovery) was a period of time when the European nations began exploring the world. They discovered new
routes to India, much of the Far East, and the Americas. This allowed the mapping of the world, resulting in a new worldview and distant civilizations coming
into contact. The Age of Exploration led to the mass migration of peoples to the New World. After exploring and establishing early settlements in the New World,
European nations next established colonies along the Atlantic coastline of the New World.

The Reformation was a religious reform movement that swept through Europe in the 1500s. It resulted in the creation of a branch of Christianity called
Protestantism, a name used collectively to refer to the many religious groups that separated from the Roman Catholic Church due to differences in doctrine.
The Age of Revolution – The societies underwent a series of revolutions in almost all theatres of life: political, war, social and cultural, and economic and
technological. The period is noted for the change from absolutist monarchies to representative governments with a written constitution, and the creation of
nation states. Influenced by the new ideas of the Enlightenment, the American Revolution (1765–1783) is usually considered the starting point of the Age of
Revolution.

American Revolution
American Revolution, also called United States War of Independence or American Revolutionary War, insurrection by which 13 of Great Britain's North American
colonies won political independence and went on to form the United States of America.

French Revolution

The French Revolution was a period of major social upheaval that began in 1787 and ended in 1799. It sought to completely change the relationship between
the rulers and those they governed and to redefine the nature of political power.

The French Revolution not only brought a new age to France but also influenced the other nations. The ideals of nationalism resonated among other nations
giving way for people to revolt against unjust rule. The revolution also introduced the concept of democracy to other nations.

WORD WARS

WORLD WAR I

The assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand (June 28, 1914) was the main catalyst for the start of the Great War (World War I). After the
assassination, the following series of events took place.

Over 30 nations declared war between 1914 and 1918. The majority joined on the side of the Allies, including Serbia, Russia, France, Britain, Italy and the
United States. They were opposed by Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire, who together formed the Central Powers.

The alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire as the 'Central Powers'. The name referred to the geographical location of the
two original members of the alliance, Germany and Austria-Hungary, in central Europe.

The major Allied powers in World War I were Great Britain (and the British Empire), France, and the Russian Empire, formally linked by the Treaty of London.
The Allied Powers were largely formed as a defense against the aggression of Germany and the Central Powers. They were also known as the Entente Powers
because they began as an alliance between France, Britain, and Russia called the Triple Entente.

The Treaty of Versailles was the primary treaty produced by the Paris Peace Conference at the end of World War I. It was signed on June 28, 1919, by the
Allied and associated powers and by Germany in the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles and went into effect on January 10, 1920. The treaty gave some
German territories to neighboring countries and placed other German territories under international supervision. In addition, Germany was stripped of its
overseas colonies, its military capabilities were severely restricted, and it was required to pay war reparations to the Allied countries. The treaty also created
the League of Nations.
The predecessor of the United Nations was the League of Nations, established in 1919, after World War I, under the Treaty of Versailles "to promote
international cooperation and to achieve peace and security."

The League of Nations was the first worldwide intergovernmental organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. It was founded on 10
January 1920 by the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War.

WORLD WAR II

Hitler's invasion of Poland in September 1939 drove Great Britain and France to declare war on Germany, marking the beginning of World War II. Over the next
six years, the conflict would take more lives and destroy more land and property around the globe than any previous war.

6 million Jews murdered in Nazi concentration camps as part of Hitler’s diabolical “Final Solution,” now known as the Holocau st.

The three principal partners in what was eventually referred to as the Axis alliance were Germany, Italy, and Japan. These countries were led by German
dictator Adolf Hitler, Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, and Japanese Emperor Hirohito.

AXIS POWER

Rome - Germany
Berlin - Italy
Tokyo - Japan

Five other nations joined the Axis during World War II: Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Slovakia, and Croatia.

In World War II, the three great Allied powers—Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union—formed a Grand Alliance that was the key to victory.

On January 1, 1942, representatives of 26 nations at war with the Axis powers met in Washington to sign the Declaration of the United Nations endorsing the
Atlantic Charter, pledging to use their full resources against the Axis and agreeing not to make a separate peace.

At the Quebec Conference in August 1943, Secretary of State Cordell Hull and British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden agreed to draft a declaration that
included a call for “a general international organization, based on the principle sovereign equality of all nations.” An agreed declaration was issued after a
Foreign Ministers Conference in Moscow in October 1943. When President Franklin D. Roosevelt met with Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin in Tehran, Iran, in
November 1943, he proposed an international organization comprising an assembly of all member states and a 10-member executive committee to discuss
social and economic issues. The United States, Great Britain, Soviet Union, and China would enforce peace as “the four policemen.” Meanwhile Allied
representatives founded a set of task-oriented organizations: the Food and Agricultural Organization (May 1943), the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation
Administration (November 1943), the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (April 1944), the International Monetary Fund and the
World Bank (July 1944), and the International Civil Aviation Organization (November 1944).

Representatives of 50 nations met in San Francisco April-June 1945 to complete the Charter of the United Nations. In addition to the General Assembly of all
member states and a Security Council of 5 permanent and 6 non-permanent members, the Charter provided for an 18-member Economic and Social Council,
an International Court of Justice, a Trusteeship Council to oversee certain colonial territories, and a Secretariat under a Secretary General. The Roosevelt
administration strove to avoid Woodrow Wilson’s mistakes in selling the League of Nations to the Senate. It sought bipartisan support and in September 1943
the Republican Party endorsed U.S. participation in a postwar international organization, after which both houses of Congress overwhelmingly endorsed
participation. Roosevelt also sought to convince the public that an international organization was the best means to prevent future wars. The Senate approved
the UN Charter on July 28, 1945, by a vote of 89 to 2. The United Nations came into existence on October 24, 1945, after 29 nations had ratified the Charter.

The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945 and committed to maintaining international peace and security; developing friendly relations
among nations; promoting social progress, better living standards and human rights.

COLD WAR

Cold War, the open yet restricted rivalry that developed after World War II between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies.
The Cold War was waged on political, economic, and propaganda fronts and had only limited recourse to weapons.

As World War II was ending, the Cold War began. This was to be a long lasting and continuing confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States,
lasting from 1945 to 1989. It was called the Cold War because neither the Soviet Union nor the United States officially declared war on each other.