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First civilizations emerged independent from one another along fertile river valleys in
Mesopotamia (Tigris and Euphrates), Egypt (Nile river), China (Huang Ho river), and
India (Ganges river).
People of each civilization developed a unique way of life, religion, form of government,
language and system of writing, arts and crafts, advances of science and technology:
astronomy, agriculture, medicine, mathematics, engineering and architecture.
Huang Ho River
Ganges River
Sumerian Civilization (Sumer, Mesopotamia )
Sumer was the southernmost region of ancient Mesopotamia.
It is the cradle of the world`s earliest known civilization and was the first established in the region in
about 3600 BC.
Sailboat
Was also first invented by Ancient Mesopotamia.
They started using sailboat since Mesopotamia was situated between 2 famous rivers.
Reasons: Travel and Trade.
Astronomers
They were also the first astronomers, mapping the movement of stars, planets, and moon into sets of
constellations.
Sailboat
Science and Technology Development of the Sumerians
Scholars
Sumerians were also recognized for building the foundations of logic, mathematics, engineering,
architecture, agriculture, transportation and medicine.
Other Innovations
Developed systematized technique of farming: seed plow and irrigation
Mastered the arts of bleaching and dyeing of sheep`s wool.
Cuneiform Writing and Clay Tablet
Cuneiform Writing Clay Tablet
Babylonian Civilization
Babylonia was an ancient Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in central-southern
Mesopotamia.
The name is thought to derive from bav-il or bav-ilim which, in the Akkadian language of the time,
meant ‘Gate of God’ or `Gate of the Gods’
Babylon is the capital, and served as commercial and religious center in the Tigris- Euphrates Valley.
Babylonian Civilization
Science and Technology Development of the Babylonians
Hammurabi
The first leader of the Babylonian empire, promulgated the famous law code (code of Hammurabi) that
served as rule and standards which helped maintain a period of stability in this region.
Nebuchadnezzar II
He was the Neo Babylonian Emperor who ordered the construction of the famous “hanging gardens of
the Babylons”.
Other Innovations
Contributed to the development of Science and Technology such as: irrigation systems of canals, system
of book keeping, double entry accounting, multiplication and division tables.
Made accurate predictions of solar and lunar eclipses.
Hanging gardens
of Babylons
Egyptian Civilization
is situated in the northeastern part of the African continent, Egypt is located along the Nile river
which provided a fertile delta.
Egyptian were considered as one of the best engineers and architects of the ancient times.
Science and Technology Development of the Egyptians
Innovations
The were the first people to make glass. (glass blowing)
They invented the first paper known as papyrus.
Their system of writing is called Hieroglyphics which uses pictorial symbols.
They also master the art and science of embalming their dead.
Created the first 365 days calendar which was devised by Imhotep.
They were the first to divide the day into 24 hours.
Invented the water clock
They also manufactured soaps, creams, oils, perfumes and eye make up.
Egyptian Technology